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Transcript of Special Education. Specially designed instruction required to meet the unique needs of disabled...
SpecialEducation
Specially designed instructionrequired to meet the unique
needs of disabled students sothey can benefit from their
education
Zero Reject
Public schools musteducate ALL
children,regardless of their
disabilities
EarlyIntervention
any interventions designed tohelp at-risk children frombirth to age 5 to reduce theeffects of potential disabilities
6 items fordiagnosis of
MentalRetardation
1. Child performs at 2.0 standard deviations below the norm.2. IQ is 70-55 mild55-40 moderate40-25 severe25 and below profound3. Adaptive behavior is consistent with academic ability.4. Reduced cognitive ability and adaptive behavior adversely affecteducational performance.5. Exclusion clause, the defect is not caused by visual, auditory ormotor defects, behavior or emotions disturbance or a language orlearning disability.6.Determination of continued need for Special Education or relatedservices.
Criteria forLearning DisabilityDiagnosis (7)
1. Basic psychological processing deficit in one or moreareas.(reading skills, reading comprehension, written expression, math calculation, math reasoning, listening comprehension or oral expression)2. Behavioral characteristics identified in deficit area (s)3. Behavioral characteristics identified by one of these procedures;behavioral observation, structured clinical task or others4. LD adversely affects school functioning5. Discrepancy between achievement and ability or conclusion that discrepancy is present6. LD not caused by visual, auditory or motor deficit, BD, EDenvironmental, economic or cultural differences.7. Determination of need for SE or related services.
9 steps in Special
EducationProcess
1. Screening2. Alternative Intervention Strategies3 referral & screening review4. Develop IEP to include areas to evaluate, at least 1 observation in area ofconcern, complete within 30 days of referral, notice of evaluation orreevaluation5. Notice & Consent for Evaluation6. Evaluation, diagnosis of disability, establish current level of functioning,completed within 45 days of parents consent for evaluation,if no disabilityrecommend continuation of AIS, if disability found, continue with IEP process.7. Develop IEP must be within 45 days of initial diagnostic staffing8. LRE considerations9. Notice of consent for placement before SE services begin. If parents deny,initiate due process
FAPE
Free Appropriate Public Education - oneof the major principles of IDEA - states all children with disabilities, regardless of the type or severity of their disability, shall receive a free appropriate public education provided at public's expense -IEP must be developed to meet eachchild's unique needs
SST
Student Support Team; determineswhether students are performingsufficiently outside the norm torequire referral for evaluation forspecial education
IEP
IndividualEducationProgram
annual goals
measurable, yearly goals on an IEP stating the desired
progress for a student with a disability in academic, social,
communication, or other areas
short-term objectives
measurable, smaller steps needed to achieve an annual goal on an IEP.
IFSP
Individual FamilyService Plan
ESY
Extended School Year -related service that isrequired if the IEP teamdetermines it is needed
Inclusion
teaching children withdisabilities in theregular classroom
LRE
the educational setting that most closelyresembles a regular school program andalso meets the child's special educationneeds. For many students with disabilities,the general education classroom is the LR;however, the LRE is a relative concept andmust be determined for each individualstudent with disabilities
OT
Occupational Therapist - aprofessional who helpschildren and adults learn howto complete useful activitieslike dressingAlso used forOccupational Therapy
PT
Physical Therapist - aprofessional who helps
children and adults improvetheir muscle and movement
capability.(Physical Therapy)
PL 94-142
First federal law requiringschools to educate students
with disabilities (Education ofAll Handicapped Children Act
of 1975)
Section 504 ofrehabilitation
act
Declared a person cannot beexcluded on the basis of ahandicap alone from anyprogram or activityreceiving federal funds
IDEA
Individuals with DisabilitiesEducation Act (1990 &
2004) Reauthorization andexpansion of PL 94-142
SP
State plan forpart b of
IDEA
Due ProcessSafeguards
Disabled studentscannot be deprived of
their education without
"due process"
Accommodations
Changes in HOW the student is taught,
learns, or is assessed
What accommodations
can teachers make for
students withdisabilities?
breaking tasks into smaller steps, and giving directions verbally and in writing;giving the student more time to finish schoolwork or take tests;letting the student with reading problems use instructional materials that are accessible to those with print disabilities;letting the student with listening difficulties borrow notes from a classmate or use a tape recorder; and letting the student with writing difficulties use a computer with specialized software that spell checks, grammar checks, or recognizes speech.Learn about the different testing modifications that can really help a student with LD show what he or she has learned.Teach organizational skills, study skills, and learning strategies. These help all students but are particularly helpful to those with LD.Work with the student's parents to create an IEP tailored to meet the student's needs.Establish a positive working relationship with the student's parents. Through regular communication, exchange information about the student's progress at school.
AssistiveTechnology
any item or equipmentused to improve thefunctioning of a disabledperson
Modifications
Change in WHAT the student is taught, learns, or is assessed on (often removal or alteration of curriculum).
RelatedServices
Specialized services such astransportation, counseling,
speech, physical oroccupational therapy
requiredto meet a student's IEP goals
Transition Plan
a plan required by IDEAto facilitate the transition of
disabled students from schoolto adulthood, work and
independent living
AYP
Adequate Yearly
Progress
NCLB
No Child Left BehindEmphasis on standardized testing and punitive measures for schools not making AYP.
RTI
Response to Intervention – a pyramid of increasing interventions
available to students as the schoolidentifies learning problems earlyrather than waiting until they fail.
FunctionalBehavior
Assessment
A systematic process ofgathering information to
understand why a student is
engaging in challengingbehavior
BIP
Behavior Intervention PlanUses information gathered in the FBA.
Progress monitoring
brief assessments that inform teachers whether a student is making adequate progress towards meeting a grade-level benchmark, so that support can be provided if needed.
ManifestationDetermination
A review of therelationship between astudent's misconduct
and his disability
Functionalcurriculum
learning activities selectedbecause they will increase astudent's independence, self direction,and enjoyment in allenvironments.
Alternativeteaching
One teacher works withmajority of classOther teacher pulls outindividual or small group ofstudents
Co-teaching
A special educator workingside-by-side with a generaleducator in a classroom,both teachers provideinstruction to the group
Stationteaching
Incorporated stations or centers in learning,Advantage: individual instructionDon't always split by ability levelVary the groupsSplit class up: half with special education teacherand half with general education teacherSwitch groups-both work with all students-don'talways stay with groupDon't let them know high vs. low group
Collaborativeteaching
general ed and special edteachers workingtogether to meet the needsof special needsstudents
Cooperativeteaching
Both SpEdT and RgEdT shareequally in the responsibility forplanning, instructing, and evaluatingall members of the regular ed. class.,The SpEdT still does most of thepaper work regarding students withIEPs.
Shared teaching
Both teachersdeliver the
lessontogether
APO
Alternativeplacementoptions
Examples ofAPO
1.Regular Ed- modified (use of para or modification ofassignments or parallel curriculum to include same subject but at a different level2. Resource- removed from regular Ed 21-59% of the day.3. Self contained - more than 60% of the day not in regular ed4. Separate school5. Home/hospital instruction6. Institution/ residential where SE services are provided.
Continuum ofservices
Regular classroom (full day) Regularclassroom with consultation, Regularclassroom with supplementaryinstruction and services, Resourceroom, Separate classroom, Separateschool, Residential school,Homebound or hospital
autism
a disorder that appears inchildhood and is marked bydeficient communication, socialinteraction, and understandingof others' states of mind
Characteristicsof Autism
Communication problems (for example, with theuse or comprehension of language);Difficulty relating to people, things, and events;Playing with toys and objects in unusual ways;Difficulty adjusting to changes in routine or tofamiliar surroundings; andRepetititive body movements or behaviors.
What are the five Autismspectrum disorders classifiedunder the umbrella categoryofficially known as PervasiveDevelopmental Disorders, orPDD?
autism;Asperger syndrome;Rett syndrome;childhood disintegrative disorder; andPervasive Developmental Disorder NotOtherwise Specified (often referred to asPDDNOS).
ADHD
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder- characterized by attentionproblems along withimpulsivity and hyperactivity
ABA
Applied BehavioralAnalysis - systematicbehavioral training
Behaviorism
an approach topsychology thatemphasizes observablemeasurable behavior
Cognitivism
A theory of learning. The idea isthat learning is a conscious,rational process. People learnby making models, maps andframeworks in their mind. ~ isthe opposite of behaviorism.
Social/moral
how is it allplaying out?self-regulation
Adaptivebehavior
the social, and practicalskills that people need to
function in theireveryday lives.
childhooddisintegrative
disorder
Pervasive developmentaldisorder involving severeregression in language, adaptivebehavior, and motor skills aftera 2- to 4-year period of normaldevelopment.
Developmentaldelay
a term often used to encompass avariety of disabilities of infants oryoung children indicating that theyare significantly behind the norm fordevelopment in one or more areassuch as motor, cognitive, or language
Developmentaldisability
Substantial handicap of indefiniteduration with onset before the ageof 18 years; attributable to mentalretardation, autism, cerebral palsy,epilepsy, or other incurableneuropathy
IntellectualDisability
Mental Retardation -significantly sub-average
general intellectual functioning
existing concurrently withdeficits in adaptive behavior
LD
Learning Disability -individuals with average orabove average IQs who have asignificant discrepancy in theiracademic achievement
dyscalcula
a learning disabilitythat results in
difficulty in math
dysgraphia
a learning disabilitythat results indifficulty in writing
Dyslexia
a learning disabilitythat results in
difficulty readingand writing
Dysphagia
condition in whichswallowing is
difficult or painful
Rett syndrome
Neurodevelopmental disorder of childhoodcharacterized by normal early developmentfollowed by loss of purposeful use of the hands,distinctive hand movements, slowed brain andhead growth, gait abnormalities, seizures, andmental retardation; affects females almostexclusively; included in autism spectrumdisorders.
Emotionaldisturbance
behavioral or emotional responsesdiffer from what is age appropriateand they adversely affect educationalperformance in such areas as self care,relationships, adjustment,academic progress, classroombehavior
Examples ofemotional
disturbances
anxiety disorders;bipolar disorder (sometimes called manic depression);conduct disorders;eating disorders;obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD); andpsychotic disorders.
EBD
Emotional Behavioral Disorder- students with behavior sodifferent from age and culturalnorms that they adversely effecteducational performance
OHI
Other Health Impairment - ageneral disability categoryunder IDEA that includes
cancer, diabetes and severeADD
Ecologicallearning
-Lorenz's theory-imprinting-adaptive & survivalbehaviors-survival of the fittest
EDGAR
Educationaldepartment general
administrationregulations
FERPA
FamilyEducational
Rightsand Privacy Act
APGAR Scale
A test used at birth tomeasure the newbornsfunctioning on 5 criticalareas
PLEP
Present Levels of Educational Performance. Youcan't know how far you have come if you don'tknow where you startedDescribes in language that the parent and allprofessionals can understand, where the studentis functioning so that a year from now the parentand educators can determine if progress hasbeen made.
Formativeassessment
Assessment usedthroughout teaching of alesson and/or unit to gaugestudents' understanding andinform and guide teaching
Multidisciplinaryassessment
members of an assessment team conduct theirown independent assessments of the child'sabilities that relate to their own interest areas (e.g.speech-language pathologists evaluate speech andlanguage only, physical therapists evaluate motorabilities only, etc.). In a summary meeting, eachmember of the team shares their findings andrecommends treatment. The emphasis is on theparts of the child rather than the whole child.
NondiscriminatoryAssessment
Diana vs. State Board of Education, LarryP.vs Riles, and Lau vs. Nichols alladdressed the issue of non-discriminatoryassessment. The assessment must be multidisciplinary and cannot discriminate.Children must be assessed in all areas ofsuspected disability.
Measurablegoal
a goal in which weknow how long andexactly when we havecompleted it
Criterion-Referenced
a test that compares astudent's performanceagainst a specificstandard
Norm-Referenced
a test that compares a
student's performance
against a group
GEPA
Generaleducationalprovisional
Act