Specific Ld in Writing Ppt

8/4/2019 Specific Ld in Writing Ppt

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Specific Learning Disability

in WritingSpecialization Paper B-1

Unit 3.2


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According to National Joint Committee on LearningDisabilities Learning disabilities refers to a heterogeneous

group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties inthe acquisition and use of listening, speaking, reading,writing, reasoning, or mathematical abilities.

These disorders are intrinsic to the individual, presumedto be due to central nervous system dysfunction, and mayoccur across the life span. Problems in self-regulatorybehaviours, social perception, and social interaction mayexist with learning disabilities but do not by themselvesconstitute a learning disability.


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Specific learning disability is a generic termwhich refers to a group of learning disorders with

respective cognitive specific deficits.

A specific learning disability can affect howindividuals learn in a variety of ways including

how they take in, remember, understand orexpress information.

A specific learning disability may be defined asproblems people encounter in learning thataffect achievement and daily life skills.


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Specific Learning Disability in Writing

Dysgraphia- It is coined from Greek words dys meansdifficult and graphia means to write.

Dysgraphia is a learning disability that affects written

expression.Extremely poor handwriting is sometimes called asdysgraphia.Students may be unable to transfer the input of visual

information into the output of fine motor movement.They also have difficulty in the act of composing.


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Thus Dysgraphia is a specific learning

disability that affects writing abilities. Itcan manifest itself as difficulties withpoor handwriting, spellings andtrouble putting thoughts on paper(composing).


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Characteristics of Dysgraphia:

1. Poor handwriting/writing illegibly

2. Confusion with directionality

3. Poor spelling skills

4. Difficulty with copying or completing work on a printed page

5. Difficulty taking notes from oral presentation

6. May have problems with grammar, syntax and organization

7. Demonstrates writing skills inconsistent with verbal abilities

8. Kinesthetic/Fine Motor

9. Organizational Difficulties


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Symptoms of Dysgraphia:

Inability to use silverware properly

Cannot correctly tie shoe laces

Unusual grip on writing instruments


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Written language can be divided into:

Handwriting

Spelling

Composition

Learning disabled students often have

difficulties in one or more of these areas.


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WrittenLanguage

Handwriting

Spelling

Composition


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Handwriting: The mechanical component of written expression is calledhandwriting. It is the particular way in which one forms letters with a pen

or pencil. If a reader cannot understand the handwriting of an individualregardless of how well the passage is composed its meaning is lost.

Causes of handwriting errors:1. Poor eye hand co ordination: failure to integrate the visual

image of the letter with the correct motor response.2. Poor finer motor co ordination: poor efficiency and control of

the intrinsic muscles of the hand.3. Disorders of visual perception: poor spatial orientation.

Difficulty in understanding concepts such as up, down, top,bottom which is important for correct letter formation.

4. Poor sense of directionality: gets confused with the strokesin forming letters.


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1.

Poor eye hand co ordination

failure to integrate the visual image of theletter with the correct motor response.

2.

Poor finer motor co ordination

poor efficiency and control of the intrinsicmuscles of the hand.

3.

Disorders of visual perception

poor spatial orientation. Difficulty inunderstanding concepts such as up, down

4.

Poor sense of directionality gets confused with the strokes informing letters.


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Symptoms/signs of handwriting error:

oDifficulty with letter formation or general illegibility

oSignificant variations in size of letters


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oProblems with keeping letters/words on line

oInconsistent spacing between letters and words


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oContinual crowding of words at the end of a line

o

Reversals of letters and numbers

oExtreme slowness of writing speed or writing much too quickly

oComplaints of hand pain/cramping

oIndiscriminate use of upper case letters


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oUse of an awkward or strange-looking pencil grasp

oNot holding paper in a stable position while writing

oUnusual/awkward body postures when trying to write

oDisregard for punctuations


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Spelling:

It is defined as the proper arrangement of letters intowords that are necessary for the purpose of writtencommunication. Spelling involves the ability to learn thecorrespondence between phonemes(sounds) and

graphemes(written letters).


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Poor phoneme andgrapheme association

Poor auditorymemory

Poor visual memoryPoor sequencing

ability

Difficulty inauditory

discrimination

Causes


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Signs/symptoms of spelling errors:

Spell a word too phonetically

Addition

Substitution

Reversals

Omission

Inversion


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Composition:

It is the visual representation of thoughts, feelings,and ideas using symbolsof the writers languagesystem for the purpose of communication. Writtencomposition requires many related abilities, including

facility in spoken language, the ability to read, skills inspellings, legible handwriting or skills with computer keyboarding, knowledge of the use of written usage andcognitive strategies to organize and plan the writing.


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Written Expression involes :

1. Mechanics and Stylists

2. Ideation


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Specific Ld in Writing Ppt

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