Speaking to InformSpeaking to Inform

The Four Types of Informative SpeechesThe Four Types of Informative SpeechesThe Four Types of Informative SpeechesThe Four Types of Informative Speeches

• ObjectsObjects

• EventsEvents

• ProcessesProcesses

• ConceptsConcepts

Guidelines for informative speakingGuidelines for informative speakingGuidelines for informative speakingGuidelines for informative speaking

• Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.Don’t overestimate what the audience knows.• Relate the subject directly to the audienceRelate the subject directly to the audience

a. Get your audience involved right at the a. Get your audience involved right at the beginning.beginning.

b. Don’t stop with the introduction.b. Don’t stop with the introduction.• Make sure your ideas don’t pass over the Make sure your ideas don’t pass over the

heads of your listeners? ( to define, clarify, heads of your listeners? ( to define, clarify, illustrate, support)illustrate, support)

• Don’t be too technicalDon’t be too technical

Avoid abstractionsAvoid abstractionsAvoid abstractionsAvoid abstractions

• a. descriptiona. description• b. comparisonsb. comparisons• c. contrastc. contrast• d. personalizing your ideasd. personalizing your ideas

Gathering materialsGathering materialsGathering materialsGathering materials

• UsingUsing youryour ownown knowledgeknowledge andand experienceexperience• DoingDoing library researchlibrary research• Searching the internetSearching the internet• InterviewingInterviewing (with(with somesome tips for doing tips for doing

researchresearch ))• ClassroomClassroom Activity:Activity: ConductingConducting anan interviewinterview• Homework Homework

DoingDoing library researchlibrary researchDoingDoing library researchlibrary research

• NewspapersNewspapers• Reference WorksReference Works

• Encyclopedia (Encyclopedia (Encyclopedia of Britannica; Encyclopedia Encyclopedia of Britannica; Encyclopedia AmericanaAmericana & Wikipedia (to be used with more caution) & Wikipedia (to be used with more caution)

• Yearbooks (e.g. Yearbooks (e.g. Statistical Abstract of the United StatesStatistical Abstract of the United States and and the the World AlmanacWorld Almanac))

• DictionariesDictionaries• Quotation Books (e.g. Quotation Books (e.g. Oxford Dictionary of QuotationsOxford Dictionary of Quotations))• Biographical Aids (e.g. Biographical Aids (e.g. International Who’s WhoInternational Who’s Who andand Who’s Who’s

Who Among Asian AmericansWho Among Asian Americans))• Atlases and Gazetteers (geographical dictionaries, e.g. Atlases and Gazetteers (geographical dictionaries, e.g.

Merriam-Webster’s Geographical DictionaryMerriam-Webster’s Geographical Dictionary))

Searching the internet Searching the internet （（ II））Searching the internet Searching the internet （（ II））

• Use the internet to Use the internet to supplementsupplement, not to , not to replace, library research!replace, library research!

• Surfing the web and doing research on Surfing the web and doing research on the internet are very differentthe internet are very different tasks!tasks!

Searching the internetSearching the internet （（ IIII））Searching the internetSearching the internet （（ IIII））

• Major Kinds of Search AidsMajor Kinds of Search Aids– Search Engines (e.g. Google, Yahoo!Search Engines (e.g. Google, Yahoo! andand 百度）百度）

– Metasearch EnginesMetasearch Engines sendsend aa researcher’sresearcher’s questquest toto severalseveral searchsearch enginesengines atat thethe samesame time!time!

– Virtual LibrariesVirtual Libraries combinecombine internetinternet searchsearch withwith traditionaltraditional librarylibrary methodsmethods

Searching the internetSearching the internet （（ IIIIII））Searching the internetSearching the internet （（ IIIIII））

• SpecializedSpecialized ResearchResearch ResourcesResources onon thethe InternetInternet– GovernmentGovernment ResourcesResources– ReferenceReference ResourcesResources – NewsNews ResourcesResources– MulticulturalMulticultural ResourcesResources

Question:Question: DoDo youyou knowknow anyany goodgood specializedspecialized resourcesresources inin ChineseChinese language?language?

Searching the internetSearching the internet （（ IVIV））Searching the internetSearching the internet （（ IVIV））

EvaluatingEvaluating InternetInternet DocumentsDocumentsTheThe internetinternet isis “the“the largestlargest self-publishingself-publishing

experimentexperiment inin history.”history.”

““Don’tDon’t believebelieve everythingeverything youyou read.”read.”

““TheThe mostmost trustedtrusted resourcesresources onon thethe internetinternet areare thosethose derivedderived fromfrom printedprinted works.”works.”

Searching the internetSearching the internet （（ IVIV））Searching the internetSearching the internet （（ IVIV））

Criteria for EvaluatingCriteria for Evaluating Internet DocumentsInternet Documents– Authorship:Authorship: IsIs thethe authorauthor identifiable?identifiable? WhatWhat areare his/herhis/her

qualifications?qualifications? IsIs he/shehe/she anan expertexpert onon thethe topic?topic? IsIs his/herhis/her opinionopinion objectiveobjective oror biased?biased? GoogleGoogle him/her!him/her!

– Sponsorship:Sponsorship: IsIs thethe sponsor/organizationsponsor/organization impartial, impartial, objective in its research, fair-minded in its statement, and objective in its research, fair-minded in its statement, and economically unbiased with the issue under discussion? economically unbiased with the issue under discussion? Does it have a history of accuracy and nonpartisanship? Is Does it have a history of accuracy and nonpartisanship? Is it a .gov, .edu, .org, or .com/.net? Check the “About Us.”it a .gov, .edu, .org, or .com/.net? Check the “About Us.”

– Recency:Recency: Is it up-to-the-minute? Check the copyright date, Is it up-to-the-minute? Check the copyright date, publication date, or date of last revision. publication date, or date of last revision.

InterviewingInterviewing （（ II ）） InterviewingInterviewing （（ II ））

• Preparing for a research interviewPreparing for a research interview– Define the purpose of the interview Define the purpose of the interview – Decide whom to interviewDecide whom to interview– Arrange the interviewArrange the interview– Plan for the recording of the interviewPlan for the recording of the interview– Design questions: avoid unnecessary, leading, and Design questions: avoid unnecessary, leading, and

hostile questions; make a complete set of clear, hostile questions; make a complete set of clear, specific, and reasonable questionsspecific, and reasonable questions

InterviewingInterviewing （（ IIII））InterviewingInterviewing （（ IIII））

• Conducting the research interviewConducting the research interview – Dress properly and Be on time Dress properly and Be on time – Repeat the purpose, rules, and ethics of the Repeat the purpose, rules, and ethics of the

interviewinterview– Set up the recording device ( a recorder or a Set up the recording device ( a recorder or a

note pad)note pad)– Keep the interview on track Keep the interview on track – Listen carefully and take good notesListen carefully and take good notes– Don’t overstay your welcomeDon’t overstay your welcome

InterviewingInterviewing （（ IIIIII ））InterviewingInterviewing （（ IIIIII ））

• Processing the research interviewProcessing the research interview– Send a thank-you noteSend a thank-you note– Finish all your notes on the same day. Don’t trust your Finish all your notes on the same day. Don’t trust your

memory. Write down as much as you can.memory. Write down as much as you can.– Review your notes as soon as possible (for main points, Review your notes as soon as possible (for main points,

themes, and powerful/useful details)themes, and powerful/useful details)– Transcribe your notes and your recording in a standardized Transcribe your notes and your recording in a standardized

and consistent formatand consistent format– Distinguish among direct quotation, paraphrases and your Distinguish among direct quotation, paraphrases and your

own ideas to avoid plagiarismown ideas to avoid plagiarism

– Safeguard your notes and recordings. Protect your Safeguard your notes and recordings. Protect your

informant’s rights and identity.informant’s rights and identity.

Fake and Shoddy GoodsFake and Shoddy GoodsFake and Shoddy GoodsFake and Shoddy Goods

• Have you ever bought any knockoffs (an Have you ever bought any knockoffs (an unauthorized copy or imitation)? unauthorized copy or imitation)? Intentionally? Why?Intentionally? Why?

• If you were to make an speech concerning If you were to make an speech concerning this theme, what do you want to talk about?this theme, what do you want to talk about?

HomeworkHomeworkHomeworkHomework

• 1.1. Find one article from a database recommended in the book and Find one article from a database recommended in the book and one article by doing keyword search from the internet on your speech one article by doing keyword search from the internet on your speech topic. Prepare a bibliography entry for each article.topic. Prepare a bibliography entry for each article.

• 2.2. Interview at least two people to get information for this session’s Interview at least two people to get information for this session’s speech topic. For example, you might interview people on their speech topic. For example, you might interview people on their experience of suffering from fake and shoddy goods or ask for their experience of suffering from fake and shoddy goods or ask for their opinions on whether they think “copycatting culture” should be opinions on whether they think “copycatting culture” should be encouraged.encouraged.

• Read chapters concerning delivery of speech for the next session. Read chapters concerning delivery of speech for the next session.

ActivitiesActivitiesActivitiesActivities

Check on interview and research results. Check on interview and research results.

Role play: on the spot interview: a consumer who Role play: on the spot interview: a consumer who has bought a fake and shoddy commodity; a has bought a fake and shoddy commodity; a producer of a fake commodity; an agent who producer of a fake commodity; an agent who sells the copycat products; a government official. sells the copycat products; a government official.

FAKE

FAKE

FAKE

“WHAT DOES IT TASTE…”

WE HAVE MANY BROTHERS…

YOU LEAVE ME ALONE…

MY NICKNAME…

......

FAKES ARE ENDLESS…