Spelin, puntuasion and Grandma Punktuation Rules!

Spelin, puntuasion and Grandma

Punktuation Rules!

The stops point out, with truth, the time of the pauseA sentence doth require at every clause.At every comma, stop while one you count;At semicolon, two is the amount;A colon doth require the time of three;The period four, as learned men agree.

Periods

1. Full stop .2. Question mark ?3. Exclamation mark !

Michael

Thought

Michael

Michael plays.

You are confused.

Thought is difficult.

Grammar is boring.

Punctuation and grammar is boring.

The teacher was tired.

The teacher was tired and distressed.

“Let’s boogie.”

“Go to the toilet.”

“Go to the toilet and wash your

face.”

“What on earth do you think

you’re doing?”

“How did you come to that

answer?”

He relaxes.

He was relaxing.

He will relax.

He might relax.

He should relax.

After he had eaten, John belched.

Diamonds are the thing that Mr

Arbuthnot adores.

This is boring.

This is a simple sentence.

This would have been a simple

sentence, but we added a clause to

make it a compound sentence.

Owing to the fact that there is a

subordinate clause, this is neither a

simple or compound sentence.

Owing to the fact that there is a

subordinate clause, this is not a simple

sentence; moreover, it is complex.

“Let’s boogie.”

“Let’s boogie!”

Shut up.

Shut up!

Because I am!

BECAUSE I AM.

(!) = extremely sarcastic

Ooh, a chocolate teapot! That’s a really

useful(!) invention: about as useful as a one legged man in a

bum kicking contest(!).

Warning!

Beware!

Intervals

1. Comma ,2. Semicolon ;3. Colon :

Where to put a comma 1

To separate items in a list: “I went to the shops and I bought my mum, my nan, twelve elephants, something unpleasant and a scarf for my dog.” Note, there is no comma between the penultimate item and the ‘and’ which introduces the last item. (Unless you are American, in which case there is).

An Argument for the Serial Comma

Julie was in bed with her boyfriend, a pervert and a fool.

Julie was in bed with her boyfriend, a pervert, and a fool.


Do they separate lists of adjectives?

Coordinate Adjectives

The long and winding road.

Coordinate Adjectives

The long, winding road.

Cumulative Adjectives

Brentford AFC are an emerging football team.


A nice glass of French white wine.


A nice glass of French and white wine.


A nice glass of white, French wine.


Brentford AFC are an emerging and football team.


Brentford AFC are a football emerging team.

Noun Phrases and Commas

The Ordering of Cumulative Adjectives

Order

Opinion

Size

Age

Colour

Material

Origin

Purpose

The Ordering of Cumulative Adjectives

Order

Opinion

Size

Age

Colour

Material

Origin

Purpose

Example

Excellent

Large

New

Green & White

Silky

Glaswegian

Football


To introduce direct speech. The middle-aged schoolteacher stopped and said, “Get that out of his ear boy. You’ll catch something.”

The differences between usage of inverted commas and speech marks

Satire‘Nice’ hair

Titles‘The Bald Geezer’

Quotes“My noble lord Hamlet. Thou art as bald as a shaved badger!”

Direct Speech“How’s your barnet Steve?”“Don’t be satirical. You are richly aware that I am a slaphead.”


Before coordinating conjunction when those conjunctions are separating two independent clauses.

For conjunctions remember F-A-N-B-O-Y-S: for, and, but, or, yet and so.

Commas before coordinating conjunctionsHe went to the shops, but they were shut.

He went to the shops. They were shut.

‘For’, ‘as’ and ‘because’

The student stormed out of the class, for she could not stand the drab banality of the teacher’s lesson.

The student stormed out of the class because she could not stand the drab banality of the teacher’s lesson.

The student stormed out of the class as she could not stand the drab banality of the teacher’s lesson.


After an adverbial start: Cleverly, he worked out how to wipe his own bum, at the age of sixteen.


To mark off a parenthetical clause. This is where a sentence is happily going from A – B: Gazza tripped over the ball, but takes a detour to C: because he was both fat and drunk. The detour (embedded) clause is marked off with commas: Gazza, because he was both fat and drunk, fell over the ball.

The differences between usage of brackets and dashes.

RelatednessI am often tired in the morning;

I tend to stay up quite late.

ContrastI am often tired in the morning;

I go to bed early.

Separating the elements of a list that, which themselves

contain commas

I have one friend who lives in Beckenham, Kent; one friend

who lives in Littlehampton, Sussex; another friend who lives in Crowthorne, Berks.

Time’s

An abstract concept by which we measure the passing of our lives

Mr Beadle’s

Looking rather older these days

Mr Beadle’s

Award is a divisive piece of tokenism pitched deliberately at appealing to the lowest common denominator of public opinion.

Mr McDonald’s

Hand is on Mr Beadle’s bum cheek

Mr McDonald’s

Now moving his hand around and around

Mr Beadle’s

Obviously rather enjoying it

Do’nt

Do’n’t

The student burgled the teachers houses.

The student burgled the teacher’s houses.

The student burgled the teachers’ houses.

What’s wrong with this?Member’s dance

What’s wrong with this?Bobs’ motors

What’s wrong with this?Dicks in tray

I.T. apostrophe S can only ever mean it is

No possessive apostrophe in his, hers or theirs.

James’s car

Stealing Lynn Truss’s best jokes

Xerxes’s tablets of stone

Xerxes’ tablets of stone

Standalone grammar

How much grammar do you need?

THE KING IS IN THE ALTOGETHER!

HONESTLY, HE’S NOT GOT A STITCH ON!

AND YOU CAN SEE HIS WINKY AND EVERYTHING!

AND IT APPEARS TO BE TAKING THE AIR LIKE AN ELEPHANT’S TRUNK ON HOLIDAY IN LANZAROTE.

HE’S STARK NAKED! WHY CAN NOBODY ONE SEE THIS?

NO PYJAMAS AT ALL.

Grandma: what’s a gerund?

Determiners

Varieties of Determiners

Articles - ‘a/an’ (indefinite) and ‘the’ (definite)

Possessive determiners - my

and their

Demonstratives - ‘this’ and ‘that’

Quantifiers - ‘many’, ‘some’, ‘several’, ‘few’, ‘Fanny

Adams’.

Varieties of Noun

Abstract - hope, desire, upset, thought

Concrete - dog, cat, hippy, concrete

Animate - dog, cat, bloke

Inanimate - stone, wall, hippy

Varieties of Noun

Collective - pride, whoop, murder, flounce

Common - dog, cat, hippy, concrete

Proper - QPR, London, Eastlea Community School

Varieties of Noun

Compound - football team, baby father, schoolgirl

Countable - dog, cat, hippy

Uncountable - concrete, air, London

Inanimate - stone, wall, hippy

The Connectives and Conjunctions Conundrum

Weasel


Stoat


List of weaselsWeaselStoat

Polecat


List of weaselsWeaselStoatPolecat

Mink


List of weaselsWeaselStoatPolecatMink

Ferret


List of weaselsWeaselStoatPolecatMink

Ferret


Connectives


Coordinating Conjunctions(Spot the deliberate error)

Clause Clause

F A N B O Y

S

For - (Alternatively ‘as’ or ‘because’, these present an explanation ("He is gambling with his health, as he has been smoking far too long.")

And - presents non-contrasting item(s) or idea(s) ("They gamble and they smoke.")

Nor - presents a non-contrasting negative idea ("They do not gamble, nor do they smoke.")

But - presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, but they don't smoke.")

Yet - presents a contrast or exception ("They gamble, yet they

don't smoke.")

So - presents a consequence caused by the first clause (“They gamble, so they’ve never got any money at all.”)

Or - presents an alternative item or idea ("Every day they gamble or they smoke.")

Coordinating Conjunctions

List of connectives

Co-ordinating conjunctions

Subordinating conjunctions

Starting Sentences with Subordinating Conjunctions

List of connectives

Coordinating conjunctionsSubordinating conjunctions (or

subordinators)

Conjunctive adverbs

List of connectives


subordinators)

Conjunctive adverbs

Subordinating with a conjunction or a semi colon

List of connectives


subordinators)

Conjunctive adverbs

Semi colons

The whole pictureSlides courtesy of Ros Wilson copyright www.andrelleducation.com

Correlative Conjunctions

To boldly go where no man

has gone beforeTo boldly split infinitives that no man has split before!

Split Infinitives

Split Infinitives "I wrote that as fast as I could type it. Probably a minute and a half. You just have to develop an ear for Navy prose, Willie. For instance, note that split infinitive in paragraph three. If you want a letter to sound official, split an infinitive. Use the word 'subject' very often. Repeat phrases as much as possible. See my beautiful reiteration of the phrase 'subject man.' Why, it's got the hypnotic insistence of a bass note in a Bach fugue."

Article (Definite or indefinite) then Adjective

Adjective

Common noun

Verb (present tense)

Adverb

Preposition

Article (Definite or indefinite) then Adjective

Common Noun

2016 KS2 Model SPAG Test

We are going to start the day seeing if you are smarter than an eleven year old. You are going to be set a GAPS test (the re-ordering is telling). This comes from the Standards and Testing Agency’s Key Stage 2 English grammar, punctuation and spelling: sample questions, mark schemes and commentary for 2016 assessments.

If it helps, I got 32/39.

collectible

embarrassment

hierarchy

mediaeval

mischievous

occasionally

occurrence

pastime

privilege

Past Progressive (or Continuous)

Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs

Modal Verbs

Subjunctive Mood

Spelling

What do you think when you see an error in … a newspaper article?

What do you think when you see an error in … teaching materials?

What do you think when you see an error in … a book?

What do you think when you see an error on … a tattoo?

What do you think when you see an error in … a job application?

The best spelling mistake of all time

Chuckyembrosward

The second best spelling mistake of all time

“I make the moist of my friendships.”

Number of words in the English Language

“Over one million.” David Crystal

171,476 The Second Edition of the 20-volume Oxford English Dictionary (full entries in current use).

1,013,913. Estimate by the Global Language Monitor on January 1st 2012.

Mr Dolch and his lovely list

This pinch-faced feller is Edward Dolch who produced a list of (what he thought were) the 220 highest frequency words in the English Language. He is also known as the father of sight words. (As opposed to hear words, feel words, speak words or smell words. What else could they be? It’s like having a dinner that is advertised as being ‘pan fried’).

The problems with vowels

Ormin (Norse translation worm-man) was the first spelling reformer, and in his 19,000 line long (!) poem, Orm’s Orrmulum, he created an orthography that used doubled consonants to show that the vowel was short.

Memories now erase mankind’s oldest nemesis: insufficient cerebral storage

Spelin, puntuasion and Grandma

“There can never be a simple solution to the problem of English spelling. We are faced with an orthography which is the result of over a millennium of unpredictable social and linguistic change, and it displays all the consequences of that unpredictability.”

David Crystal

Why all the exceptions? Etymology of the language

English is a Germanic language thought to have originated in the Angeln Peninsula of the Schleswig-Holstein region of Germany.

Almost nothing was written down until the 6th Century AD.


Anglo Saxon Missionaries were the first people who had the need to develop writing in the language, in order to spread ‘the good word’.

They tried to use Roman letters to imitate the sound of English, but found some sounds weren’t represented.


The Roman alphabet had 23 letters.

Can you spot which ones were missing children?

Why all the exceptions? Etymology of the languageFurthermore, there was no ‘th’ sound in the Roman alphabet: you couldn’t write down the names Cuthbert or Ethelred properly. (Of course, Cockneys came up wiv a proper elegant solution).

Eth Thorn


‘Thorn’ was used predominantly in the south, and ‘eth’ (or ‘daet’) in the north. But by the 8th Century they became interchangeable. Though ‘thorn’ was used more at the beginning of words and ‘eth’ at the end.

Interestingly, ‘Thorn’ is still used in the Icelandic alphabet, which can cause some difficulties when you asking directions to what you think is called Pingviller (!) Incidentally, the Nordic spelling of the word ‘this’ is ‘Piss’.

Why all the exceptions? Etymology of the languageWe have a complex phonic code: deep orthography 26 symbols 44 sounds. The Danes have 24 symbols 24 sounds. This makes it difficult to learn how to read English.

“40 plus phonemes with 26 letters. That, in a nutshell, is the problem of English spelling.” David Crystal

And so to Digraphs … Vowel digraphs

Consonant digraphs

Reading/Decoding

Shwoahing

Spelling Rules

“Rules are of no consequence but to printers and adults. In spelling books they embarrass children and double the labour of the teacher.”Noah Webster

Seize, forfeit, heinous, neighbour, leisure, weigh, seize, vein, eight, veil, beige, rein, weird, heir, reign, sovereign, either, neither, atheism, deify, cuneiform, reinforce, albeit, Eid, Heidi, codeine

Spelling Rules“The i before e after c rule is not worth teaching. It applies only to words in which the ie or the ei stands for a clear /ee/ sound and unless this is known words such as sufficient, veil and their look like exceptions. There are so few words where the ei spelling fore the /ee/ sound follows the letters c that it is easier to spell the specific words: receive, conceive, deceive (+ the related words receipt, conceit, deceit), perceive and ceiling.”

Support for Spelling DCSF 2009

Rules that workShort words rule - “Lexical words (words or clusters of words with a single unit of meaning) in English are at least three letters long.”Stressing can work - “Recognise the importance in the way the word is stressed.” Proffered, preferredChunking words works - un/problem/aticShort vowels generally take a double consonant: kissing, rubble, bubble

Crystal - Spell It Out

Spelling Strategies

Connecticut

Spelling Strategies

1. Words within words

2. Cut them up

3. Deliberately mispronounce three times

Ise/IzeConsulting the style guides

The Times - changed from ‘ize’ to ise’ in the 1990’s, and advises “avoid the ize construction in almost all cases.”OED, “In this dictionary the termination is uniformly written as ize.” This spelling is therefore described as ‘Oxford spelling’.

Support for Spelling DCSF 2009

Dyslexia

“You can’t help respecting anybody who can spell TUESDAY, even if he doesn’t spell it right; but spelling isn’t everything. There are days when spelling Tuesday simply doesn’t count.”

Rabbit, speaking about Owl, ‘The House at Pooh Corner’

Common Misspellings

Thereherewhere

Links to

Common Misspellings

Theirherhis

Links to

Plenary

Political - in pairs discuss whether this session has had any political resonance with you? How will it inform your sense of yourself as being someone who teachers for social justice

Emotional - have you had an emotional response at any point to any of the activities or information? Positive or negative.

Plenary

Meta-cognition - this one is difficult. Have you learnt anything about the way in which you, as an individual learn?

Professional - Will you do anything differently in class as a result of this session? If so, what?

Spelin, puntuasion and Grandma Punktuation Rules!

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