Speech Terms: information taken from Division of Classics
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Transcript of Speech Terms: information taken from Division of Classics
Speech Terms:information taken from
Division of Classics
What is rhetoric?
•Rhetoric (from Greek)•one of the three original liberal arts. •the seven liberal arts comprise two groups of studies, the trivium and the quadrivium•Liberal arts: studies intended to provide general knowledge and intellectual skills, rather than occupational or professional skills
•Trivium: grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic (or logic)
•Quadrivium: arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music
Definitions of Rhetoric
Plato: Rhetoric is "the art of winning the soul by discourse."
Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion."
Cicero: Rhetoric is "speech designed to persuade."
Quintillian: "Rhetoric is the art of speaking well.”
Philip Johnson: "Rhetoric is the art of framing an argument so that it can be appreciated by an audience."
Definitions of Rhetoric
Definitions of Rhetoric
John Locke: [Rhetoric,] that powerful instrument of error and deceit.
George Kennedy: Rhetoric in the most general sense may perhaps be identified with the energy inherent in communication: the emotional energy that impels the speaker to speak, the physical energy expanded in the utterance, the energy level coded in the message, and the energy experienced by the recipient in decoding the message.
Definitions of Rhetoric
The study of rhetoric does not include informal modes of speech such as :•small talk•Jokes•Greetings•Exclamations•Gossip•Simple explanations•Directions
(from Mrs. Wagner's Homepage, James F. Byrnes High School)
5 Parts of Rhetoric(from Mrs. Wagner's Homepage, James F. Byrnes High School)
InventioDispositioElocutioMemoriaPronuntiatio
Inventio
The Latin term for invention or discovery concerned with a system or method for finding arguments
Logos, Pathos, Ethos
Dispositio
•may be translated as “arrangement” or “organization” •the division of rhetoric concerned with the effective and orderly arrangement of the parts of a written or spoken discourse
Latin rhetoricians recognized 6 parts:•the introduction (exordium)•the statement or exposition of the case under discussion (narratio)•the outline of the points or steps in the argument (divisio)•the proof of the case (confirmatio)•the refutation of the opposing arguments (confutatio)•the conclusion (peroratio)
Elocutio
Stems from the Latin verb loqui (to speak)
3 levels of style•low or plain style (Instructing)•middle or forcible style (Moving)•high or florid style (Charming)
Concerns of style•Choice of words (correctness, purity, simplicity, clearness, appropriateness)•composition or arrangement of words (phrases and clauses, syntax, patterns of sentences, use of conjunctions, etc.)
Memoria
Concerned with memorizing speeches
Pronuntiatio
The theory of delivery
Alliteration: repetition of the same sound beginning
several words in sequence.
“Let us go forth to lead the land we love.”
J. F. Kennedy, Inaugural
Anadiplosis: ("doubling back") the rhetorical repetition of one or
several words; specifically, repetition of a word that ends one
clause at the beginning of the next.
“Men in great place are thrice servants: servants of the
sovereign or state; servants of fame; and servants of business.”
Francis Bacon
Anaphora: the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases,
clauses or lines.
“We shall not flag or fail. We shall go on to the end. We shall fight in France, we shall
fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing
strength in the air, we shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing
grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills. We shall
never surrender.”Winston Churchill.
Antistrophe (also, epistrophe): repetition of the same word or phrase at
the end of successive clauses.
“In 1931, ten years ago, Japan invaded Manchukuo -- without warning. In 1935,
Italy invaded Ethiopia -- without warning. In 1938, Hitler occupied Austria
-- without warning. In 1939, Hitler invaded Czechoslovakia -- without
warning. Later in 1939, Hitler invaded Poland -- without warning. And now
Japan has attacked Malaya and Thailand -- and the United States --without
warning.” Franklin D. Roosevelt
Anastrophe: transposition of normal word order
“The helmsman steered; the ship moved on; yet never a
breeze up blew.”Coleridge, The Rime of the
Ancient Mariner
Antithesis: opposition, or contrast of ideas or words in a
balanced or parallel construction.
“Brutus: Not that I loved Caesar less, but that I loved Rome
more.”Shakespeare, Julius Caesar
Apophasis: the mention of something in disclaiming intention of mentioning it--or pretending to deny what is really affirmed.
“Our country puts $1 billion a year up to help feed the hungry. And we're by far the most generous nation in the word when it comes to that, and I'm proud to report that. This isn't a contest of who's the most generous. I'm just telling you as an aside. We're generous. We shouldn't be bragging about it. But we are. We're very generous.”
(President George W. Bush, 9 August 2004)
Aporia: expression of doubt (often feigned) by which a
speaker appears uncertain as to what he should think, say, or do.
“Then the steward said within himself, 'What shall I do?’”
Luke 16
Apostrophe: a sudden turn from the general audience to address a specific group or
person or personified abstraction absent or present.
“For Brutus, as you know, was Caesar's angel.
Judge, O you gods, how dearly Caesar loved him.”
Shakespeare, Julius Caesar
Archaism: use of an older or obsolete form.
“Pipit sate upright in her chairSome distance from where I was
sitting.” T. S. Eliot, "A Cooking Egg"
Assonance: similarity in sound between internal vowels in neighboring words.
-"Strips of tinfoil winking like people" (Sylvia Plath)
Asyndeton: lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or
words.
“We shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardships, support
any friend, oppose any foe to assure the survival and the success of liberty.”
J. F. Kennedy, Inaugural
“But, in a larger sense, we cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we
cannot hallow this ground.”Lincoln, Gettysburg Address
Bdelygmia: litany of abuse--a series of critical epithets, descriptions, or attributes.
(Pronounced "de LIG me uh") [Gk. "abuse"] You nauseate me, Mr. Grinch.With a nauseous super-naus.You're a crooked jerky jockey
And you drive a crooked horse.Mr. Grinch.
You're a three decker sauerkraut and toadstool sandwichWith arsenic sauce."
(Dr. Seuss, How the Grinch Stole Christmas)
Cacophony: harsh joining of sounds.
“We want no parlay with you and your grisly gang who work
your wicked will.”W. Churchill
Chiasmus: two corresponding pairs arranged not in parallels (a-b-a-b) but in inverted order
(a-b-b-a); from shape of the Greek letter chi (X).
“Those gallant men will remain often in my thoughts and in my
prayers always.”MacArthur
Epimone: frequent repetition of a phrase or question; dwelling on a point.
(Pronunciation: "eh PIM o nee") [Gk. "tarrying, delay"]
-"Who is here so base that would be a bondman? If any, speak; for him I have offended. Who is here so rude that would not be a Roman? If any speak; for him have I offended."
(Shakespeare, Julius Caesar III.ii)
Euphemism: substitution of an inoffensive term for one considered offensively explicit.
"Ground beef" for "ground flesh of a dead cow"; "veal" for "tender dead flesh of a baby cow."
Litotes: understatement, for intensification, by denying the
contrary of the thing being affirmed.
“A few unannounced quizzes are not inconceivable.”
“War is not healthy for children and other living things.”
“One nuclear bomb can ruin your whole day.”
Metaphor: a comparison achieved through a figurative use of words; the word is used
not in its literal sense, but in one analogous to it.
“Life's but a walking shadow; a poor player,
That struts and frets his hour upon the stage.”
Shakespeare, Macbeth
Oxymoron: apparent paradox achieved by the juxtaposition of words which seem to contradict
one another.
“I must be cruel only to be kind.”Shakespeare, Hamlet
Paradox: an assertion seemingly opposed to common sense, but that may yet have
some truth in it.
“What a pity that youth must be wasted on the young.” George Bernard Shaw
Personification: attribution of personality to an impersonal
thing.
“England expects every man to do his duty.” Lord Nelson
Polysyndeton: the repetition of conjunctions in a series of coordinate
words, phrases, or clauses.
“I said, "Who killed him?" and he said, "I don't know who killed him but he's dead all right," and it was dark and there was water
standing in the street and no lights and windows broke and boats all up in the town
and trees blown down and everything all blown and ...”
Hemingway, After the Storm
Simile: a comparison between two things using 'like' or 'as'
“My love is as a fever, longing stillFor that which longer nurseth the disease,”
Shakespeare, Sonnet CXLVII
Tautology: repetition of an idea in a different word, phrase, or
sentence.
“With malice toward none, with charity for all.”
Lincoln, Second Inaugural
The 3 Appeals
Relating to the audience/reader through…
•Ethos•Logos•Pathos
Ethical Appeal: Ethos
Sense of credibility or trustworthiness that an author establishes in his/her writing.
•Relates to the Greek term “ethics”
Rational Appeal: Logos
Refers to systems of reasoning. Appeals to patterns, conventions, and modes of reasoning that the audience finds convincing and persuasive.
•Translates into “word” or “reason”
Emotional Appeal: Pathos
Persuades audiences by using emotions