Species no. 68: Turtle dove Streptopelia...

Key concepts of Article 7(4): Version 2008

Reproduction & Prenuptial Migration * 405 *

Species no. 68: Turtle dove Streptopelia turtur Distribution: The species breeds in Europe, western Asia, the Middle East and North Africa, with isolated populations (subspecies rufecens and hoggara) in Egypt and southern Sahara. The range in Europe covers most of the continent north to 60° N. Movements: Migratory throughout Europe, with all birds wintering in the northern Afrotropics. Population size and trends: The European population numbers 3.5 – 7.2 million pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A) of which 1.6 – 2.7 million breed in EU 27 (BirdLife Int. 2004B). In the past populations have tended to fluctuate, however since 1970 declines occurred in up to 60% of the countries for which trends are known. During 1990-2000 most populations continued to decline (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is usually 1-2 eggs; incubation: 13-14 (-16) days; fledging period: ca 20 days; independence: soon after fledging; broods: 2-3 broods, but probably only one brood in the northern populations.



Movements

Turtle dove Streptopelia turtur

MIGRANT Member State RESIDENT Breeding Passage Wintering

FI 50-100 pairs SE Very few EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK 2-20 pairs UK IE < 20 pairs DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR



Definition of period of reproduction


Member State

Period of reproduction begins with

Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 SE EE Occupation of breeding sites LV 3 LT Occupation of breeding sites 7 PL Occupation of breeding sites 1, 3 SK Occupation of breeding sites CZ Occupation of breeding sites DK Occupation of breeding sites UK Occupation of breeding sites 2 IE No information DE Occupation of breeding sites 4 NL Occupation of breeding sites 16 BE Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4 LU Occupation of breeding sites 1 HU Occupation of breeding sites AT Occupation of breeding sites 2, 7, 9 SI FR Occupation of territories by

singing males 1, 17

ES Occupation of breeding sites 1 PT Occupation of breeding sites 1, 5 IT Occupation of breeding sites MT 5 GR Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3 CY Occupation of breeding sites 3 RO 3 BG Occupation of breeding sites 9 HR Occupation of breeding sites 16, 19



Period of reproduction


J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR FR - normal period of reproduction from beginning of May until 20th August

- first singing males after the 20th April and last ones end of August - last flights from nests until 20th September

Comments and conclusions 1) The period of reproduction starts with the occupation of the breeding sites. 2) The end of the reproduction period ranges from the 3rd decade of July (EE, HU, GR,

RO) to the 1st decade of October (UK). Full flight of young birds marks the end of the reproduction period.



Prenuptial migration


Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds?

Member State

YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE EE X LV 3 LT X 5,7 PL X 1,3 SK X CZ X DK X UK X 1 IE X DE X 4, 9 NL X 21 BE LU X 1 HU X AT X 8 SI X FR X 2, 16, 17 ES X 5 PT IT MT 5 GR X 1, 2, 3 CY X RO 3 BG X 8, 9 HR X 16, 19



Period of prenuptial migration


J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR FR - prenuptial migration from 20th April until 20th June; isolated cases observed from the beginning of April. Comments and conclusions 1) The species is strictly migratory and winters in Africa. Beginning of prenuptial

migration coincides with arrival of first migrants. 2) Beginning of prenuptial migration ranges from the 2nd decade of March (BG) to the

1st decade of May (DK).



Species no. 69: Skylark Alauda arvensis Distribution: This lark is very widespread and inhabits a major part of Europe and Asia. It is breeding in all regions of the European Union. Originally a bird of the steppes or similar open habitats, it has become adapted to agricultural habitats and most birds now breed on farmland. Movements: The species is wholly migratory in the North and the East of the breeding range although in the South and the West the birds are mainly residents. The birds of northern and eastern Europe (including birds coming as far East as 50° E) leave their breeding areas and move to south-west in a broad front across Europe to winter mainly in Ireland, Britain, Benelux, western and southern France, Iberia and Italy. Population size: Its European breeding population is estimated at 40 – 80 million pairs including the large Russian population of 15 – 35 million pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The EU 27 population has been estimated at 18 – 35 million (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). While the eastern populations appear stable most western populations declined during 1990 – 2000 (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is usually 3-5 eggs (7); incubation: 11 days; semi-nidicolous; fledging period: c. 18-20 days, but young usually leave nest at 8-10 days; independence: become independent at 25 days from hatching; broods: regular up to 4, but fewer in northern range.



Movements

Skylark Alauda arvensis

MIGRANT Member State RESIDENT Breeding Passage Wintering FI SE few EE Irregular LV LT Irregular PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE partial LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





Member State


Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 SE Occupation of breeding sites EE Occupation of breeding sites LV 1 LT Occupation of breeding sites 8 PL Occupation of breeding sites 1, 3 SK Occupation of breeding sites CZ Occupation of breeding sites DK Occupation of breeding sites UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3 DE Occupation of breeding sites 4 NL Occupation of breeding sites 19 BE Occupation of breeding sites First territorial singing of

resident birds may occur in January - mild winters.

1, 2, 3, 4

LU Occupation of breeding sites 1 HU Occupation of breeding sites AT Occupation of breeding sites 13,18 SI FR Construction of the nest and

laying First territorial singing may occur in January but without attempt to nest

1, 6

ES PT Construction of the nest IT Construction of the nest 1, 4 MT GR Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3 CY RO 1 BG Occupation of breeding sites 3, 7, 8 HR Construction of the nest 17, 19





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV

LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO

BG HR FR - main period of reproduction is 1st April - 31st July, but young birds may still be found in the nests in August Comments and conclusions 1) In most countries, where resident and migratory birds are mixed, the period of

reproduction begins with the construction of the nest. In other countries where it is mainly migratory, the reproduction period begins with the occupation of breeding sites.

2) The end of the period of reproduction ranges from the 3rd decade of June (BG) to the 3rd decade of August (CZ, UK, SI, PL). The full flight of young birds (c. 3 decades after hatching) marks the end of the period of reproduction.






Member State

YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X EE X LV 1 LT X 5,8 PL 1, 3 SK X CZ X DK In many winters a few birds

remain all year X

UK Mixing of residents and migrants 1 IE Mixing of residents and migrants DE X 4 NL BE Presence of wintering birds 1, 2, 3, 4 LU Mixing of wintering birds and

migrants 1

HU X AT X 9, 13, 18 SI X FR Few studies on wintering

population and counting of migrating birds

1, 2, 3, 6

ES PT Mixing of large wintering

population with small breeding population

IT Mixing of resident and wintering populations.

MT 5 GR Mixing of resident and wintering

populations 1, 2, 3

CY X RO 3 BG X 16 HR Partly resident. Mixing of resident,

migrating and wintering populations

16




Skylark Alauda arvensis J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR FR - in general prenuptial migration starts after 15th February; movements noticed since the first decade of February in some years. IT - the analysis of a large set of ringing data indicates that return movements start in February, peaking in the middle of March. Comments and conclusions

1) Breeding birds are entirely migratory in north and east of the breeding range, and partially (local movements) in south and west.

2) Beginning of prenuptial migration difficult to identify due to the mixing of resident and wintering birds, and lack of studies on wintering populations and counts of migrating birds.

3) Arrival of first migrants or departure from wintering grounds corresponds to the beginning of the prenuptial migration.



4) The beginning of the prenuptial migration ranges generally from the 1st decade of January (DK) to the 1st decade of March (LT). The migration is recorded to start earlier in DK and later in AT, IT, CY and PT.



Species no. 70: Blackbird Turdus merula Distribution: This thrush inhabits Europe, North-Western Africa and further east through Turkey to southern China. The European population constitutes more than 50% of the global population and in Europe it is only absent from northern Fennoscandia. Movements: In southern and western Europe the species is sedentary, but the birds of the north and the east are migratory and winter in the south-west. Population size and trends: The total population in Europe is estimated at 40 - 82 million (BirdLife 2004A). The population in EU 27 numbers 33 – 69 million (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). Originally a bird of dense forest, this species has become well adapted to man-made habitats and urban areas since the last century. The population was stable in 1970-1990 and slightly increasing during 1990-2000 (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is usually 3-5 eggs (2-6), varies within season (smallest clutches at beginning and end); incubation: 12-14 days; fledging period: average 14 (10-19) days; independence: three weeks after hatching; broods: 2-3 are regular, except in northern range where 3 are rare.



Movements

Blackbird Turdus merula


FI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





Member State


Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6SE Occupation of breeding sites EE Construction of the nest LV 3 LT Construction of the nest 8 PL Construction of the nest 1, 3 SK Construction of the nest CZ Construction of the nest DK Construction of the nest UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3 DE Occupation of breeding sites Resident males often

occupy breeding territories in previous autumn; mating may occur in winter.

4

NL Display 16 BE Occupation breeding sites

with nuptial parade 1, 2, 3, 4

LU Construction of the nest HU Construction of the nest AT Construction of the nest SI FR Construction of the nest 6 ES 4 PT Construction of the nest 1, 5 IT Construction of the nest Widespread breeder.

Migratory in northern regions and almost fully sedentary in southern regions

1, 4

MT GR Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3 CY Construction of the nest 3 RO 1 BG Construction of the nest 3, 4, 7, 17 HR Construction of the nest 16, 19




Blackbird Turdus merula J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions 1) The period of reproduction starts with the occupation of breeding sites where it is

mainly migratory (FI, SE) and the construction of the nest elsewhere. Territorial behaviour (song) already occurs in winter especially in birds associated to human settlements.

2) Blackbirds associated to human settlements breed earlier and have longer period of reproduction than birds living in natural habitats.

3) End of reproduction ranges from the 2nd decade of July (FR, PT) to the 2nd decade of September (UK). Full flight of young birds marks the end of the reproduction period.






Member State

YES NO References

FI In Southern most Finland, there is a considerable wintering population

X 1, 2, 3, 4

SE X EE Partly migrant X LV LT Mixed population of residents & migrants 5,8 PL Mixed population of residents & migrants 1, 3 SK Mixed population of residents & migrants CZ Mixed population of residents & migrants DK X UK Mixed population of residents & migrants 1 IE Mixed population of residents & migrants DE X 4 NL Mixed population of residents & migrants 7 BE Presence of wintering birds 1, 2, 3, 4 LU Mixing of resident and wintering population HU Mixing of wintering and breeding birds in

suburban populations

AT Mixed residents and migrants SI FR Discreet. Nocturnal migration 6 ES PT Large resident population, small wintering

population

IT Mixing of local residents with wintering birds 1, 4 MT 5 GR Mixing of resident and wintering population 1, 2, 3 CY X RO 3 BG Discreet. Nocturnal migration. Mixing

migrants and resdent birds. 3,4, 7, 8, 17

HR Partly resident. Mixing of resident, migrating and wintering populations

12, 19




Blackbird Turdus merula J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY ? ? RO BG HR IT : The analysis of a large set of ringing and recovery data indicates that return movements of birds wintering in Italy starts in January, when a sharp decrease is observed in recoveries of birds ringed abroad. Strong prenuptial movements of birds wintering further south than IT starts in mid-February and peaks in March. Comments and conclusions 1) It is sedentary in southern and Western Europe and in human settlements. Birds

from central Europe, North East Europe and Fennoscandia breeding in natural habitats are migratory.

2) Beginning of prenuptial migration could be difficult to identify in countries where there is mixed populations of residents and wintering birds.

3) The beginning of the prenuptial migration ranges from the 2nd decade of January (IT) to the 2nd decade of March (LT, SK).



Species no. 71: Fieldfare Turdus pilaris Distribution: This thrush inhabits a major part of Eurasia, from central Europe and Scandinavia to eastern Siberia. It is originally a species of the taiga, which has considerably extended its breeding area to the west, and even colonised Iceland. Movements: Most birds are migratory and winter in western, central and southern Europe. Population size and trends: The total European population is estimated between 14 and 24 million pairs of which 10 – 15 breeds in Russia (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The population in the EU 27 Member States is estimated at 2.4 – 4.8 million (BirdLife Int. 2004B). The Fieldfare has expanded its range strongly south-westwards since the 1800s. In the early 19th century its distribution reached NE Poland and by the turn of century, Germany, the Czech Republic and Austria. Expansion slowed, incorporating only Switzerland up to 1950, then accelerated to Slovakia, Denmark, Belgium, E-C France, N Italy and Romania (1960s), The Netherlands, Great Britain, SE France, Slovenia and Hungary (1970s) and Greece (1980s). Expansion continues westwards, southwards and within the C European range. Population size has increased in most European countries during 1970-1990, and in Luxembourg, Italy, Slovenia, Hungary and Romania by more than 50% numerical increases which accompanied considerable range extensions; the French breeding range increased by 400% between 1970-75 and 1985-89. In Fennoscandia the population size is stable but fluctuating and the overall trend for Europe during 1990-2000 in Europe is stable or increasing (BirdLife Int. 2004A). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is usually 5-6 eggs (3-7); incubation: 10-13 days; fledging period: 12-15 days; independence: app. 30 days after hatching; broods: 1-2.



Movements

Fieldfare Turdus pilaris


FI Very few and irregularly

SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK Very few pairs IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR Occasional CY RO BG Occasional HR





Member State


Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

SE Occupation of breeding sites 1, 18 EE Occupation of breeding sites LV 1 LT Occupation of breeding sites 8 PL Occupation of breeding sites SK Occupation of breeding sites CZ Occupation of breeding sites DK Occupation of breeding sites UK Construction of the nest 1 IE DE NL Occupation of breeding sites 17 BE Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4 LU Occupation of breeding sites 1 HU Occupation of breeding sites AT Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2 SI FR Construction of the nest 6 ES PT IT Construction of the nest Recent breeding population in

the Alps 1, 4

MT GR CY RO 1 BG Occupation of breeding sites 17, 18 HR Occupation of breeding sites Small breeding population 5, 24




Fieldfare Turdus pilaris J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions 1) The period of reproduction begins with the occupation of the breeding sites in

northern and central Europe, and the construction of the nest elsewhere. 2) The end of the period of reproduction ranges from the 2nd decade of July (SK, NL,

HU, FR, LV) to the 2nd decade of August (AT, BE, UK). Full flight of young birds marks the end of the reproduction period.






Member State YES NO References FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X 1, 8 EE X LV LT Mixing of wintering and breeding birds 5,8 PL X 1, 3 SK Mixing of wintering and breeding birds CZ Mixing of wintering and breeding birds DK X UK X 1 IE X DE X 4 NL Presence of wintering birds 21 BE Presence of wintering birds 1, 2, 3, 4 LU Mixing of breeding and wintering birds;

lack of data 1

HU Mixing of wintering and breeding birds AT Overlap with wintering birds SI X FR Little data on the variation of wintering

numbers 2, 6

ES X 3, 8, 14, 15 PT Small numbers IT Presence of local resident and wintering

birds 1, 3, 4, 5

MT 5 GR No data on counts, phenology of

migration

CY X RO 3 BG 17 HR Mixing of migrating and wintering

populations 12, 17





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR

IT - the return movements as indicated by the analysis of ringing data, start and peak in January, and are already over by the end of February. Comments and conclusions 1) Largely migratory. Winters mainly in western, central, and southern Europe. 2) Identification of the beginning of the prenuptial migration is difficult where

wintering and passage birds mix with resident ones, and data on the variation of wintering numbers is deficient (FR, AT).

3) In western, central, and southern Europe, departure of first migrants corresponds to the beginning of the prenuptial migration.

4) Beginning of prenuptial migration ranges from the 2nd decade of January (IT) to the 3rd decade of March (LV).



Species no. 72: Song Thrush Turdus philomelos Distribution: This thrush inhabits a major part of Europe and northern part of Asia eastward to Lake Baikal. In Europe it is distributed from the Pyrenees and the British Isles to northern Scandinavia and Finland. Movements: The populations of southern and western Europe are sedentary. Those of the north and the east are migratory and winter in the south and west of the continent. Some migratory birds reach North Africa. Population size and trends: The European population numbers 20 – 36 million including the large Russian population of 6 – 10 million (BirdLife Int. 2004A). The breeding population of EU 27 is between 10.8 and 21.0 pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A, 2004B). The population was mostly stable during 1970-1990 but decreasing in Germany during 1990-2000 (BirdLife Int. 2004A). This was compensated by increases in France and Norway and overall the European population has remained stable during 1990-2000 (BirdLife Int. 2004). Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is usually 3-5 eggs (2-6); incubation: 13 (10-17) days; fledging period: 13 (11-17) days; independence: becomes independent shortly after fledging; broods: 2-3, but not more than two in northern range.



Movements

Song Thrush Turdus philomelos


FI SE EE Occasional LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE Few NL Few BE Few LU Very few HU AT Very few SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





Member

State Period of reproduction

begins with Comments Referenc

es FI Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4,

5, 6 SE Occupation of breeding sites EE Occupation of breeding sites LV 3 LT Occupation of breeding sites 8 PL Occupation of breeding sites 1, 3 SK Occupation of breeding sites CZ Occupation of breeding sites DK 5 UK Construction of the nest 2 IE Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3 DE Occupation of breeding sites 4 NL Occupation of breeding sites 21 BE Occupation of breeding sites 1, 2, 3, 4 LU Occupation of breeding sites HU Occupation of breeding sites AT Occupation of breeding sites SI FR Construction of the nest

followed by laying Laying seems to be the best criteria

6

ES Construction of the nest 4 PT Occupation breeding sites 6 IT Construction of the nest 1, 4 MT GR Construction of the nest 1, 2, 3 CY RO 3 BG Construction of the nest 3, 4, 7, 8,

17 HR Construction of the nest 19





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR PT - based on the small population in the northern part of the country. Comments and conclusions 1) In Northern, Central, and Eastern Europe (where it is mainly migratory), the

reproduction period begins with the occupation of the breeding sites. In Southern and Western Europe (where it is resident or dispersive), the reproduction period begins with the construction of the nest.

2) The end of the period of reproduction ranges from the 1st decade of July (ES) to the 2nd decade of September (UK). Full flight of young birds marks the end of the reproduction period.





Difficulty in identifying the beginning of the period of return to the rearing grounds? Member State

YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X EE X LV 3 LT X 5,8 PL X 1, 3 SK X CZ X DK 5 UK Mixed population of residents &

migrants 1

IE Mixed population of residents & migrants

DE X 4 NL X 7 BE Presence of wintering birds 1, 2, 3, 4 LU X HU X AT X SI X FR X 2, 6 ES Mixing of resident and wintering

populations 3, 14, 15

PT There is little information on departure dates for this species

IT Mixing of local resident and wintering birds.

1, 3, 4, 5, 6

MT 5 GR Mixing of resident and wintering

populations, little data available 1, 2, 3

CY X 3 RO 3 BG X 3, 4, 7, 8, 17 HR X 12, 19





J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions 1) There is a mix of resident, wintering and passage birds in South-western Europe,

Ireland and United Kingdom. In the remaining countries the beginning of prenuptial migration is not difficult to identify.

2) Departure (in the South) and arrival (in the North) of first migrants coincides with the beginning of prenuptial migration.

3) Beginning of prenuptial migration ranges from the 2nd decade of January (IT) to the 3rd decade of March (FI, EE, IE).



Species no. 73: Redwing Turdus iliacus Distribution: The Redwing has a widespread breeding distribution in the boreal region of the Eurasian taiga. It also inhabits sub-arctic and alpine regions. Movements: Almost the entire world population winters in western and southern Europe and around the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. A smaller part of the population winters south of the Caspian Sea. Population size and trends: The total population of Europe is estimated to 16 – 21 million pairs including the large Russian population of 12 – 15 million pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004A) The population breeding in EU 27 numbers 2.4 – 4.3 million pairs (BirdLife Int. 2004B). The European population has been stable during 1990-2000 (BirdLife Int. 2004A) but may fluctuate according to severity of the weather conditions in winter. Biological and behavioural aspects: clutch size is usually 4-6 eggs (3-7); incubation: 12-13 days; fledging period: 9-13 days; independence: 14 days after fledging; broods: two broods are normal, but only one in northern and alpine Scandinavia.



Movements

Redwing Turdus iliacus


FI SE EE Occasional LV LT Irregular PL SK Rare CZ Irregular Few DK Occasionally UK Few pairs IE DE Few pairs NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR





Member State


Comments References

FI Occupation of breeding sites

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

SE Occupation of breeding sites

11

EE Occupation of breeding sites

LV 3 LT Occupation of breeding

sites 8

PL Occupation of breeding sites

1, 3

SK CZ DK UK Occupation of breeding

sites 1

IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR




Redwing Turdus iliacus J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions

1) In the EU, the Redwing only breeds regularly in SE, FI, EE, LV, LT, PL and UK. In southern EU where it is hunted, it does not breed.

2) The period of reproduction starts with the occupation of breeding sites. 3) The end of the period of reproduction ranges from the 3rd decade of July (EE,

UK, PL) to 3rd decade of August (LV). Full flight of young birds marks the end of the reproduction period.






Member State

YES NO References

FI X 1, 2, 3, 4 SE X EE X LV 6 LT X 5,8 PL X 1,3 SK 1, 13 CZ X DK X UK X 1 IE X DE X 4, 6 NL Presence of wintering birds 7 BE Presence of wintering birds 1, 2, 3, 4 LU Not Enough data available HU Mixing of wintering and migrating

birds

AT X SI FR Discrete species and nocturnal

migration. Mixing of wintering and migrating birds.

2, 6

ES X 3, 4, 14, 15 PT Little information on departure

dates

IT Presence of wintering and migrating birds

1, 4

MT 5 GR No data on numbers, phenology

and migration 1, 2, 3

CY X 3 RO 3 BG X 17 HR Mixing of migrating and wintering

populations 12, 17




Redwing Turdus iliacus J A N F E B M A R A P R M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E CFI SE EE LV LT PL SK CZ DK UK IE DE NL BE LU HU AT SI FR ES PT IT MT GR CY RO BG HR Comments and conclusions

1) Migratory or partially migratory. Iceland and Faroese populations winter in the UK (Scotland), IE, Western FR, ES and PT. British and mainland Eurasian population winter in western Europe, south-east of Baltic area, and around Mediterranean, Black and Caspian Sea.

2) Nocturnal migration, although easy to recognise for this species, and discrete behaviour makes it difficult to identify the beginning of the prenuptial migration.

3) Departure of first migrants indicates the beginning of the prenuptial migration. 4) The beginning of the prenuptial migration ranges from the 3rd decade of

January in the south (ES, IT) to the 3rd decade of March in the north (FI, EE, SE, DK).

Species no. 68: Turtle dove Streptopelia...

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