SPEAKINGWEEK 2

PIEDECEMBER ‘12 – JANUARY ’13

PUBLIC SPEAKINGHuman Communication in the Public Domain

• Public speaking is an activity which incorporates both mental and physical presentations, different from social conversational skills.

• An effective speaker requires physical coordination, mental concentration, content organization and skills practice, and a great deal of experience.

PUBLIC SPEAKING ANXIETY

Public Speaking Anxiety

Public speaking anxiety is definedas “the reactions of an individual to communicating with a given individual or a group of individuals at a given time” in a specific context

Causes of Anxiety

Public speaking anxiety may result from several causes, such as perceived lack of public speaking skills, and emotional predispositions towards public speaking

Effects of Anxiety ON Public Speaking Performance

Anxiety seems to adversely affect public speaking performance, that is, as anxiety decreases, public speaking performance improves.Thus, the main objective in developing public speaking skills is to reduce speech anxiety and improve public speaking performance

Methods to Overcome Anxiety

• Systematic desentisization – a form of behavioral therapy involving the process of desentisizing a person’s feelings and reactions to public speaking

• Cognitive restructuring – a process that indentifies negative thoughts regarding public speaking, then replaces them with positive ones or formulates new and appropriate beliefs.

Methods to Overcome Anxiety

Skills training – based on the simple principle that the better one knows how to do something, the less anxious one feels about doing it

In skills training, the speechmaking process is divided into specific skills that could be mastered first, in isolation, then together

Practical Ways to Overcome Anxiety

• Don’t delay in preparing• Learn as much as you can about

audience• Pick a comfortable and familiar topic• Prepare and rehearse• Develop a well structured speech

Practical Ways to Overcome Anxiety

• Be familiar with introduction and conclusion

• Simulate actual speech conditions• Breathe deeply• Think and act calm• Visualize success• Give yourself a mental pep talk

1. Select speech goal/topic2. Audience analysis3. Gather and evaluate information4. Organize and develop ideas into a well-

structured outline5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate

presentational aid6. Practice oral language and delivery style

Speech Planning Process

1.Select speech goal or topic

• Brainstorm and mind map ideas that you know something about which is important to you.

• Analyze your audience to assess their familiarity and interest in your topic.

• Consider how the occasion affects what is appropriate for you to talk about.

• Develop a speech goal statement tailored to your audience and the occasion

Potential topics

• Subjects you know a lot about or which you are most familiar. You can base on your own knowledge (special knowledge or expertise) and experience.

• Subjects that interest you and that you would like to know more about. This could be a perfect opportunity for you to research a fascinating subject.

3 ways to select a topic

1. Make an inventory of your experiences, beliefs, hobbies 2. Brainstorm people, process, problems etc.1. Browse through the internet,

dictionary, encyclopedia, etc.

Criteria for an Appropriate Topic

• Interesting to you• Interesting to your audience (or can be made so)• Appropriate to the situation• Appropriate to the time available• Manageable• Worthwhile

Choosing a Topic

Using the brainstorming method, come up with two topics you might like to deal with for your speech.

education, science & technologycrime, environmentpolitics, world issuehealth, entertainment

interests, sports

1. Select speech goal/topic2. Audience analysis3. Gather and evaluate information4. Organize and develop ideas into a well-

structured outline5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate

presentational aid6. Practice oral language and delivery style

Speech Planning Process

2. Audience analysis

• Understand audience diversity• Understand audience initial interest in and

attitude toward your topic.• Adjust content to be appropriate for your

audience’s current understanding of, interest in, and attitude toward your topic.

• Determine how you will establish your credibility with your audience.

How ?Audience analysis:1. Demographic –

gender/age/race/ethnic groups/marital status/educational backgrounds

2. Situational – “why is this important to me?”

How to appeal:1. Logical -

statistics/evidence/testimony

2. Emotional – anecdotes/stories/quotes

3. Speaker – competence, poise, enthusiasm, rapport

Speech Planning Process

1. Select speech goal/topic2. Audience analysis3. Gather and evaluate information4. Organize and develop ideas into a well-

structured outline5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate

presentational aid6. Practice oral language and delivery style

3. Gather and evaluate

information

• Examine what you already know about your topic and where you need additional information.

• Locate, evaluate, and select types and sources.

• Record relevant information on research cards.

• Cite sources.

Gather Your Materials

• Own experience• Own knowledge• Interview• Research

Speech Planning Process

1. Select speech goal/topic2. Audience analysis3. Gather and evaluate information4. Organize and develop ideas into a well-

structured outline5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate

presentational aid6. Practice oral language and delivery style

4. Organize and develop ideas into a

well-structured

outline

• Identify two to four major ideas you want your audience to remember.

• Combine your speech goal with these major ideas to form a thesis statement with main point review.

• Develop your main points.• Develop and outline the speech body.• Create an introduction.• Compile a list of sources• Review and revise the outline as needed.

Central Idea/Thesis StatementA one-sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates the major ideas of a speech.

Example:Topic: Witchcraft Practised in the Malay SocietyGeneral purpose: To informSpecific purpose: To inform my audience the three major kinds of witchcraft practised today inthe Malay society.Central idea: The three major kinds of witchcraftpractised today in the Malay society are black magic (n), sorcery (n) and satanism (n).

Why Speech Organization is Important

• It allows you and the listeners to see what ideas you have and to put mental “hands” on the most important ones.

• Listeners who hear a well-organized speech believe a speaker to be much more competent and trustworthy.

• Listeners demand coherence. A speaker must make sure listeners can follow the progression of ideas in a speech from beginning to end.

• Using a clear and specific method of speech organization can boost your confidence as a speaker and improve your ability to deliver a message fluently.

Organizational Outline

The Introduction of Your Speech

1. Capture the attention of your audience.2. Authenticate the value ‘What’s in it for me?” .3. Prove your credibility.4. Reveal the topic of your speech.5. Preview the body of the speech.

How to Get the Attention & Interest of Your Audience

• Relate the topic to your audience, why they should be interested (what’s in it for them), why you are talking about it (experience/qualifications/credibility)

• Startle the audience with an arresting or intriguing statement.

• Refer to a shocking statistic.• Question the audience.• Begin with a quotation.• Tell a story.• Ask audience to imagine themselves in a situation.

3 Elements in the Speech Body1. Main points• Select them carefully.• Phrase them precisely.• Organize them strategically.

a) Chronological orderb) Spatial orderc) Causal orderd) Topical ordere) Problem solving order

2. Supporting points - backup ideas for the main points, directly support and are relevant to the main points.

3. Connectives/Signposts

The Conclusion1. Signal the end of the speech by using cues like:

• Ending words• Voice characteristics – tone, pace, rhythm

2. Reinforce the central idea by:• Restating the main points.• Emphasize what you want your audience to do or think.• Use a quotation or dramatic statement, if appropriate.• Refer to the introduction.

“ A speech is like a love affair, any fool can start one but to end it requires considerable skill.”

Speech Planning Process

1. Select speech goal/topic2. Audience analysis3. Gather and evaluate information4. Organize and develop ideas into a well-

structured outline5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate

presentational aid6. Practice oral language and delivery style

5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate presentational aid

Presentational Aids • Increase audience interest• Help listeners retain information• Help you present ideas without depending on notes• Help those not familiar with your language or

accent, turn the incomprehensible into something understandable

Types of Presentational Aids

• Visual aids (actual objects/models, photographs, drawings, diagrams, maps, charts, and graphs)• Audio aids(recorded excerpts from

speeches, radio programs, interviews, and recordings of music/ environmental sounds)• Audiovisual aids (short clips from films and

videos)• Multimedia

Speech Planning Process1. Select speech goal/topic2. Audience analysis3. Gather and evaluate information4. Organize and develop ideas into a well-

structured outline5. Choose, prepare and use appropriate

presentational aid6. Practice oral language and delivery

style

6. Practice oral language and delivery style

Speech content is conveyed through language

Delivery style is conveyed through non-verbal behavior

• Practice until the wording is accurate, clear, vivid and appropriate.

• Practice until the delivery is intelligible, conversational, and expressive.

• Practice integrating presentational aids until you can do so confidently and smoothly.

• Continue practicing until you can deliver it extemporaneously within the time limit.

Non-verbal Communication

Includes all speech elements other than words:• Voice – pitch, volume, rate, quality,

articulation, pronunciation, pauses• Body language – facial expressions, eye

contact, gestures, posture, appearance