Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
-
Upload
ktkha88ete -
Category
Documents
-
view
223 -
download
0
Transcript of Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 1/50
Signal Analysis
Back-to-Basics
Long Nguyen
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 2/50
Agenda
•Introduction
•Overview:
• What is Signal Analysis?
• What Measurements are available?
•Theory of Operation
•S ecifications
•Modern Signal Analyzer Designs & Capabilities
•
•Wrap-up
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 2
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 3/50
Overview,
•Display and measure amplitude versus frequency for RF & MW signals
Spectrum Analysis
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 3
•Separate or demodulate complex signals into their base components (sine waves)
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 4/50
Overview
Amplitude
ower
Time domain
Measurements
Frequency Domain
Measurements
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 4
(Oscilloscope) (Spectrum Analyzer)
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 5/50
Overview
T es of Measurements Available • Frequency, power, modulation, distortion & noise
• Spectrum monitoring
Modulation
• pur ous em ss ons
• Scalar network analysis• Noise figure & phase noise
•
• Analog, digital, burst & pulsed RF Modulation
• Wide bandwidth vector analysis• Electroma netic interference
Noise
• Measurement range (-168 dBm to +30 dBm)
• Frequency range (3 Hz to 325 GHz)
Spur Search
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 5
Distortion
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 6/50
Overview eren ypes o na yzers
Parallel filters measured
s mu aneous y
LCD shows full
A
spectra sp ay
f1 f2
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 6
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 7/50
Overview eren ypes o na yzers
Filter 'sweeps' over range ofSwept Analyzer
An eres
LCD shows full
f1 f2
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 7
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 8/50
Agenda
•Introduction
•Theory of Operation:
• Swept Spectrum Analyzer Hardware
•Specifications
•Modern spectrum analyzer designs & capabilities
• Wide Bandwidth Vector Measurements
•Wrap-up
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 8
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 9/50
Theory of Operation wep pec rum na yzer oc agram
npu
attenuatormixer
IF filter
(RBW) envelopedetector
IF gain
Pre-Selector
Or Low Pass
Input Filter
Log
Amp
video
signal
local
oscillator
sweep
Crystal
Reference
Oscillator
generator
ADC, Display
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 9
Processing
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 10/50
Theory of Operation
ReferenceLevel
l i t u d e
A m
Start Freq. Stop Freq.
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 10
Freq. Span Center Freq.
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 11/50
Theory of Operation MIXER
xer
fsig
fsig LO
f
LOf f
sig- LOf f
sig+RF
LO
IF
1.5 GHz
LOf3,6 GHz 6.5 GHz
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 11
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 12/50
Theory of Operation
IF Filter
(Resolution Bandwidth – RBW)
Input
IF Bandwidth
(RBW)
Display
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 12
A B C
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 13/50
Theory of Operation Before detector After detectornve ope e ec or
Envelope
Detector
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 13
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 14/50
Theory of Operation
Video
Filter
(Video Bandwidth – VBW)
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 14
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 15/50
Theory of OperationVideo Filter
Video Filter vs. Trace/Video averaging
ADC, Display &Video Processing
• Video Filter operates as the sweep
progresses, sweep time may be
required to slow down by the transientresponse of the VBW filter.
• Trace/Video Average takes multiple
swee s, swee time for each swee is
not affected
• Many signals give the same resultsTrace averaging for 1, 5, 20, and 100 sweeps, top to
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 15
w e er v eo er ng or race
averaging
o om race pos on o se or eac se o sweeps
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 16/50
Theory of Operation
SWEEP
GEN
LO
LCD Display, ADC
& Video processing
RF INPUT
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 16
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 17/50
Theory of Operation
-
Signal Range LO Rangefs
f - f(GHz)
0 3 61 2 4 5
0 31 2
mixer
IF filter
detector
f s
ssLO
3.6 GHz
f
input3.6 6.5
sweep generator
LO
A
(GHz)3 64 5
(GHz)0 31 2
LCD display
f
f LO
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 17
. .
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 18/50
Agenda
•Overview
•Specifications:
• Which are important and why?
•Modern spectrum analyzer designs & capabilities• Wide Bandwidth Vector Measurements
•Wrap-up
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 18
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 19/50
Key Specifications
8563ASPECTRUMANALYZER 9 kHz -26.5 GHz
• a e spec rum ana ys s
• Frequency Range
• Accuracy: Frequency & Amplitude•
• Sensitivity
• Distortion
• D namic Ran e
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 19
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 20/50
Specifications rac c ng sa e spec rum ana ys s - a e oo ups o npu
•
•Do not exceed the Damage Level on the RF Input!
•
!
+30dBm (1W) MAX
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 20
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 21/50
Specifications
requency angeDescription
Specifications
Bands
0 3 Hz to 3.0 GHz
2
3
. o . z
6.2 to 13.2 GHz
12.8 to 19.2 GHz
4
5
18.7 to 26.8 GHz
26.4 to 31.15 GHz
External mixing
. o . z18 to 325 GHz
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 21
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 22/50
Specifications
Components which contribute to uncertainty are:
•
• RF Input attenuator (Atten. switching uncertainty)
• Mixer and in ut filter fre uenc res onse
• IF gain/attenuation (reference level accuracy)
• RBW filters (RBW switching uncertainty)
• Log amp (display scale fidelity)
• Reference oscillator (frequency accuracy)
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 22
• Calibrator (amplitude accuracy)
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 23/50
Specifications ccuracy: requency ea ou ccuracy
Determined by
From the PSA Data Sheet:
± (freq readout x freq reference error +
0.25%*span + 5% of RBW + 2Hz + 0.5 x Horiz. Res.*)
RBW Error
Span Accuracy Residual Error
www.agilent.com/find/b2b
Slide 23
*Horizontal resolution is span/(sweep points – 1)
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 24/50
Specifications
Accuracy: Frequency Readout Accuracy Example
Frequency: 1 GHz
pan: z
RBW: 3 kHzSweep points: 1000
Calculation: (1x109Hz) x (±1.8x10–7/Year ref. Error) = 180Hz
400kHz Span x 0.25% = 1000Hz z x = z
2Hz + 0.5 x 400kHz/1000-1 = 202Hz
Total uncertainty = ±1532Hz
Utilizing internal frequency counter improves accuracy to ±180Hz
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 24
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 25/50
Specifications
Resolution
RBW Type and
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 25
o se e an sSelectivity
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 26/50
Specifications
Resolution: Resolution Bandwidth
3 dB3 dB BW
Mixer
Envelope
Detector
InputSpectrum
LO
er
Resolution Bandwidth Filter (RBW)
Sweep
RBW
Display
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 26
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 27/50
Specifications
Resolution: Noise Sidebands
Phase Noise
Noise Sidebands can prevent
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 27
reso ut on o unequa s gna s
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 28/50
Specifications
Resolution: RBW Determines Sweep Time
Swept too fast
Penalty For Sweeping Too Fast
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 28
Is An Uncalibrated Display
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 29/50
SpecificationsResolution: RBW Type Determines Sweep Time
8563E Analog RBW
PSA Digital RBW
PSA FFT RBW
134 sec
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 29
13.5 sec
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 30/50
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL
Mixer Detector
InputRES BW
Filter
LO
Sweep
A Spectrum Analyzer Generates and Amplifies Noise Just
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 30
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 31/50
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL
Sensitivity is the Smallest Signal That Can BeMeasured
Signal2.2 dB
qua s
Noise
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 31
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 32/50
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL
of RF Input Attenuation
10 dB
ttenuat on =
Signal To Noise Ratio Decreases as
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 32
nput ttenuat on s ncrease
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 33/50
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL: IF Filter(RBW)
Displayed Noise is a Function of IF FilterBandwidth
100 kHz RBW
1 kHz RBW
10 dB
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 33
ecrease = ecrease o se
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 34/50
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL: Video BW filter (or Trace Averaging)
Video BW or Trace Averaging Smoothes Noisefor Easier Identification of Low Level Si nals
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 34
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 35/50
Specifications
Sensitivity/DANL: Summary
Minimum RF Input Attenuation
Sufficient Averaging (video or trace)
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 35
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 36/50
Specifications
Distortion
and Third Order
< -50 dBc < -50 dBc< -40 dBc
Two-Tone Intermod Harmonic Distortion
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 36
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 37/50
IF GAINRF INPUT
ATTENUATOR
Specifications
Attenuator Test: Change power to the mixer
s or on – n erna or x erna
Change input attenuator
by 10 dB1
Watch distortion amplitude on
screen
2
distortion is part of input
signal (external)
Change in amplitude :at least some of the distortion is being
generated inside the analyzer
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 37
nterna
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 38/50
Specifications
pec rum na yzer ynam c ange
D namic
Range
The ratio, expressed in dB, of the largest to the smallestsignals simultaneously present at the input of the spectrum
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 38
given degree of uncertainty.
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 39/50
Agenda
•Introduction
•Overview
•Theory of Operation
•Specifications
•
• Wide Analysis Bandwidth Measurements
• -
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 39
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 40/50
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Analog IF
FilterDigital IF Filter Digital Detectors
Pre-amp
Di ital Lo AmSwept vs . FFTAttenuation
YIGADC
Replaced
by
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 40
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 41/50
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Block Diagram
Auto Alignment
AnalogPre-Filter
Digital IF Filters• 160 RBW filters
• 1 Hz to 8 MHz•±0.03 dB
switchin error
Digital Detectors•Normal
•Peak•Min
•Sam le
3 to 50 GHz Pre-amp
Improve 1 GHz
•RMS
•QPD
•Avg
• 4.1:1 Shape factor
• Fast sweep• EMI RBW’s
• emp t me ca rat on
FFT
DANL -153dBm
to -168dBm
Digital Log Amp
•±0.07 dB Scale Fidelity
• >100 dB Dynamic range
•
FFT vs Swept RBW• Faster Sweep
w/Max DR
Attenuation
2 dB step
to 50 GHz
g ta y ynt es ze
• Fast tuning• Close-in phase noise
• Far-out phase noise
• Wider dynamic rangewith autoranging
• Dither on/off
.
Frequency Counter
• Fast (0.1s)
• High resolution (mHz)
Digital Video Filters
• Power, voltage,
log filtering
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 41
M d S t A l F t
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 42/50
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Features
- -
GSM/EDGEPower MeasurementsFormat Setups
Occupied Bandwidth
Channel Power
cdma2000
W-CDMA
Multi-Offset ACP – fast ACP
Multi-carrier PowerNADC/PDC
Bluetooth
Harmonic Distortion
Burst Power
Tetra (Ch. Pwr, ACP)
802.11a/b (SEM)
TOI
Spurious Emissions
DVB-T
UWB
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 42
Spectral Emissions Mask S-DMB
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Features
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 43/50
Modern Spectrum Analyzer Features
Application Focused Internal Software (one-button measurements)
Phase noise
Ext. source controlGeneral purpose
ACPR, Multi-carrier Power
Occupied Bandwidth (OBW)
Noise figure
Code compatibility suite
Flexible demod
applications
Flexible digital
Phase and Freq. (PFER)
Mod Accuracy (Rho)
Spectral Emissions Mask
W-CDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA
GSM with EDGE
modulation analysisCode Domain Power
ORFS (GSM/EDGE)
Spurious Emissions
Cdma2000 & 1xEV-DV
1xEV-DO
ower g a
modulation
measurements for
wireless comms IM distortion
Power vs Time
Channel power
cdmaOne
NADC/PDC
formats.CCDF
ACPR
Flexible Digital Demod FormatsFSK2, FSK4, FSK8
MSK type1, MSK type2
BPSK, QPSK, OQPSK, DQPSK
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 43
TD-SCDMA
SEM
, ,
16QAM, 32QAM, 64QAM
128QAM, 256QAM
Who needs wide analysis BW?
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 44/50
Modern designs demand more bandwidth for capturing high data rate
Who needs wide analysis BW?
• Aerospace and Defense
–
s gna s an ana yz ng e qua y o g a y mo u a e an w s
Satellite – Capture 36/72 MHz BW’s w/high data
ratesMilitary communications – Capture high data rate
digital comms & measure EVM
• Emerging communications
W-LAN, 802.16 (wireless last mile), mesh networks
- Measure EVM on broadband, high data rate signals
• Cellular Communications
W-CDMA ACPR & Multi-carrier Pre-Distortion
- High dynamic range over 60 MHz BW to see low
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 44
-
algorithms
PSA Wid A l i B d idth
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 45/50
PSA Wide Analysis Bandwidth
Swept
Results
14 bit
30 MspsPre-filter
CPUExisting
Narrowband
I/QDetectorsLog Amp
RBW filters
Autorange
DisplayProc
Demod
FFT Display
(10 MHz)
Decimation
ASIC&
FPGA
I/Q Detectors14 bit
200 Msps
Swept
andWideband
IF/DigitizerDemod
DecimationResampling
tepped
LO (80 MHz)MemoryCalibration
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 45
PSA Wide Analysis Bandwidth
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 46/50
80 MHz Analysis Bandwidth Snapshot
PSA Wide Analysis Bandwidth
w/Real Time, Calibrated, Digital IQ Detection
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 46
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 47/50
Agenda
•Introduction
•Overview
•Theory of Operation
•Specifications
•
• Wide Analysis Bandwidth Measurements
• -
www.agilent.com/find/b2bSlide 47
Agilent X Series Signal Analysis
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 48/50
Agilent X-Series Signal Analysis
that spans instrumentation, measurements and software
PSA
Market leading
PXA
X-Series
Sep 09
P r i c e MXA
X-Series
performance3 Hz to 50 GHz
Sep 06
High performance3 Hz to 26.5 GHz
EXA
Mid performance
20 Hz to 26.5 GHz
Expanded backward code
compatibility with 8566/68
on PXA /MXA/EXA
Sep 07
-
Economy class9 kHz to 26,5 GHz
ESA
World’s most popular100 Hz to 26.5 GHz
Se 09
CXA
X-Series
Low cost
89601B VSA software
See through the complexity!
9 kHz to 7.5 GHz PerformanceHSA
Page 48
Basic-performance
9 kHz to 3 GHz
Applications Available on the PXA
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 49/50
pp
(frequency band up to 50GHz w/ FW Rev. A.08.03)
ew pp ca ons n ev. . .
Web-downloadable in June, 2011
N6158A CMMB N6153A DVB-N9062AN9063A
N9071A GSM/EDGE/
N9080/N9082A LTE
o e
WiMAX
N6152A Digitalcable TV
T/H with T2
N6155A ISDB/T
FSP/FSU/FSE
compatibility
Analog demod
N9068A
N6171A
MATLAB
N9061A
New
vo
N9073A W-
CDMA/HSPA/+
N9072A cdma2000/
New
N9081A Bluetooth
N6156A DTMB
w mmase no se
N9069A
Noise Figure
865xE/EC & 8566/68
compatibility
N9051A*
N9079A
TD-SCDMA/ N9076A
New
Enhanced
N9064A
VXA
Pulse
HSPA/8PSK 1XEV-DO
N6149A
iDEN/WiDEN/
EMC MotoTalk
* The pulse measurement applications be upgradable in September 2011
The Agilent HSA family
8/4/2019 Spectrum Analysis Basics_RFD
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/spectrum-analysis-basicsrfd 50/50
The Agilent HSA family
N9340B 3GHz HSA N9342C 7GHz HSAN9344C 20GHz HSA
Apr 2008 Aug 2010 Mar 2011
Higher frequency
Better performance
N9343C 13.6GHz HSAInnovative features
features
Award winning product
100 kHz to 7 GHz (tunable to 9
kHz)
1 MHz to 20/13.6 GHz (tunable to
9 kHz)es - n-c ass spec ca ons
Unique applications:
AM/FM IBOC and xDSL
Innovative task planner
Built-in GPS receiver and
antenna
New features include
AM/FM modulation analysis
Time-gated spectrum analysis Secure erase of user data
5-year contract won
from US Navy Agilent 1st μwave
11-language support
Agilent 1st μwave
analyzer
analyzerComply with MIL-PRF-28800F Class 2