Florida pompano,Trachinotus carolinus,is a member of the jack family(Carangidae) and highly prized byrecreational and commercial fishers.Other common names for this speciesare pompano, common pompano,Atlantic pompano, sunfish, pom-paneau sole (French), and pompanoamarillo (Spanish). Pompano is a greattasting fish with a mild flavor andflakey texture. It commands a highprice in the seafood market anddemand exceeds supply from thesmall and unpredictable commercialcatches.In the 1960s and 1970s, researchersand commercial producers examinedthe potential of Florida pompano as anaquaculture species. Although earlyspawning, larval rearing and juvenilegrowout trials were successful, reliablehatchery, nursery and growout meth-ods were not developed. In the late1990s, researchers and commercialfarmers began to reevaluate the cul-ture of pompano because of advancesin techniques for captive broodstockmaturation, spawning and larval rear-ing; the development of methods forproducing new live foods; and newfeed formulations for marine fish.

Natural historyThe life history and ecological require-ments of Florida pompano are notcompletely understood. What isknown is mainly based on populationsin southeastern U.S. coastal waters.Pompano is a deep, thin-bodied fishthat is silver with green to grey dorsal

and yellow ventral surfaces (Fig. 1). Itis a coastal, shallow-water, pelagicspecies that grows to 25 inches totallength (TL) (63.5 cm) and can weigh 8pounds (3.6 kg). There are no obviousmorphological differences betweenmale and female pompano, other thanthe larger size of some maturefemales. Pompano is a warmwaterspecies found from Massachusetts toBrazil. In the northern hemisphere,they migrate north in the spring andsouth in the winter. Pompano arecommonly seen in schools alongsandy beaches and in bays and estu-aries. They are diurnal feeders thateat mollusks and crustaceans, such ascoquina clams, mole crabs, shrimpand other invertebrates.Juvenile and adult pompano tolerate awide range of environmental condi-tions, including low levels of dissolvedoxygen (≥4 mg/L) and salinities rang-ing from 0 to 50 ppt. Research hasshown that, if acclimated properly,juvenile and adult pompano adjustwell to lower salinities; however, inthe hatchery phase higher salini-ties are necessary for buoyancyand survival of the eggsand young larvae.

Temperature is one environmentalvariable that may be a constraint onpompano culture. Pompano are coldintolerant and show stress at low tem-peratures, which may restrict theirpotential for outdoor culture. Researchhas shown that mortalities occur attemperatures of 50 to 53 °F (10 to 12°C). Mortalities also occur when thereare extreme changes in temperatureover a short period of time. The opti-mal temperatures for juvenile growthappear to range from 77 to 86 °F (25to 30 °C), although juveniles havethrived at temperatures as high as 93 °F (34 °C).The exact size and age of maturityvaries; however, most males andfemales are believed to mature by 14inches TL (35.6 cm), with somematuring as small as 10 inches forklength (FL) (25.4 cm). About half offemales mature during their first year,at a size of 11.8 to 12.8 inches FL(28.5 to 32.5 cm), with all females

VIPRDecember 2007

SRAC Publication No. 7206

1 Mote Marine Laboratory, Center for AquacultureResearch and Development, Sarasota, FL

Species Profile—Florida PompanoKevan L. Main, Nicole Rhody, Michael Nystrom and Matthew Resley1

Figure 1. Illustration of Florida pompano (©Diane Rome Peebles).

reaching maturity between 2 and 3years at 14.8 to 15.7 inches FL (37.6to 39.9 cm). Males are also believedto mature at approximately 1 year ofage. Collections of sexually matureadult pompano for captive spawningin southwest Florida support theseobservations. Of 175 individuals col-lected from March through May in2005 and 2006, mature males had amean weight of 1.5 pounds (680.4 g)and a mean length of 12.1 inches FL(30.7 cm), whereas mature femaleshad a mean weight of 1.7 pounds(771 g) and a mean length of 12.3inches FL (31.2 cm). The smallestmature fish caught in this 2-yearsampling period were a male at 10.8inches FL (27.4 cm), weighing 1pound (453.6 g), and a female at 10.6inches FL (26.9 cm), weighing 1.3pounds (589.7 g).Pompano spawning is believed tooccur from early spring throughOctober. Reproductive seasonalityvaries among Atlantic and Gulf ofMexico populations. Those located inthe tropical Gulf of Mexico andCaribbean Sea may spawn through-out the year. Seasonal spawning pat-terns of pompano have been verifiedby the abundance of small juveniles(10.9 to 20.1 mm standard length,SL) along exposed, sandy beachesand in the surf zone from late springthrough fall. Large numbers of juve-niles have been reported along theAtlantic Coasts of Florida andGeorgia during April and May, Northand South Carolina in June and July,and Delaware in July and August. Inthe Gulf of Mexico, most juvenilerecruitment occurs in April and May,with a smaller “wave” of individualsreported in August and September. The actual spawning location forpompano is unknown, but it hasbeen suggested that spawning occursoffshore, where the transport anddistribution of pelagic eggs and lar-vae are influenced by prevailing cur-rents. Evidence for offshore spawn-ing is based in part on the collectionof specimens in the 1950s and 1960soff the Atlantic coast of northFlorida. Additional evidence was col-lected in Florida waters when larvaemeasuring 3.1 and 4.6 mm SL wereidentified in plankton tows up to14.9 miles (24 km) offshore over thecontinental shelf in the eastern Gulfof Mexico (Finucane, 1969). Thereare no documented accounts of

spawning activity inshore or in estuar-ine waters and many questions remainregarding the reproductive biology andbehavior of this species. However,recent studies indicate that there maybe more inshore spawning habitatsthan previously thought. Fecundity has been estimated to rangefrom 133,000 to 800,000 eggs per sea-son. Early authors examining ripefemales reported one individual,weighing 1.3 pounds (590g), with anestimated 630,000 eggs. Others esti-mated 425,000 eggs in another maturefemale measuring 10 inches FL (25.4cm). In a more recent collection of sex-ually mature adult female pompano,lower estimates of fecundity werereported, including three pompanomeasuring 10.7 to 10.8 inches TL (27.2to 27.4 cm) with fecundity estimatesranging from 133,400 to 205,500oocytes per female (Muller et al.,2002).

Culture techniques

Broodstock procurement

Pompano can generally be collectedthroughout the year in Florida’s coastaland estuarine waters. Mature adultscan be acquired for captive broodstockusing trammel nets, hook-and-line, orgill nets, if special permitting isobtained. (Since 1995, the use ofentangling-type nets has been prohibit-ed within 1 mile of shore on Florida’sAtlantic Coast and within 3 miles ofshore on Florida’s Gulf Coast.) Gillnets are the most efficient way to col-lect large numbers of adult pompano,but the species’ small, deciduousscales and the extensive handling asso-ciated with gill netting can cause seri-ous injury and death. Individualscaught with a hook-and-line are usual-ly handled less and suffer less physicaldamage. However, this method can bemore time consuming and a fish maybe severely stressed unless it is landedquickly. Pompano collected offshorecan be held for a short time in livewells on boats with the use of liquidoxygen. Then they are transported toshore and transferred to tanks and/orponds to be used for spawning.Juveniles can be captured in the wildand reared in captivity until they reachsexual maturity. Viable broodstock alsocan be obtained from hatchery-rearedpompano.

Spawning behavior

There is limited information on spawn-ing behavior in captive pompano.Kloth (1980) described the spawningbehavior of two females that wereinduced to spawn using hormones.One female began by swimming slow-ly around the bottom of the tank andthen rose to the middle of the watercolumn with one of four males follow-ing her. She remained stationary for 15seconds, with the male positionedbelow her, and then returned to thebottom of the tank. Shortly afterward,eggs were seen floating on the surface.This female repeated the spawningbehavior six times, with each eventlasting 10 to 15 seconds and an intervalof 4 to 10 minutes between each event.The second female exhibited similarbehavior, completing two spawningacts with two different males; eachevent lasted about 15 seconds andthere was an 8-minute intervalbetween them.

Induced spawning

Scientists working independently ofone another have produced pompanowith varying degrees of successthroughout the years. Research has pri-marily focused on developing tech-niques for the commercial culture ofFlorida pompano, including the consis-tent production of high-quality eggs.Captured pompano have been inducedto spawn year-round using hormoneinjections coupled with photoperiodand temperature manipulation.Additional techniques for out-of-seasongonadal maturation and successfulspawning of pompano include photo-period and temperature manipulations,followed by abrupt temperature shifts. Successful hormone-induced spawningof Florida pompano, using both volun-tary and strip spawning methods, wasfirst reported in the 1970s by Hoff et al.(1972, 1978a, b). Spawning was inducedby injecting females (oocyte diameter580 to 718 µm) with two separate dosesof human chorionic gonadotropin(HCG) (0.55 IU/g and 0.275 IU/g bodyweight) administered 24 to 48 hoursapart. Spawning occurred approximate-ly 30 to 40 hours after the primaryinjection at 73.9 °F (23.3 °C) and asalinity of 33 ppt. Fertilization rateswere relatively low (0.05 to 18.0 per-cent) in these first successful spawnsand eggs measured 0.87 to 1.0 mm at 1hour post-fertilization. Incubation times

from 72 to 82 °F (22 to 28 °C). Eightnatural spawning events occurredafter an abrupt change in water tem-perature. These yielded a total of 289,225 eggs from one or morefemales, with fertilization rates of 0 to91 percent. Spawning was also induced with hor-mone injections (HCG), based onbody weight, coupled with photo-thermal manipulation, to produceeggs in both wild-caught and hatch-ery-reared (F1 generation) pompano.Fish were collected in a smaller tankand anesthetized using tricainemethanesulfonate (MS-222) (Fig. 2). Acannula tube (0.97 mm internal diam-eter) was used to check the state ofgonadal maturation (Figs. 3 and 4).Both males and females were given asingle intramuscular injection abouthalfway between the lateral line andfirst dorsal fin spine (Fig. 5). Females(mean weight = 3.8 lbs, 1.7 kg; meanFL = 15.8 in., 40.1 cm) with mature,vitellogenic and/or post-vitellogenicstage oocytes (diameters ranging from450 to 650 µm) were injected with asingle dose of HCG at 1000 IU/kgbody weight. Males (mean weight =2.6 lbs, 1.2 kg; mean FL = 14.3 in.,36.3 cm) received a single dose ofHCG at 500 IU/kg body weight.Spawning occurred 40 to 48 hoursafter the first injection, followed by asmaller, less viable spawn up to 96hours post-injection. From the sevendocumented induced spawning eventsfor wild-caught and hatchery-rearedpompano, a total of 5.3 million eggswere collected. Fertilization rangedfrom 19.3 to 48.2 percent.

Larval culture

Fertilized eggs are buoyant, transpar-ent, about 1 mm in diameter, andhave a single oil droplet. Newlyhatched larvae measure approximate-ly 2.0 mm standard length (SL), havelittle or no pigmentation, lack a func-tional mouth, and have a large yolksac with a single oil globule. At 7 dayspost-hatch (DPH) and a temperatureof 82 °F (28 °C), the oil droplet isreduced, the yolk is completelyabsorbed, eyes are fully pigmented,and the mouth is fully formed.Transformation from larval stage tojuvenile begins approximately 24DPH, at which time scales developand pigmentation appears over thelateral surfaces of the body.

varied with temperature. The eggsdeveloped abnormally, which wasattributed to poor egg quality. While researchers achieved the firstsuccessful captive spawns of Floridapompano in the lab, commercial cul-turists were not far behind. In theearly 1970s commercial culturists atOceanography Mariculture Industries,Inc.’s (OMI) Dominican Republichatchery had success. Photo-thermalmanipulation was used to inducegonadal maturation in captive brood-stock. Spawning was induced inmature females with gonadotropininjections; however, the methodologyfrom these commercial trials was notreported. In 1974, 10.4 million fertil-ized eggs were produced at an estimat-ed 114,000 eggs per female and OMIreported the development of reliablehatchery methods capable of produc-ing an average of 37,539 fry permonth.In a recent study, two wild-caughtbroodstock populations and two first-generation (F1) hatchery-reared brood-stock populations were induced tospawn to evaluate the effect of diet onegg quality. Captive broodstock (25 to30 individuals per tank) werespawned multiple times in 2005 and2006, while being maintained in large,indoor, fiberglass tanks (7,399 gallons;28 m3) with recirculating filtration sys-tems. Pompano populations (sex ratioof 1:1) were held in four separateround, fiberglass tanks equipped witha heater/chiller unit large enough tomanipulate and maintain water tem-peratures. These closed recirculatingsystems included filters for solidsremoval, biofiltration, sterilization, anddenitrification processes. Two of thebroodstock groups received a freshfrozen diet consisting of food-grade,farm-raised shrimp, herring and squid.The other two populations were fed acommercial broodstock diet containinga 45% crude protein level and 8%crude lipid. Maturation and spawning of one wildpompano population was induced bymanipulating photoperiod and watertemperature. In this study, spawningactivity was observed when tempera-tures ranging from 74 to 79 °F (24 to26 °C) were shifted quickly to 86 to88 °F (30 to 31 °C). In the condition-ing cycle, photoperiod ranged from 11(winter) to 13 (summer) hours of day-light and water temperatures ranged

Figure 2. Placing pompano brood-stock in a smaller tank for anestheti-zation prior to sampling.

Figure 3. Adult pompano ready forcannulation.

Figure 4. Cannulation of an adultfemale pompano.

Figure 5. Intramuscular injection ofthe hormone HCG into a wild-caught,sexually mature, adult female pom-pano.

In 2005, larval rearing trials withFlorida pompano were conducted inrecirculating aquaculture systems atMote Marine Laboratory in Sarasota,Florida. The larval system consisted ofthree indoor round, high-density poly-ethylene tanks (872 gallons; 3.3 m3)equipped with a bubble bead filter forsolids filtration, a fluidized bed for bio-logical filtration, a UV sterilizer, and aprotein skimmer. A combination ofaeration and liquid oxygen kept dis-solved oxygen levels at 5 to 10 mg/L,while assisting in the dispersion ofeggs and larvae throughout the watercolumn. Temperatures in the systemranged from 72 to 79 °F (22 to 26 °C)and salinity was maintained at 35 to36 ppt using artificial sea salt. Fertilized eggs resulted from hormone-induced (HCG) natural spawns ofwild-caught and F1 pompano. On theday of spawning, fertilized eggs werestocked in three separate rearing tanksat densities of 50 to 75 eggs/L andincubated at 79 °F (26 °C). Hatchingbegan 24 hours post-fertilization andhatch rates were estimated at 75.5 per-cent. Mean larval length at hatch was2.3 mm SL. A 3 DPH pompano larvais shown in Figure 6. The feedingregime used during the trial is summa-rized in Figure 7. L-type rotifers(Brachionus plicatilis) were provided tolarval pompano from 2 DPH through12 DPH at a density of tenrotifers/mL. Rotifers were reared inhigh-density recirculating systems at30 ppt salinity and fed a diet of con-centrated algae paste (Nanochloropsis).Rotifers were enriched with a com-mercial enrichment product 24 hoursbefore they were added to the larvalrearing tanks. Rotifer concentrations inlarval tanks were monitored twicedaily (0900 and 1600) and additionalrotifers were added to the tanks volu-metrically to maintain the desirednumber of individuals. By 10 DPH, Artemia were introducedto the pompano larval tanks as an

additional live prey item. Rotifers, dis-tributed in decreasing concentrations,were co-fed with Artemia until larvaewere completely weaned onto a diet ofArtemia. One-day-old Great Salt Lakestrain Artemia were enriched for 22 to24 hours and then added to larvaltanks at a density of two Artemia/mLfrom day 10 to day 12. Artemia con-centrations in larval tanks were moni-tored twice daily (0900 and 1600) andadditional organisms were added tothe tanks volumetrically to maintainthe desired number of individuals.From 10 to 17 DPH, enriched Artemiawere provided to larval pompano atdensities ranging from two to fourArtemia/mL. At the same time, an arti-ficial micro-diet was introduced (55%protein, 14% lipid; particle size 80 to200 µm). The micro-diet is very simi-lar in color to Artemia, which helpedwith the transition from live prey to acommercial diet. From 18 to 21 DPHthe ration of Artemia was steadilydecreased and the micro-diet was con-tinued until the larvae could be com-pletely weaned off of live food at 22DPH.

Juvenile growout to market size

Florida pompano have been grown tomarket size in tanks, floating cages andponds. With little information on theenvironmental (temperature, oxygen,etc.) and biological (stocking density,growth rate, food conversion ratio, sur-vival) parameters for these differentgrowout systems, it is difficult to eval-uate the production efficiency and costeffectiveness. The initial weight atstocking and the length of time it tookfor individuals to reach market sizevaried greatly among the different cul-ture systems. The typical market size

is 1.0 to 1.5 pounds (453.6 to 680.4 g),with harvested fish measuring 9.8 to 14.2inches TL (24.9 to 30.1 cm). Early stud-ies, which estimated growth from lengthfrequency data, showed that growth ratesranged from 0.8 to 1.2 inches per month(2.0 to 3.1 cm). More studies are neededto determine the growth rates of Floridapompano from juvenile to market size intank, pond and cage systems.

DiseasesBroodstock and juveniles collected fromthe wild can carry parasites and shouldbe quarantined and treated for severalweeks before they are introduced to anyculture system. Amyloodinium is a partic-ular problem for both juveniles andadults reared in recirculating systems.This parasite has a high reproductiverate and many life stages, and tends tobe quite resilient to treatment.Amyloodinium is typically found on thegills and can cause high mortality rates ifleft untreated. Individuals infected withthis parasite often exhibit coughing orflashing behavior.

Marketing and economicsFlorida pompano commands a relativelyhigh price in local and regional seafoodmarkets. The commercial dockside pricefor pompano in Florida is usually higherthan for other marine food fish species(Florida Fish and Wildlife ConservationCommission, 2006). The nominal (notadjusted for inflation) dockside price forpompano averaged $3.30 per pound($7.26 per kg) (whole weight, fresh) from1994 to 2006. When commercial catcheswere large in 1994 and 1995, the dock-side price declined (from $3.38 to $2.64per pound, $7.44 to $5.81 per kg, in1994 and from $3.38 to $2.66 per pound,$7.44 to $5.85 per kg, in 1995) (Fig. 8).

Figure 6. Three days post-hatch pom-pano larva. (Photography byMatthew L. Wittenrich)

Artificial food

Rotifers(Brachionus plicafilis)

Artemia(Artemia salina)

Hatch First feeding

0 2 10 12 21 35

Days post hatch

Figure 7. Summary of larval pompano feeding regime used at Mote MarineLaboratory throughout the 2005 spawning season.

Dockside price then increased to$3.87 per pound ($8.51 per kg) in2004. The preliminary 2006 averagedockside price for Florida pompanowas $3.65 per pound ($8.03 per kg).Regional prices for Florida pompanoaveraged $3.14 per pound ($6.91 perkg) from 1994 to 2004 (U.S.Department of Commerce, 2006). Theregional dockside prices were slightlylower than the Florida docksideprices, but followed the same markettrends (Fig. 8). Data on wholesale and retail pricesbeyond the dockside market are

scarce. However, there are some proxydata that are useful. The Fulton FishMarket primary wholesale price forFlorida pompano are periodicallyreported via the National MarineFisheries Service’s Market NewsReports (U.S. Department ofCommerce, 2005). These data describea “spot price” for Florida pompano asthey are sold into the wholesale mar-ket in the New York region. Thereported prices typically apply to“large” fish (1.25 to 2.5 pounds; 0.567to 1.1 kg) that are sold in whole, freshform. However, data for “medium”

(0.75 to 1.25 lbs; 0.340 to 0.567 kg) and“small” (< 0.75 lbs; 0.340 kg) fish arealso reported, though less often. Pricesreported for 2005 are shown in Figure9. The per pound prices for large, medi-um and small fish averaged $4.95, $4.23and $3.75 ($10.89, $9.31 and $8.25 perkg), respectively, during 2005. Theprices for large fish do show some sea-sonal patterns, with higher prices beingrecorded during the August-Septemberperiod.Retail market prices are not readilyavailable, although anecdotal observa-tions indicate that major grocery storessell whole, fresh pompano for about$8.00 per pound ($17.60 per kg). At this time, there are not enough datato evaluate the production economicsfor pompano. This is an important areafor future research.

ConclusionsFlorida pompano is a promising newmarine finfish species for aquaculture inthe U.S.; however, the culture technolo-gy is still under development.Maturation and spawning techniqueshave been developed for year-roundproduction of high-quality eggs. Larvaeare hearty and easily transition from

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Figure 8. Gulf and South Atlantic Pompano Dockside Prices from 1994 to 1996.

Figure 9. Fulton Fish Market Primary Wholesale Selling Price for Florida Pompano.

rotifers to Artemia to an artificialmicro-diet. Additional data is neededon the environmental and biologicalrequirements for the growout of fin-gerlings to market size in tank, pondand cage systems. With this data itwill be possible to evaluate the pro-duction economics of pompano aqua-culture.

AcknowledgementsThe authors would like to thankJoseph Drumm (Mote MarineLaboratory), Kathy Guindon (FloridaFish and Wildlife ConservationCommission), and Dr. Charles Adams(University of Florida) for their contri-butions to this review. The workreported in this publication was sup-ported in part by the SouthernRegional Aquaculture Center throughGrant No. 2005-38500-15815 from theUnited States Department ofAgriculture, Cooperative StateResearch, Education, and ExtensionService; the Florida Department ofAgriculture and Consumer Services,Charles H. Bronson, Commissioner,FDACS contracts #007187, #009133,#009781; and by the Mote ScientificFoundation.

References and additional reading Anderson, W.D., J.K. Dias, R.K. Dias, D.M.Cupka and N.A. Chamberlain. 1977. Themacrofauna of the surf zone off Folly Beach,South Carolina. NOAA Tech. Rept. NMFS SSFR-704:i-iv + 1-23.

Berry, F.H. and E.S. Iverson. 1967. Pompano:biology, fisheries, and farming potential.Proceedings of the Gulf and Caribbean FisheriesInstitute 19:116-128.

Cupka, D.M. 1972. A survey of the ichthyofau-na of the surf zone in South Carolina. SouthCarolina Wildlife Marine Research Department.Technical Report No. 4. 19 pp.

de Sylva, D.P., F.A. Kalber and F.A. Shuster.1962. Fishes and ecological conditions in theshore zone of the Delaware River estuary, withnotes on other species collected in deeper water.University of Delaware Marine Lab.Information Ser., Publ. #5. 164 pp.

Fields, H.M. 1962. Pompanos (Trachinotus spp.)of the south Atlantic east coast of the UnitedStates. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service FisheryBulletin 207 62:189-222.

Finucane, J.H. 1969. Ecology of the pompano(Trachinotus carolinus) and the permit (T. falcatus)in Florida. Transactions of the American FisherySociety 98(3):478-486.

Finucane, J.H. 1970. Progress in pompano mari-culture in the United States. Proceedings of theWorld Aquaculture Society, 1st AnnualWorkshop. pp. 69-72.

Florida Fish and Wildlife ConservationCommission. 2006. Unpublished commercialTrip Ticket landings data. Florida WildlifeResearch Institute: [Online] Available: http://floridamarine.org/features/view_article.asp?id=19224

Gilbert, C. and J. Parsons. 1986. Species Profile:Life histories and environmental requirementsof coastal fishes and invertebrates (SouthFlorida). Florida Pompano. Biological report 82(11.42). TR EL-82-4: 1-14.

Hicks, B.J. 1998. Experiments to maximizegrowth in captive Florida pompano (Trachinotuscarolinus). Ph.D. dissertation, Nova SoutheasternUniversity. Fort Lauderdale, Florida. 259 pp.

Hoff, F., C. Rowell and T. Pulver. 1972.Artificially induced spawning of the Floridapompano under controlled conditions.Proceedings of the World Mariculture Society3:53-64.

Hoff, F.H., T. Pulver and J. Mountain. 1978a.Conditioning of Florida pompano (Trachinotuscarolinus) for continuous spawning. Proceedingsof the World Mariculture Society 9:299-309.

Hoff, F.H., J. Mountain, T. Frakes and K.Halcott. 1978b. Spawning, oocyte developmentand larvae rearing of the Florida pompano(Trachinotus carolinus). Proceeding of the WorldMariculture Society 9:279-297.

Iversen, E.S. and F.H. Berry. 1969. Fish maricul-ture: progress and potential. Proceedings of theGulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute 21:163-176.

Kloth, T.C. 1980. Observations on the spawningbehavior of captive Florida pompano,Trachinotus carolinus. Copeia 1980(4):884-886.

McMaster, M.F. 1988. Pompano aquaculture:Fast and successful present opportunities.Aquaculture Magazine 14(3):28, 30-34.

Moe Jr., M.A., R.H. Lewis and R.M. Ingle. 1968.Pompano mariculture: preliminary data andbasic considerations. Florida BoardConservation, Technical Series. pp. 55, 65.

Muller, R.G., K. Tisdel and M.D. Murphy. 2002.The 2002 update of the stock assessment ofFlorida pompano (Trachinotus carolinus). FloridaFish and Wildlife Conservation Commission,Florida Marine Research Institute, St.Petersburg, FL. pp.1-45.

Peters, D.J. and W.G. Nelson. 1987. The season-ality and spatial patterns of juvenile surf zonefishes of the Florida east coast. Florida Science50: 85-99.

Swingle, W. E. 1972. Alabama’s marine cage cul-ture studies. Proceeding of the WorldMariculture Society. pp. 75-81.

Tagatz, M.E. and D.L. Dudley. 1961. Seasonaloccurrence of marine fishes in four shore habi-tats near Beaufort, N.C., 1957-60. U.S. Dept.Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service SpecialScientific Report-Fisheries No. 390, 19 pp.

U.S. Department of Commerce. 2005.Unpublished Fulton Fish Market price data.Data no longer being reported. National MarineFisheries Service (NMFS). [Online] Available:http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st1/market_news/index.html

U.S. Department of Commerce. 2006.Unpublished regional commercial landings,dockside value, and dockside price data.National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS).[Online] Available: http://www.st.nmfs.gov/st1/commercial/landings/annual_landings.html

Watanabe, W. O. 1995. Aquaculture of theFlorida pompano and other jacks (FamilyCarangidae) in the western Atlantic, Gulf ofMexico and Caribbean Basin: status and poten-tial. in Main, K.L. and C. Rosenfield (eds.),Culture of High Value Marine Fishes.Proceedings 1994. The Oceanic Institute,Honolulu, Hawaii. pp. 185-205.

Weirich, C., R. Reigh, E. Chesney and R.Malone. In Press. Effect of Feeding Strategies onthe production characteristics and body compo-sition of Florida Pompano reared in marinerecirculating systems. North American Journal ofAquaculture.

The work reported in this publication was supported in part by the Southern Regional Aquaculture Centerthrough Grant No. 2005

-38500-15815 from the United States Department of Agriculture, Cooperative State Research, Education, and

SRAC fact sheets are reviewed annually by the Publications, Videos and Computer Software SteeringCommittee. Fact sheets are revised as new knowledge becomes available. Fact sheets that have notbeen revised are considered to reflect the current state of knowledge.

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