Spelling Rules Presentation By Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
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Transcript of Spelling Rules Presentation By Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar
By:
Dr. Shadia Y. Banjar
http://www.kau.edu.sa/SBANJAR
http://wwwdrshadiabanjar.blogspot.com
Dr. Shadia Yousef BanjarDr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 11
1. Almost no English words end in "v" and
none in "j".
Exception:
�spiv.
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 2
2. "q" is always written as "qu".
It never stands by itself.
�quick,
�queen,
Examples:
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 3
�queen,
�quarrel.
3. A. "i" comes before "e" when it is pronounced " ee".
B. "i" before "e" except after " c “,
C. or when sounding like "a" as in "neighbour, or weigh".
Examples:
�neither,�foreign,
Exceptions:
A. B.
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 4
�brief,� field, �priest.
�receive,�deceive, �ceiling.
�foreign,�sovereign,�seized,�counterfeit,�forfeited,�leisure.
A. B.
Rule for -ie and -ei
The rule is summarized as:
The rule for ie and ei is in three parts:�Usually spell the combination -ie, as in believe.�However, spell -ei when the combination follows the letter -c, as in receive.�Also, spell -ei when the combination has the sound of a long -a, as in weigh
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 5
�Also, spell -ei when the combination has the sound of a long -a, as in weigh (wa).Exceptions to this rule include words in which the combination should be spelled -ie but is spelled -ei: caffeine, either, foreign, height, leisure, neither, protein, their, and weird. There are also words in which the combination follows -c and should be spelled -ei but is spelled -ie. In these words, -c is pronounced -sh: ancient, conscience, deficient, efficient, proficient, and sufficient. Remember to spell -ie rather than -ei after c when c spells the sound of -sh.
4."able" or "ible" endings.
Use "able":�After root words. e.g. available, dependable.
�After root words ending in "e". e.g. desirable, believable,
usable (drop the "e").
�After "i". e.g. reliable, sociable.
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 6
�After "i". e.g. reliable, sociable.
�When other forms of the root word have a dominant "a"
vowel. e.g. irritable, durable, abominable.
�After a hard "c" or "g". e.g. educable, practicable,
navigable.
� Exceptions: formidable, inevitable, memorable, probable,
portable, indomitable, insuperable.
Use "ible"
�After non-root words. e.g. audible, horrible, possible.
�When the root has an immediate "ion“ form. e.g.
digestible, suggestible, convertible.
�After a root ending in "ns" or "miss". e.g. responsible,
comprehensible, permissible.
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 7
comprehensible, permissible.
�After a soft "c" or "g". e.g. legible, negligible, forcible,
invincible.
�Exceptions: contemptible, resistible, collapsible,
flexible.
5. "ceed", "sede" and "cede".
�Three "ceed" words; succeed, exceed,
proceed.
�One "sede" word; supersede.
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�One "sede" word; supersede.
�All others "cede“ e.g. intercede,
antecede, precede.
6.We double "l, f, and s" after a single short
vowel at the end of a word.
� call,
� tall,
�toss,
�us,
� bus,
� gas,
�if,
Examples: Exceptions:
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�toss,
�miss,
� stiff,
� stuff.
�if,
�of,
�this,
�yes,
�plus,
�nil,
� pal.
7. For words ending in a single "l" after a single vowel,
double the "l" before adding a suffix, regardless of
accent.
Examples:
�cancelled,
�traveller,
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 10
�traveller,
� signalling,
� metallic.
8. "all" and "well" followed by another syllable only
have one "l".
� also,
� already,
� although,
Examples:
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 11
� although,
�welcome,
�welfare.
9. The Word + Word Rule
The Word + Word Rule explains how to join words to form compound words such as fireworks.Usually join two words without changing their spellings.
�book + keeper = bookkeeper
�room + mate = roommate
Examples: Exceptions:
�almost,
�already,
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 12
�room + mate = roommate
�fire + arms = firearms
�already,
�although,
�altogether,
�always,
�oneself,
�pastime, and
�wherever.
�mis + spell = misspell
�un + necessary = unnecessary
10. The Prefix + Word Rule
Join a prefix and a word without changing the spelling
of the prefix or the word.
Examples:
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�un + necessary = unnecessary
�dis + appear = disappear
There are to the Prefix + Word Rule.
11. The Word + Suffix Rule
Usually join a word and a suffix without changing
the spelling of the word or the suffix.
Examples:
�usual + ly = usual
�clean + ness = cleanness
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 14
�clean + ness = cleanness
�poison + ous = poisonous
Final -e Rule
1. The Word + Suffix Rule is not used when adding suffixes to
words that end in silent e.
2. When a word ends in silent -e, usually drop the -e if you are
adding a suffix that begins with a vowel, but retain the -e
when you are adding a suffix that begins with a consonant.
Examples:
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 15
Examples:
�Silent -e is an -e such as the one in love, which you do not hear when
love is pronounced. Since love ends in silent e and the suffix -able begins
with a vowel, drop -e when joining love and -able:�love + able = lovable
However, since the suffix -less begins with a consonant, retain the -e in
love when joining love and -less:�love + less = loveless
Exceptions to this rule include words in which -e should
be retained but is dropped:� acknowledgment,
�argument,
�awful,
� duly,
� judgment,
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 16
� judgment,
�ninth,
�truly,
�wholly, and
�wisdom.
include words ending in -ce or
-ge in which -e is not dropped when you add -
able or -ous:�courageous,
�manageable,
�noticeable,
� outrageous,
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 17
� outrageous,
� peaceable,
�serviceable, and
�traceable.
•We have to understanding why -e is not dropped from words
ending in -ce or -ge when adding the suffixes -able and -ous.
• The letters -c and -g are usually pronounced -s and -j before
the letters -e and -i, but -k and -g before the letters -a and -o.
•The incorrect spelling noticable would mean that you would
pronounce the -c as a -k rather than as an -s (you would say
notikable rather than notisable).
•Similarly, the incorrect spelling couragous would mean that you
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 18
•Similarly, the incorrect spelling couragous would mean that you
would pronounce the -g as a -g rather than as a -j (you would
say couragous rather than courajous).
•The -e is retained to preserve the -s and -j pronunciations of -c
and -g.
Final -y Rule1. The Word + Suffix Rule is not used when adding suffixes to
words that end in -y.
2. When a word ends in -y, usually change the -y to -i when you
are adding a suffix if the -y is preceded by a consonant, but
do not change it if the -y is preceded by a vowel or if you are
adding the suffix -ing.
Examples:
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 19
Examples:
�study+ -ed = studied
�destroy + -ed = destroyed
�study+ -ing = studying
�destroy + -ing = destroying
Final Consonant Rules
A. The Word + Suffix Rule is not used to join suffixes to words that end in
one consonant preceded by one vowel.
B. Final Consonant Rule No. 1 explains how to join suffixes to one-syllable
words that end in the cvc combination.
C. When a one-syllable word ends in the cvc combination, usually double
the final consonant when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel but
do not double it when adding a suffix that begins with a consonant.
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 20
do not double it when adding a suffix that begins with a consonant.
Ship is a one-syllable word that ends in the cvc combination.�ship + -ing = shipping
(a suffix begins with a vowel)
�ship + -ment = shipment (a suffix that begins with a consonant)
Examples:
Rule No. 2
A. Final Consonant Rule No. 2 explains how to join suffixes to words of
more than one syllable that end in the cvc combination.
B. When a word of more than one-syllable ends in the cvc combination and it is accented on the last syllable, usually double the final
consonant when adding a suffix that begins with a vowel but do not
double it when adding a suffix that begins with a consonant.
Examples:
Dr. Shadia Yousef Banjar 21
Commit is accented on the last syllable and ends in the cvccombination.�commit+ -ing = comitting
(a suffix begins with a vowel)
�commit+ -ment = commitment (a suffix that begins with a consonant)
Works CitedEight Essential Spelling Rules
http://academic.cuesta.edu/acasupp/AS/803.htm
Some Spelling Rules:
http://www.amity.org.uk/Training/Spelling%20Rules/Spelling%20Rules.htm
Reading from Scratch, Spelling Rules:
http://www.dyslexia.org/spelling_rules.shtml
Rules for Irregular Plural Formation of Nouns
http://www.gsu.edu/~wwwesl/egw/pluralsl.htm
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