6/14/2014

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Dr. Chih-Lin I CMCC Chief Scientist, Wireless Technologies

CMRI, China Mobile

Keynote ICC2014 13 June 2014, Sydney

Defining the Wireless Future Vision 2020: Perspectives of Mobile Operators

(5G: Data Rate and More)

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How to increase network capacity dramatically while keep the TCO at a reasonable level.

What user needs must be met by 5G?

How will wireless technologies and mobile infrastructure be integrated then?

Are there any particular needs from mobile operators point of view?

How will mobile operators stay on the center stage in the future?

What kind of technologies they are looking for?

Whats the likely roadmap towards next generation mobile network?

Recap...

6/14/2014

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Driving Force of Wireless Future

Fast traffic growth from both Mobile Internet and IoT

1000x within 10 years a common consensus

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Composition of the Growth

Data Composed from reports of Cisco, Informa, Strategy Analysis, etc.

M2M

Video

Others

Traffic

EB/Month

Service Partition

Smart Phone Func. Phone M2M Others

China Global

CAGR of video service will be 79% between

2010 and 2020, and will

be 70% of total traffic in

2020

70% of traffic will be from smart phone

CAGR of IoT will be 86% between 2010 and

2020, however, will be

7% of total traffic in

2020

The major issue of IoT is number of

connections rather than

traffic

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5

5

Challenges for MNOs

Tencent, Google, Apple have built their open

platform one after another

OTT service have challenged voice, SMS service

of operator.

User growth of MNOs is slowing down, and it is

difficult to support the sustainable development

Significantenergy efficiency improvement in the network infrastructure

Intelligent options for reducing operators CAPEX/OPEX

High CAPEX/OPEX of RAN result from BS equipment room

0

50

100

150

200

10^8KWH Power Consumption (CMCC)

93.3 111.4

119.3 129.4

169.1

143

178.6

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

basestation Others

2020

~0.25E

B/M

@2010

500x

@2020

1000x

@2020

Revenue

Growth

Big

Gap

Internal

Cost and Energy Consumption

External

OTT service providers

Internal

Traffic v.s. Revenue

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6

0.7Bilion users 0.83Million BTS 80GWH Power consumption

GSM/GPRS/EDGE TD-SCDMA

TD-LTE WLAN

75Million users; 0.45Million BTS 13GWH Power consumption

4.2 Million AP 2GWH power consumption

20,000 BTS by 2012 260,000 BTS by 2013 500,000 BTS by 2014

Special Challenge for CMCC

How to coordinate four networks to meet needs of 780M subs?

81x over last 5 years

Efficiency!

Agility!

6/14/2014

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7

7

5G

- Future for all wireless stakeholders

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8 8

EU FP7 and Horizon 2020

WWRF Vision 2020

3GPP Roadmap to Y2020

UK 5G Innovation Center

Worldwide Activities on 5G since Q4 2012

FuTure Forum 5G SIG

Services &

Requirements

Road to 2020 Technical Trends

China IMT-2020 PG

Spectrum

study

Requirement study

Technology

trends

5G new technology

collect and evaluation

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9

5G Initiatives In Asia

IMT-20205G Promotion Group

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NGMNs Timeline for 5G

6/14/2014

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NGMN 5G White Paper Content Flow

Customer

Context Business

Context

Industry

Context

Operator

Value

Proposition

Use

Cases

Business

Models WS1: Vision

Managem

ent &

Opera

tion

Requirem

ents

System Performance

Requirements

User Experience

Requirements

Business Model

Requirements

WS2: Requirements

Enhanced Service

Requirements

Frequency Bands

WS4: Spectrum Frequency Management

Enabling capabilities Relevance Differentiation

Customer lifecycle Customer expectation Situations

Feature/Functionalities to Enable Business

Models

Technology

Components

Current State of

the Art Business

Architecture

5G Architecture

(Guidelines)

Design

Challenges and

Principles

WS3: Technology & Architecture

Work in progress

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China IMT-2020 Promotion Group

2014

Spectrum

Requirement

Wireless Tech.

Networking Tech.

Strategy study Product

Standard

Tech.

Overall

The overall promotion project 2014 Timeline

5G concept, requirement, and spectrum

5G key tech. development

5G Pre/Standardization

5G product development and tech. test

Next generation WLAN (HEW)

5G requirement (1.0)

Freq. requirement in 2020

5G key technology

5G network architecture

5G Strategy study (1.0)

On April 192013, IMT-2020(5G) is established by Ministry of Industry and Information, Development and Reform Commission, and Ministry of Science and Technology.

FuTure Forum 5G SIG

6/14/2014

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5G Vision (Whitepaper, IMT-2020 PG, 29 May 2014)

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be able to sustainably satisfy the requirement of 1000x mobile data traffic growth.

provide users with fiberlike access data rate and "zero" latency user experience.

be capable of connecting 100 billion devices.

be able to deliver a consistent experience across a variety of scenarios including the cases of ultra-high traffic volume density, ultra-high

connection density, and ultra-high mobility.

be able to provide intelligent optimization based on services and users awareness.

improve energy and cost efficiency by over 100x

5G Will...

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Data Rate

- Key element of 5G

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1 10010 1000

mobility

Low

high

Peak Data-Rate (Mbps)

IMT-2000EnhancedIMT-2000

NewMobile Access

NewLocal Access

4G

1G

3G

2G

History of Wireless Standard

14.4Kbps

384Kbps~2Mbps

100Mbps~1Gbps

= History of data rate improvement ?!

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Future of Wireless Standard

Van, Stretch Limo, RV, or Trailer?

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3D

Continuous growth of video resolution

Require extremely high data rate

Augmented Reality Immersive Experience Cloud Desktop

Virtual Reality UHD

Data Rate Hungry Applications

Flash user experience needs even more

10Gbps @ Low

Mobility

1Gbps @ High

Mobility

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Higher Data Rate is Necessary

Explore more spectrum in high frequency

New air interface design

New Spectrum + New Design 10Gbps Peak Rate

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Spectrum Gap and Strategy in China

Potential spectrum resource between 6GHz ~100GHz

Short term

Medium term

Long term

Three steps

Such as 5925-7075MHz, 26GHz LMDS,

28GHz, 45GHz, 80GHz etc.

High Freq.

above 6GHz

Freq.

under

discussion

Freq.

identified

in IMT

Such as 1427-1518MHz, 3300- 3400MHz, 4400-4500MHz,

4800MHz-4990MHz etc.

450-470MHz, 698- 806MHz, 3400-5600MHz etc.

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High Freq. Band: Key for High Data-Rate

mm-Wave come to the rescue?

Mm-Wave based C-RAN

Huawei s E-band 115Gbps Prototype MiWEBA project under EU FP7 mm-Wave for fonthaul/backhaul/access/direct link

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Peak data rate: 10Gbps Latency: < 1ms Bandwidth: 100MHz under 6G, 500MHz above 6G Subcarrier spacing: 60, 120, 240KHz Packetized mini-frame design within sub-frame

backward compatible with LTE TTI: 0.1, 0.125, 0.2, 0.25ms Flexible UL/DL allocation Backward compatible with LTE

High Freq. Band: Numerology of New Air Interfaces

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and More

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Office Subway High-speed Train

Typical

Scenarios

UHD Video Streaming

Augmented Reality

Cloud Storage

Online Education

ITS Smart Home

Typical

Services

Freeway Stadium Residential Area

Mobile Internet services

High density High mobility High traffic

Internet of Thing

Remote

Medicine

Rich Requirements for 5G

Modern

Agriculture

Environment

Protection

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Expected Capabilities of 5G (IMT2020PG)

User Experienced Data Rate

Traffic Density

Peak Data Rate Mobility

Latency

Connection Density

China input to ITU-R M. [IMT.Vision] IMT-2020 PG IMT-2020(5G)PG-WHITE.PDF released on May 29, 2014

Fiber-like access data rate and "zero" latency user experience

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Identified Air Interface Technologies (IMT2020PG)

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Identified Networking Technologies (IMT2020PG)

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Enabling Technologies for 5G Capabilities (IMT2020PG)

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NGMN 5G Use Cases (Interim draft, June 3-5)

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The post-2020 outlook is vastly broad in terms of variety and variability. Sets of selected use cases

show both enriched service categories and also prospects for numerous new services.

Personal/Social

Interaction in

Connected

Society

Massive Internet

of Things Critical & Safety -

Lifeline

Extreme Real-

Time

Communication

Ultra-reliable

(M2M, M2H, H2M) Low Data/Power

Vehicle to Vehicle and to road communication

Set of use cases

Examples

Remote Operation

Automated Industries

Health & Assisted Living

Virtual collaboration

Out of coverage and proximity

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MGMN Technology Components

R1 Spectrum access

Flexible use of

licensed

spectrum

Integrated

unlicensed

spectrum

Use of higher

frequency

bands

Duplex Mode

R2 Radio link New waveforms

Advanced

multiple

access

technologies

Radio frame

design/

numerology

Massive MIMO

and enhanced

multi-antenna

schemes

Advanced

receivers

Interference

coordination

Technologies

for small

packet

transmission

R3 Radio access capacity

Densification:

Small cells/

Ultra-dense

networks

Dual connectivity

capacity/ coverage

split system design

Enhanced

multi-RAT

coordination

Device-to-

device

communication

s

Wireless backhauling

(e.g., self-

backhauling and

relay)

N1- Network

flexibility

Software-

defined

networking

Virtualized

mobile core

network

Virtualized

RAN

Flexible split of

functions among

network nodes

State-

disintegrated

core node

Micro-servers

N2 Efficient /

adaptive NW

resource usage

Traffic

optimization

Enhanced multi-

operator network

sharing

Scalable

service

architecture

Big data and

context

awareness

Content-

optimization

and adaptive

streaming

Intelligent

heterogeneous

management

N3 Other enablers

Technologies

for massive

connectivity

All optical

transport

network

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CMCCs Timeline for 5G

Green Communication Research Center established

in Oct. 2011, initiated 5G Key Tech R&D.

ITU-R M.[IMT.FUTURE TECHNOLOGY TRENDS] to be released on July, 2015 ITU-R M. [IMT.Vision] to be released on Oct., 2014

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CMCC 5G Themes

From UE to

Infrastructure

From CN to

RAN

Soft Green

IT Based core network

Anchor BS

Nano AP

Virtual BB pool Content

Pool

Anchor BS

Anchor BS

Massive RRU

Relay D2D

relay

D2D

Indoor Coverage

User Centric Access Network

Supporting exclusive usage of

available spectrum of each user

LSAS

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Rethink Shannon

(EE/SE Co-design)

Rethink Ring&Young

(No More Cell)

Rethink Signaling/Control

(Load/App Aware)

Invisible BS

Rethink Spectrum

Refarming

SNR

C

Towards Green & Soft: A 5G Perspective, IEEE Comm. Magazine, Vol.52, Feb.2014

Five Pearls

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CMCC Latest Publications

Rethink Spectrum Refarming

Invisible BS

Rethinking Signaling/

Control

EE/SE

No more Cell

Book chapter: Towards Green and Soft, in book Towards 5G: Applications, Requirements & Candidate Technologies, John Wiley & Sons Ltd (in preparation)

Book chapter: Rethink Ring and Young: Green and Soft RAN for 5G, Fiber Wireless Convergence in Next-Generation Communication Networks--- Systems,

Architectures, and Management Springer Optical Networks Series (in preparation) C-RAN: toward open, green and soft RAN submitted to IEEE Network Magazine Network Deployment and Operation Based on Spatial and Temporal Traffic Model

submitted to Chinacom

Trillions of Nodes for 5G!?, submitted to IEEE GC2014. Full Duplex: Coming Into Reality in 2020?, submitted to IEEE GC2014. Optimal Antenna Configuration in Hybrid Digital and Analog Beamforming Structure,

submitted to IEEE GC2014.

Large Scale Antenna System with Hybrid BFfor Millimeter Wave 5G, submitted to IEEE Communications magazine.

"EE-SE Relationship for Large-Scale Antenna Systems in IEEE ICC 2014 Large Scale Antenna System with Hybrid Digital and Analog BF Structure in IEEE

ICC 2014

Small Data Optimized Radio Access Network Signaling/Control Design in IEEE ICC 2014

A Temporal Domain Based Method against Pilot Contamination for Multi-cell Massive MIMO Systems in IEEE VTC 2014

"Fundamental Properties of the EE-SE Relationship in IEEE WCNC2014 5G Workshop in IEEE IWS2014

Towards Green & Soft: A 5G Perspective IEEE Comm. Magazine, Vol.52, Feb.2014

6/14/2014

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35

Rethink

Shannon

Rethink

Ring&Young

Rethinking

Signaling/Control

Invisible

BS

Rethink Spectrum

Refarming

Latest Developments: EE/SE Co-design

EE/SE

Framework Increasing

Speed when

the SE

approaches

zero

Decreasing

Speed when

the SE

approaches

infinity

EE-optimal

Points (Green

Point)

The impact of the circuit power and the CSI

on the EE-SE curves in the single-user

case,

The impact of the number of users on the

EE-SE curves in the multi-user case

No-CSI: the EE-optimal points always stays in a straight line regardless of circuit power, and the number of transmit antennas. CSI: the intercept of EE-optimal lines increases with M.

Through serving more users, the

speed of EE reduction will alleviated

with the increase of the SE.

0 1 2 3 4 5 60

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10x 10

5

SE (bps/Hz)

EE

(bit/

J)

Pc= 0

Pc = 20 W

Pc = 10 W

Monotonic

tradeoff

Given EE,

two SE

values exist

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36

EE/SE Co-design of Hybrid BF Structures ...

DAC

DAC

.

.

.

Antenna 0

Antenna (N*M-1)

S0(t)

SK-1(t)

0

0w

1

0

Mw

0

1Nw

1

1

M

Nw

PAPA

PAPA

Antenna (M-1)

Antenna ((N-1)*M)

.

.

.

.

.

.

DBF

D

UE 1

UE K

.

.

.

ABF

A1

ABF

AN

Transceiver 0

Transceiver N-1

For NM=L and independent N and M cases

Given SE, there exists optimal N which yields highest EE

Given SE, there exists optimal M which yields highest EE

Antenna/transceiver On/Off The BS can be designed with the maximum number of N and M under given SE requirement range,

and

Enhance EE performance via antenna /transceiver On/Off based on the SE requirements

Green point EE optimization

For NM=L case There exists optimal N which maximize the green point EE

For independent N and M case The green point EE is monotonically increasing with N

10 20 30 40 50 600

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4x 10

6

M

EE

SE=6

SE=12

SE=18

SE=24

SE=30

SE=36

SE=42

SE=48

SE=54

SE=60

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37

37

Rethink

Shannon

Rethink

Ring&Young

Rethinking

Signaling/Control

Invisible

BS

Rethink Spectrum

Refarming

Latest Developments:EE/SE Co-design

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

2

4

6

8

10

0 2 4 6 8 10

0

2

4

6

8

10

Two deployment schemes

Macro

Number

Micro

Number

Peak

Power

Low load

Power

Average

Power

Scheme 1 9 21 8016w 6252w 6546w

Scheme 2 7 47 9098w 5370w 5992w

Tab. Daily power consumptions of two deployment schemes

working area load

km

km

2 4 6 8 10

10

8

6

4

2

residential area load

km

km

2 4 6 8 10

10

8

6

4

2peak traffic load

km

km

2 4 6 8 10

10

8

6

4

2t = 11:00 am t = 9:00 pm Peak rate traffic

0 0

1 1 0

( ) ( )S S

T i k k i k k

i k i k

P t dt s P t s P t P tMin

Solution Space

Peak rate power Low load power

Energy efficient network deployment

Peak data rate

Traffic variation over time and space

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 1810

-1

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

SE (bps/Hz)

EE

(b

its

/J)

Current GSM Point

GSM Curve

Current LTE Macro-cell Point

LTE Macro-cell Curve

LTE Pico-cell Curve

Current LTE Pico-cell Point

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Hetnet

From single-

layer coverage

to multi-layer

coverage

CoMP

From cell-level SP

to coordinatd SP

among CoMP set

Short-term sales-

up potential

BCG2

Signalling/data

decuoping

DAS

From SP to

centralizedcell-level SP

Joint processingCoMP processor

Coordinated multi-points Tx/Rx

DAS: Distributed (large-scale) antenna system

RRU RRU RRU RRU

BBU

macro

micro

femto

Break in

coverage Break in

RRM

Break in Signal

Processing

Break in

Protocol

Rethink Ring&Young: No More Cell

C-RAN as a Starting Point

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39

39

Rethink

Shannon

Rethink

Ring&Young

Rethinking

Signaling/Control

Invisible

BS Rethink Spectrum

Refarming

Latest Developments: No More Cell

Prototype Profile: TD-LTE BBU: HP ML350, Commercial UE (HiSilicon), RRH and vEPC Commercial BBU L1/L2/L3 protocol stack Demonstrate the feasibility of GPPs capability of

wireless signal processing

DAS, CoMP, HetNet, BCG2 C-RAN

Soft BS Soft BBU Pool

OpenSource Virtulization

Accelerator-based C-RAN for world-first TD-LTE Ping

call based on commercial protocol

(Real time demo in MWC2014)

40

40

Successful demo in MWC 2014

Mobile Phone Samsung

Mobile Phone Samsung

Demo Booth

Equipment Room

R

R

H

R

R

H

Mobile

Phone Samsung

C-RAN (IBM/Agilent)

C-RAN (ALU)

Nanocell Comba

vSAEGW

(ZTE) Edge

Applications

vEPC

vEPC(Huawei)

vEPC (ZTE)

vMME

vIMS (ZTE)

vIMS (Huawei)

vMME(ALU) vSAEGW (Cisco)

vHSS(Linker networks)

Future Networks: Softer and

Greener

Theme: Future network: Softer and Greener

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Made NFV E2E

04132014

NFV Approach

BRAS

Firewall DPI

CDN

Tester/QoE monitor

WAN Acceleration

Message Router

Radio/Fixed Access Network Nodes

Carrier Grade NAT

Session Border Controller

PE Router SGSN/GGSN

200 members from both IT and telecom industry since its foundation on Oct. of 2012

Multiple WG/EGs, e.g INF, SWA., MANO, PER, REL and SEC. Have released 5 ISG-level documents to the industry, including

architecture, use cases, terminologies, requirements and PoC promotion.

Independent Software

Vendors

High volume Ethernet switches

High volume standard servers

High volume standard storage

Orchestrated,

automatic & remote install.

Com

petitiv

e &

Innovativ

e

Ecosyste

m

Independent Software Vendors

Source: ETSI NFV ISG

Classical Network Appliance Approach

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42

CPU I/O Accelerator

VM Of

TD-LTE

VM of

Edge APPs

VM of

FDD LTE

Standard Server

Video Optimization

TCP Optimization

Fashion service

Fitness service

KTV service

Food service

C-RAN Service Map Service pushing base on location

CDN/Cache on Edge

Passive cache and active pushing on the RAN side according to the popularity of the content of service

Reduce stress of network interaction, improve user experience

Reduce TCP signal feedback overhead through redundancy coding

Adjust the TCP congestion window dynamically based on wireless variation

Real-time analysis towards the information of wireless channel realizes dynamic video coding and QoS guarantee on RAN side

Advertising and details of buildings in the cell

Accurate position

navigation

VM of

GSM

Virtual Switch

Hypervisor

C-RAN in MAE 2014: Open platform for diverse Edge Service

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43

43

Rethinking Signaling/Control

VoIP: 65~375

IM(Weixin): 2~6.6

IM(QQ):

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45

45

Rethink

Shannon

Rethink

Ring&Young

Rethinking

Signaling/Control

Invisible

BS

Rethink Spectrum

Refarming

CMCC Latest Developments

Scheduling based access

Overhead:

Control channel

Contention based access

Overhead:

Guard interval Collision

Normalized load

Th/P

RB

Turn point

Connectionless

access region

Connection-oriented

access region

Load-aware control/ signaling reconfiguration

46

46

Rethink

Shannon

Rethink

Ring&Young

Rethinking

Signaling/Control

Invisible

BS

Rethink Spectrum

Refarming

CMCC Latest Developments

Service-aware RAN signaling/control optimization

On demand long connection over the air

Avoid delay from connection setup and transition

Low overhead weak connection state: not fully functional channel feedback and estimation

Customized connection configuration for fast delivery

Shorter DRX periodicity

Real time radio link feedback

Inform application timely in case of radio link failure

Better user experience

Real-time IP PUSH Delay sensitive

(

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47

47

High Freq. Band : Data Only Small Cell

Dense small cells: Challenges

Mobility support: frequent handovers Signaling overhead: increase with cell density

Low cost "Data Only small cell carrier with the help of Macro

Solution: Simple, low cost, data only small cell Only UL/DL data channels Only UL/DL data related reference signals

UE

All control in Macro:

Access, sync, RRM, handover control

Data only

Target for Challenges Potential Solution

No PSS/SSS, No

CRS

Coarse/Fine Synchronization; Discovery and Selection, incl. carrier specific measurement supporting handover

Initial UL power setting

Utilize User-Specific RS for measurement and detection; UL Listening and Calibration with help of Macro

No MIB/SIB Small Cell Specific Info Delivery Delivered from Macro by Specific Signaling or Broadcast

No PRACH Initial and Continuous UL Sync UL Listening and Calibration with help of Macro

No

PDCCH/PHICH/PCFI

CH/PUCCH

User specific data scheduling Small cell specific paging Data transmission ACK Channel measurement feedback

Transmitted via Macro Small cells and Macro joint calibration

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48

SmartTile: the Key to Invisible BS

Characteristic

1. Miniaturized Antenna

2. Integrated digital board RF board and antenna

3. Low-cost RF components

4. Independent unit

5. Flexible deployment regular or irregular

6. Making base station invisible 7. Easy to scale up

Prototype Miniaturization

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49

49

Rethink

Shannon

Rethink

Ring&Young

Rethinking

Signaling/Control

Invisible

BS

Rethink Spectrum

Refarming

CMCC Latest Developments

First release of SmartTile (2 Transceivers)

Digital board

Optical port

Ethernet port

Transceiver 0

(PA + LNA + filter) RFIC

Serial port

Analog board

JTAG port

Transceiver1

Power

Parallel port

Reset

50

50

Rethink

Shannon

Rethink

Ring&Young

Rethinking

Signaling/Control

Invisible

BS

Rethink Spectrum

Refarming

CMCC Latest Developments

SmartTile Development Plan

Prototype 1:

1. Three boards: FPGA/CPRI + RF + Antenna

2. Testing & development

1. Smart Antenna for wideband

2. Envelope Tracking for PA

3. Two antennas

Prototype 2:

1. Smart Antenna for wideband

2. Envelope Tracking for PA

3. 8 antennas

4. Low power: 2-3W/Channel

Prototype 3:

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51

51

Rethink

Shannon

Rethink

Ring&Young

Rethinking

Signaling/Control

Invisible

BS

Rethink Spectrum

Refarming

CMCC Latest Developments

Impact of antenna pattern on beams

Planar array size: 8x8

Desired horizontal angle : [-39o -26o -13o 0o 13o 26o 39o]

Desired vertical angle : [74o 85o 96o 107o]

Cover region: horizontal: 90o ; vertical: 45o

With omnidirectional

antennas

With directional antennas

Directional antenna pattern

o

3 3= 90dB dB With directional antennas

o

3 3= 65dB dB

,1

exp 2 1 cos ( 1) sin( ) sin( )

1,2,... ; 1,2, ;

V Hm n etilt etilt escan

H V

H V

d dw i n m

N N

m N n N

etiltescan

Weighting factor:

52

52

Rethink

Shannon

Rethink

Ring&Young

Rethinking

Signaling/Control

Invisible

BS

Rethink Spectrum

Refarming

CMCC Latest Developments

System scheme & algorithm development

BF vector acquisition UEs scheduling

DL MU-MIMO UL channel estimation UL energy estimation in beam region

System scheme based on TD-LTE

Frame structure design

Beamforming algorithm on irregular array

6/14/2014

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53

53

Rethink

Shannon

Rethink

Ring&Young

Rethinking

Signaling/Control

Invisible

BS

Rethink Spectrum

Refarming

CMCC Latest Developments

Beam patterns of regular and irregular arrays Planar array: 8x8

Irregular planar array: 64 elements extracted from a regular 12x10 array

Desired horizontal angle : [-39o -26o -13o 0o 13o 26o 39o]

Desired vertical angle : [74o 85o 96o 107o]

Cover region: horizontal: 90o ; vertical: 45o

Omnidirectional antennas

Regular array Irregular array

escan

etilt

54

54

Rethink

Shannon

Rethink

Ring&Young

Rethinking

Signaling/Control

Invisible

BS

Rethink Spectrum

Refarming

CMCC Latest Developments

Beam optimization over irregular array

-1 -0.8 -0.6 -0.4 -0.2 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1-60

-50

-40

-30

-20

-10

0

sin

Be

am

pa

tte

rn (

dB

)

Regular array

Irregular array

Least Square Method

Objective: minimize the square error

between the beam patterns of regular

and irregular arrays

8x8 regular array with

0.5 spacing

64-element irregular array

0.5 spacing with weighting of regular array

64-element irregular

array 0.5 spacing with least square method

[1] Harry L. Van Trees Optimum Array Processing

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Invisible

BS

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Refarming

CMCC Latest Developments

Impact of calibration

Random phase in [-180o,180o]

Random phase in [-90o,90o]

No phase error

Simulation results (16x8, 0.5 )

Gain loss (60%)

Many side lobes

..... A1 A2 AN

SmartTile Array

Traditional RF/ant. module:

SmartTile module:

Completely independent phase for each

Smart Tile.

Oscillator 1 Oscillator 2 Oscillator N .....

The same oscillator is used for all the antennas, but

amplitude errors and phase errors are exist due to

non-ideal factors, such as frequency offset, delay,

temperature drift etc.

Calibration is critical and challenging

for LSAS with SmartTile.

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CMCC Latest Developments

Potential calibration method

Over the air near field calibration

Procedure:

Each antenna sends reference signal, and two adjacent

antenna receive signal

Proposed method is under evaluation, and other methods are under investigation

n-1 n n+1 n-2 n+2

Receive chain Cali.

Transmit chain Cali.

nnnnnn try 1,1,1 nnnnnn try 1,1,1

Assume the propagation between adjacent antennas are same:

1

1

,1

,1

n

n

nn

nn

rr

yy

1

1

1,

1,

n

n

nn

nn

tt

yy

Receive chain Cali.: Transmit chain Cali.:

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CMCC Latest Development

New duplex method

Step 1: Joint TDD and FDD Operation

Step 2:Unified Division Duplex (UDD)

FD FDD FDD DL CA UL CA

TDD or FD in

time domain

FD on one F

Step 3: XDD

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CMCC Latest Development

Core of XDD Full Duplex Networking Complicated interferences to be solved

FD HD

FD

FD HD HD

HD

FD

FD

FD

FD

Deployment 1 with small

spatial correlation Deployment 2 with large

spatial correlation

UE

2 UE

1

UE

3 UE

4

Inter-cell DL interference at UE

Inter-cell interference at BS

Intra-cell Inter-user interference

Inter-cell inter-user interference

Inter-cell UL interference at BS

Our Suggestions:

Proper FD deployment according to traffic dynamic in spatial/temporal domain

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BS

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CMCC Latest Development

New spectrum utilization policy

Shared Access:

Shared among multiple duplex modes Shared among multiple RATs Shared among multiple MNOs

Opportunistic Access:

Cognitive radio White space technologies

LTE-U

LTE in unlicensed spectrum:

WiFi

Unauthorized TDD

Authorized

FDD

Unauthorized TDD Unauthorized TDD

CA-based mode

Unauthorized TDD (Independent work

Authorized

FDD

Unauthorized TDD Unauthorized

DL only

Unauthorized

DL only

Independent

mode

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Summary Green & Soft Revolution Evolution

mmWave Small Cells, HetNet, C-RAN Densification, UDN, Sea of RRUs C/U separation, Macro-Aided Data Only Small Cell, pCell 3D MIMO, mMIMO/LSAS, Invisible BS Unified TDD/FDD, Full Duplex Video, Hologram, Immersive Experience Phone/Pad/Watch, Wearables, Implantables

Update on 5 Pearls: Real traffic profile & equipment power model based EE/SE Co-design Commercial stack based C-RAN Soft BS Load/service aware signaling design with Alibaba SmartTile with Terminal RFICs for LSAS prototyping New spectrum, Unlicensed spectrum, Shared spectrum

Trillions of Nodes!?

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Trillions of Nodes?

Internet of Thing

Concentrator

5G 5G

Wearable Devices Smart Home Vehicle Network

Existing Solutions & new AI

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Parting thoughts:

Aggregators!

Horizontal v.s. Vertical Platforms

Mission-Criticals Nice2Haves Medical/Emergency Health/Well-being Auto-Drive/Tactile Driving Assistance How Many 9s? Best Effort? Willingness to Pay! Free?

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Crowd Sourcing?!

BT-FON, Free France, etc

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5G Era Vision

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Thank you!