Spectrochemical Analysis. Electromagnetic Radiation Energy propagated by an electromagnetic field,...
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Transcript of Spectrochemical Analysis. Electromagnetic Radiation Energy propagated by an electromagnetic field,...
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Spectrochemical Analysis
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Electromagnetic Radiation
Energy propagated by an electromagnetic field, having both particle and wave nature.
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E h
hc h 6.626 10 34 J s
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Photon
A “packet” of energy released when a single atom or molecule relaxes from an excited energy state to a lower lying state via a radiative transition.
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Spectrum
A display of the intensity of radiation emitted. Absorbed, or scattered by a sample, versus a quantity related to photon energy (such as wavelength or frequency).
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Spectrum
Wavelength (nm)
494.5 495.0 495.5 496.0
c(Fe + Fe)
CrFeFeFeNi
494.5 495.0 495.5 496.0
Wavelegnth (nm)
Fe
Fe
CrFe
Fe
Fe
Ni
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Why Dark Lines in the Solar Spectrum?
The discovery of atomic spectra
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Spectroscopy
The branch of physical science treating the theory and interpretation of spectra.
Spectrometry
The quantitative measurement of the intensity of radiation at one or more wavelengths using a photoelectric detector.
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Spectrochemical Analysis
A spectrum, or some aspect of a spectrum, is used to ascertain the identity and/or concentration of the components of a sample.
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Spectrochemical Phenomena(how light interacts with matter)
1. Emission:
The release of a photon during a transition between energy states (regardless of the means of excitation). Number of photons tells how many transition. Energy of photons tell which transitions.
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Emission (neon sign)
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Types of Emission
A. Atomic Emission: excited by collisions
B. Chemiluminescence: excited by reaction
C. Triboluminescence: excited by friction
D. Photoluminescence: excited by photons
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Photoluminescence
Fluorescence: Transition between two singlet states.
Phosphorescence: transition between am excited triplet state and a singlet ground state.
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Jablonski Diagram
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Absorption
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Absorption
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0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1
Concentration (mM)
Tra
nsm
itta
nce
or
Ab
sorb
ance
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Beer’s Law
A = -log T = εbc
where:
A = Absorbance (no units)
T = Transmittance (no units)
ε = molar absorptivity (L cm-1 mole-1)
b = sample path length (cm)
c = concentration (M)
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Miscellaneous Interactions