Speech Function, Speech Function, Politeness And Cross-Politeness And Cross-

cultural Communicationcultural CommunicationLanguage in Society

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The The Function of Function of

SpeechSpeech

Politeness Politeness and and

Address Address FormsForms

Linguistic Linguistic Politeness in Politeness in

Different Different CulturesCultures

The Function of Speech

• Affective (or Social) function• Referential (or informative)

function

Example:Fred : “Good morning, James.

What a lovely day.”James : “Yes, it’s beautiful. So,

How’s your weekend?”

Fred : “It’s very great!”

The Function of Speech

• Expressive utterances: express the speaker’s feeling

• Directive utterances: attempt to get someone to do something

• Referential utterances: provide information

• Metalinguistic Metalinguistic utterances: comment on language itself

• Poetic utterances: focus on aesthetic features of language

• Phatic Phatic utterances: express solidarity and empathy with others

Examples…• Expressive utterancesExpressive utterances

– I’m happy today.– I am afraid.

• Directive utterancesDirective utterances– Wash the clothes.– Could you close the door?

• Referential utterancesReferential utterances– The second presenter will be

Mrs. Hanna.– Make up speaking class will be

held on Monday at 1 pm.

Examples…• Metalinguistic utterancesMetalinguistic utterances

– ‘Hegemony’ is not a common word– ‘Nat’ has to be added by affixes

• Poetic utterances (a poem, an Poetic utterances (a poem, an ear-catching motto, a rhyme)ear-catching motto, a rhyme)– Peter piper picked a peck of pickled

peppers– Bu Lulu nuju udur huntu

• Phatic utterancesPhatic utterances– Hi, how are you?– LLovely day, isn’t it.

Basic component of interaction…

• Expressive Speaker

• DirectiveAddressee

• Referential Message

Addition…

• Commissives: Promises and Commissives: Promises and threatthreat– I swear, I’ll do my revenge– I will kill you soon

• Formatives or DeclarationFormatives or Declaration– And now, I declare you as

husband and wife

Directives…

…concern with getting people to do things…

Examples:

Imperative: Sit down!

Interrogative: Could you sit down?

Declarative: It’d be better you to sit down.

Factors that affect people in using Directives..

• The social distance between participants

• Relative status

• Formality of the context

Example of the Social Distance Between Participants

Cepat Upin, nanti kita lambat!

Example of Relative StatusPrepare your presentation,

we’ll do it tomorrow!

Example of Formality of the Context

Wilujeng sumping, Pa. Mangga teras

ka lebet.

Politeness and Address Form

Speaking politeness --- Speaking politeness ---

• The feelings of others• The social values of the

society• Formality

Politeness and Address Form

Types of politenessTypes of politeness

• Positive politeness• Negative politeness

Examples of Politeness and Address Form

Daddy, can you please

help me with my

homework?

Examples of Politeness and Address Form

Could you Could you bring in my bring in my

paper, paper, please? please?

Examples of Politeness and Address Form

Linguistic Politeness In Different Cultures

• Miscommunication ..• Learning another language• Sociolinguistics assumption• Acceptance and refusal an

invitation

Example of miscommunication based on cultural differences …

In some villages in Subang, if someone wants to invite people to come to the wedding ceremony, she/he uses cigarettes as an invitation.

If someone gets an expensive cigarette, it means that she/he has to give much money to the hostess and vice versa.

Example.. (Sundanes(Sundanese)e)

“Bade ka bumi Pa

Haji Kardun,

aya kaperyogi

an”

(Batavia(Batavian)n)

“Heh Takrim, mo pegi kemane

lu?”

Example of linguistic politeness …

In Karawang, if there is a wedding ceremony, the goods from the bridegroom are mentioned and the lists of price are also mentioned.

If we come from outside of Karawang which have different culture we automatically think that culture is impolite because mentioning the goods and the price are unusual things.

Greetings…Greetings…

• A part of communication

• Serve an affective function

Examples..

• How are you?• Apa kabar?• Kumaha damang?• Kia ora?• Pripun kabare?

References..

Holmes, Janet. (2001). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited

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