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Digital

User�sGuide

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Simple Statistically

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Table of Contents

Chapter 1: INSTALLATION ............................................................ 3

Chapter 2: DIAGRAMS ................................................................ 5OverviewPareto ChartHistogramScatter Plot (with Regression)Process Capability Measures (Cpk)Ogive or Cumulative Distribution FunctionSummary Stats

Chapter 3: CONTROL CHARTS ................................................... 20OverviewX Bar R or X Bar S ChartIndividuals with Moving Range ChartRun Chartc Chartp ChartMultiple Series

Chapter 4: CUSUM CHARTS ....................................................... 30

Chapter 5: ANALYSIS TOOLS ..................................................... 33OverviewMultiple RegressionCorrelation Matrixt Test MatrixF Test MatrixIndependence Test Matrix

Chapter 6: SIX SIGMA REPORTS ................................................ 37

Chapter 7: DISTRIBUTIONS ........................................................ 41

Chapter 8: FMEA ................................................................... 44

Chapter 9: MSA (GAGE CAPABILITY) ........................................ 45

Chapter 10: TIPS ...................................................................... 46Select your data firstMultiple selections of dataCopy and PasteChanging items on finished diagrams or chartsTroubleshootingTechnical Support

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Chapter 1: Installation

Before You Install an SPC KISS UpgradeIf you are installing a new version of SPC KISS over an existing one, you will need to remove thefirst version from the list of Excel add-ins before you install the new version.

To do this, follow these directions:1. From Excel's menu bar, select �Tools� then �Add-Ins�.2. In the list of add-ins, uncheck SPC KISS (remove the check mark in the box to the left of SPC

KISS).3. Close Excel, and proceed with the installation of the new version as per the instructions on the

floppy disk and below.

Note: You must close Excel before you install the new version.

Installing and Running SPC KISS - Windows�

System Requirements

To use SPC KISS for Windows, you need a system capable of running Microsoft® Excel version 5.0

or higher.

Installing and Running SPC KISS

To install SPC KISS, insert the floppy into your floppy drive and launch Setup.exe. Follow theinstructions on the screen.

When the installation is complete, you will see a window containing the SPC KISS icons. To run SPCKISS, double-click on the icon labeled SPC KISS.

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You can also run SPC KISS from the Start menu in Windows 95 and Windows NT. The defaultfolder is SPC KISS.

Either of these methods will launch Microsoft Excel and SPC KISS. See the Program Overview(following) for more information on how SPC KISS works.

Note: You will not see the SPC KISS menu option at the top of Excel unless you have a worksheetopen in Excel.

Adding In SPC KISS

If you would like to have access to SPC KISS at all times from Excel, you can manually add-in SPCKISS to Excel's list of add-ins. To accomplish this, follow these directions:

1. Start Excel using the Excel icon.Very Important: Do not for any reason start Excel using the SPC KISS icon for thisprocedure! Be sure you start Excel using the normal Excel icon or from the Start menu atMicrosoft Excel. Do not launch any program or icon titled SPC KISS at this time!

2. From the Excel menu bar, select �Tools� then �Add-Ins�.3. Use the Browse button to locate the directory in which SPC KISS is installed.4. Select the file Spc97.xla, then OK.5. SPC KISS 97 is now listed in the Add-Ins available window. Select OK to add-in SPC KISS and

return to Excel.

SPC KISS will now be available every time Excel is run.

Note: You should not start Excel from the SPC KISS icon after you add in SPC KISS. Werecommend that you delete the SPC KISS icon to avoid future confusion.

Installing to a Network version of Excel

If you are using a network version of Excel and you want all users to have access to SPC KISS,simply install SPC KISS on the server. Each workstation will then have to create a shortcut to the fileSpc97.xla or add-in SPC KISS using the directions given above.

If you are using a network version of Excel and you do not want all users to have access to SPCKISS, ensure the you install SPC KISS to each local hard drive.

Installing and Running SPC KISS - Macintosh®

System Requirements

To use SPC KISS for Macintosh, you need a system capable of running Microsoft Excel version 5.0or higher.

Installing and Running SPC KISS

To install SPC KISS, open Setup. (Use the following instructions.)1. Insert the SPC KISS installation disk into the floppy drive.2. From the installation disk, launch the �Setup� program. This is done by double clicking on the

�Setup� icon.3. Follow the installation instructions. You can accept the default directory destination, or change

the name of the destination folder.

When the installation is complete, you will see the SPC KISS menu item on Excel�s menu bar. (Youmust have a worksheet open for the SPC KISS item to appear on the menu bar.)

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Chapter 2: Diagrams

OverviewThis section takes you step by step through the Diagram Expert, a four step process to select yourdiagram type, enter your data range, select your diagram options, and title your chart. You may beginwith selecting your data range by clicking on the Excel cell in the upper left corner of your data and,while holding the left mouse button down, drag the mouse down or down and to the right until youhave highlighted all of your data (release the mouse button). Then go to the �SPC KISS� pull-downmenu item and select �Diagrams�.

Step 1 of 4 - Selecting Your DiagramYou may choose from Pareto Chart, Histogram, Scatter Plot (with simple linear regression), ProcessCapability Measures (Cpk), Ogive or Cumulative Distribution Function, or you can ask for theSummary Stats for your data. Simply click on the diagram of your choice to proceed to the next step.

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Step 2 of 4 - Selecting Your DataThis window allows you to select the range of data for your diagram. If you have already chosen thecorrect data range (see the instructions in the Overview of this chapter), select Next to proceed.

If you need to change the range, simply select the new range of data using the mouse, then Next tocontinue. (Drag the Step 2 dialog box out of the way to see all of your data if necessary.)

You may also type in the correct range in the edit box of the Step 2 window; be sure you input therange in the proper format.

Example: $A$1:$B$13 denotes cells A1 through and including B13 on the worksheet. You can typeA1:B13 to specify that range.

Remember: Each diagram accepts data in a different format. For instance, some will accept rows orcolumns, and some only one row or column. See the on-line help system or the appropriate sectionsfor information on a specific diagram�s data format.

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Step 3 of 4 - Diagram OptionsYou have several options for viewing your data in the completed diagram. While each diagram hasits own set of options, the buttons at the bottom of the window are the same for all diagrams. Thefollowing window is an example of the options for the Pareto diagram. Each button is explainedbelow.

The Save Options button allows you to save the settings you have chosen in this

window so that each time you create the same type of diagram, you will automatically get the sameoptions. For instance, if you select a descending sort order and 2-D bars with a cumulative line (likethe example above), and then select Save Options, each time you create a Pareto diagram these willbe the default options. These options will be saved for the Pareto diagram only; if you create aScatter Plot next, you will get the Scatter Plot�s default options.

The Help button links you directly to the on-line help for the options of the diagram you

are creating.

The Cancel button stops the SPC KISS process and puts you back at your Excel sheet.

The Back button sends you back one step.

The Next button accepts the option settings and sends you forward one step.

The Finish button accepts the current option settings and ends the Diagram Expert

process without going on to any remaining steps. There will be titles on your diagram; however, youwon�t get the Step 4 Diagram Expert window allowing you to change the titles before the diagram isfinished.

Remember: Each diagram has its own set of options. (Summary Stats has no options.) See the on-linehelp system or the appropriate sections for information on a specific diagram�s options.

Step 4 of 4 - Chart TitlesWith SPC KISS, you have the ability to edit your diagram�s titles before the diagram is finished. Thiswindow looks the same for each type of diagram; however, the default titles will be different. Thefollowing is an example of the titles for the Pareto diagram.

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Chart Title

You may change the title of your chart in the first edit box. The default chart title is the name of thediagram you have chosen, unless you have created this diagram before and saved your titles using theSave Options button.

Include Legend

You may decide whether or not to include a descriptive legend on your diagram. Even if in Step 3you chose to use the first row as legend text, you could turn the legend off in Step 4.

Axis Titles

This allows you to change the title of the Category (X) axis and the Value (Y) axis.

Buttons

The buttons at the bottom of the window are the same for each diagram type.

The Save Options button allows you to save the titles you have chosen in this

window. By selecting the Save Options button, you create new default titles for a particular diagramtype. For instance, each time you create a Pareto diagram these will be the default titles. These titleswill be saved for the Pareto diagram only; if you create a Scatter Plot next, you will get the ScatterPlot�s default titles.

The Help button links you directly to the on-line help for chart titles.

The Cancel button stops the SPC KISS process and puts you back at your Excel sheet.

The Back button sends you back one step.

The Finish button accepts the title settings and ends the Diagram Expert process.

Remember: Each diagram has its own default titles to begin with, and you can change those defaultsby saving your chart titles with the Save Options button.

Pareto ChartA Pareto chart is a bar chart for non-numerical categories in which the vertical axis is usuallyfrequency or monetary loss.

If you can identify all of the factors that cause a defect in a process, a Pareto chart will give you agraphical representation of these factors and allow you to see which ones need attention first.

Example: You are examining the frequency of defects in the process of manufacturing IC boards. Youfind the following information about the defect types and their frequency:

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From this data, your Pareto chart would look like the example below. It is clear that the majority ofthe defects occur in the soldering process.

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Pareto Data FormatA Pareto Chart will accept data in one or two rows (or columns), and will use text and numeric datawhen creating the diagram. The examples below show how data for a Pareto might look.

Data in one row:

In this example, the text in the first column would automatically be used as a legend on yourdiagram. This text is optional.

When you have a combination of text and numeric data, the text needs to appear in the first columnor row to appear as labels for the X Axis. If any non-numeric data appears in the Y column or row,SPC KISS will ask you to choose to abort the operation, re-enter your data range, or ignore the non-numeric data when creating the Pareto diagram.

Data in two rows:

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Data in two columns:

Pareto Charts will also accept non-contiguous rows or columns of data, as long as there are not morethan two rows or columns selected. For more information on making non-contiguous data selections,turn to Chapter 10: Tips.

Pareto OptionsBelow is an example of the window that allows you to change the options for a Pareto diagram. EachPareto-specific option is explained here.

Data Series in Rows vs. Columns

SPC KISS detects whether your data appears in rows or columns on your worksheet. If there aremore rows of data than columns, your data is in column format. If there are more columns than rows,your data is in row format. This option cannot be changed here, but will change if you alter theformat on your Excel worksheet.

Sort Order - Descending vs. Ascending

You can change the way your data is sorted in the Pareto Chart. Simply select the Descending orAscending option. When you make a selection, the change will be seen immediately on your chart.

Bar Type

You may change the type of bars used in the Pareto Chart by selecting one of these three options. Thechange will be seen immediately on your chart in Excel.

Use first Row (Column) as legend text

If your data series is in Rows, this option will be set to use the first Column as legend text. Likewise,if your data series is in Columns, this option will be set to use the first Row as legend text.

If this option is selected, whatever appears in the first row (or column) of your selected data, whetherit is text or numbers, will become the legend. If you uncheck this option, whatever is in the first rowwill be added to the diagram, even if there is no numeric data associated with it. SPC KISSautomatically selects this option if the first row (or column) is non-numeric.

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Pareto Chart TitlesExcept for the name of the chart and the axis titles, this step is the same for all the diagrams. Pleaserefer to Step 4 of 4 - Chart Titles for more information.

Finishing the DiagramOnce you have selected your options in Step 3, and named your chart and the X and Y axis in Step 4,you are finished creating your diagram. When you select the Finish button, you will be given a Paretodiagram, based on the data set and options you just specified.

HistogramA Histogram is a bar chart for numerical intervals or categories. Its purpose is to summarize largeamounts of numerical data into a graphical distribution that is easier to understand.

Example: The gas mileage of 50 cars was measured and put into a spreadsheet.

The Histogram from this data (shown below) shows you pictorially the number of cars that fall withineach gas mileage range.

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Histogram Data FormatA Histogram will accept data in any format. If any non-numeric data appears within the selected datarange, you will be given the choice to re-enter the data, cancel the operation, or create the Histogramignoring the non-numeric data.

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You may use non-contiguous data in creating a Histogram. For instructions on selecting non-contiguous data, see Chapter 10: Tips.

Histogram Options

Bar Type

You may change the type of bars used in the Histogram by selecting one of these four options. Thechange will be seen immediately on your chart in Excel.

Anchor Point

The anchor point sets the left end point of the leftmost bar.

Class Width

This option defines the width of each bar.

Number of Classes

This option changes the number of classes shown on your Histogram. Use the up and down arrows toincrease or decrease the number of classes. The default number of classes is equal to the square rootof N, where N equals the number of data points.

Gap Between Bars

Change the amount of space between the bars of your Histogram using the up and down arrows towiden or lessen the space. There are actually two gap values, one for 2 Dimensional plots and one for3 Dimensional plots.

Regenerate Histogram

This option must be used when you change the anchor point or class width to update your chart inExcel.

Survey Data

This option is typically used for survey data where the width of each bar is one unit (e.g., a Likertscale of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5). In the example below, the gas mileage data shown previously was used tocreate the Histogram. However, instead of a class width of six, the Survey Data option was selected.This diagram shows how the previous example would be broken down.

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Histogram Chart TitlesExcept for the name of the chart and the axis titles, this step is the same for all the diagrams. Pleaserefer to Step 4 of 4 - Chart Titles for more information.

Scatter Plot (with Regression)Scatter plots allow you to graphically depict ordered pairs (two numbers that go together) for thepurpose of determining a relationship between two variables.

Example: You are trying to determine if there is a correlation between the weight of a car and itsgasoline consumption (MPG). Your data might look like this:

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Scatter Plot Data FormatA Scatter Plot will accept numeric data in either one or two rows (or columns).

� If two rows or columns are used, SPC KISS plots the first group selected as the X values and thesecond group as the Y values, considering them ordered pairs.

� If only one row or column is used, the data is assumed to be the Y coordinate, and the Xcoordinate is assumed to be the order 1, 2, 3, 4, etc.

The following example shows data in one row. These are assumed to be the Y coordinates; the Xcoordinates will be plotted in numeric order.

Example: SPC KISS turns your data that looks like this:

...into this information for the scatter plot.

If, in your data, you put a text label at the beginning of the column or row, the text label at the top ofthe Y coordinates will be used as legend text; any text for the X coordinate will be ignored.

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If there is any text in the X coordinate column or row, your data will be plotted as though youprovided the Y coordinate only. SPC KISS will plot dates and times, and use them as labels for the Xcoordinate.

Scatter Plot Options

Regression Line

You may choose to have a linear regression line, a quadratic regression line, a cubic regression line,or no regression line at all on your scatter plot. You may have only one type of regression line at atime. Regression is computed using the least squares method.

Forecast

Forecasting allows you to extend your regression line forward or backward without the input of newdata. Care should be taken if assuming the actual process follows the predicted line.

Display Equation and R squared

By selecting this option, you can have the regression equation and R squared displayed on thediagram.

Scatter Plot Chart TitlesExcept for the name of the chart and the axis titles, this step is the same for all the diagrams. Pleaserefer to Step 4 of 4 - Chart Titles for more information.

Process Capability Measures (Cpk)This option lets you see how close your data is to the desired target and how much of your data islikely to be outside the specification limits. It provides the Mean, Standard Deviation, Sigma Level,Cpk, and Defects Per Million (D.P.M.). This option produces a bell curve for the given data,assuming a normal distribution.

Process capability measures tell how well the data fits between the Upper and Lower SpecificationLimits (USL and LSL).

Sigma level is the number of standard deviations between the process center and the nearest speclimit.

Cpk is sigma level divided by 3.

Defects Per Million is a representation of how many products out of a 1,000,000 would be out of thespecification limits.

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Defining the type of Process Capability ChartSPC KISS can create two types of process capability charts. The difference is in how the mean andstandard deviation are obtained. You may use a range of data selected from a spreadsheet, or youmay use direct entry of the mean and standard deviation.

If you choose a range of data selected from a spreadsheet, you will be asked to select the range inStep 2 of the Diagram Expert (see Step 2 of 4 - Selecting Your Data).

If you choose direct entry of the mean and standard deviation, you will be given the followingwindow. Simply type in the appropriate numbers for the mean and standard deviation. You may alsochange the Lower and Upper Specification Limits here. Pressing the �Recompute Process CapabilityChart� button allows you to quickly compute the capability measures for any mean/standarddeviation/LSL/USL specified. Selecting OK completes the process.

Process Capability Measures (Cpk) Data FormatA Cpk diagram will accept data in any format, including non-contiguous data. If there is any non-numeric data in the selected range, you will be informed and given the capability to re-enter the data,cancel, or ignore the non-numeric data.

For instructions on selecting non-contiguous data on your Excel worksheet, please see Chapter 10:Tips.

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Process Capability Measures (Cpk) Options

Lower & Upper Specification Limits (LSL & USL)

Many processes have only a unilateral specification. Simply select �No LSL� or �No USL� to removeeither of the specification limits. This changes both the diagram and the values of Cpk, Sigma level,and D.P.M. When selecting a range of data to compute capability measures, the default values of LSLand USL are the mean. You must then change the LSL and/or USL to obtain meaningful capabilitymeasures.

Cpk Chart TitlesExcept for the name of the chart and the axis titles, this step is the same for all the diagrams. Pleaserefer to Step 4 of 4 - Chart Titles for more information.

Ogive or Cumulative Distribution FunctionAn Ogive is a graphical depiction of a cumulative distribution for a large amount of numeric data.

Example: A teacher wants to see graphically how students fared on an exam. An Ogive shows thecumulative distribution over the entire range of scores.

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Ogive or Cumulative Distribution Function Data FormatAn Ogive will accept data in any format. If you enter any non-numeric data, you will be given theoption to re-enter the data, cancel the operation, or create the Ogive while ignoring the non-numericdata.

Instructions for selecting a non-contiguous range of data on your Excel sheet are found in Chapter10: Tips.

Ogive or Cumulative Distribution Function Options

Percentile line

Increase or decrease this number to effect the position of the percentile line on your diagram.

Display kth Percentile lines

This option displays the kth percentile line on your diagram.

Number of Classes

This option simply changes the number of classes or points shown on the Ogive. Use the up anddown arrows to increase or decrease the number of classes. The default number of classes is equalto the square root of N, where N equals the number of data points.

Number of Rounding Digits

This option changes the number of significant digits in the numbers used to determine the start andstop of each of the classes. SPC KISS makes an attempt to compute the optimal number for your

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data set; however, you may change it for any reason. A positive number reflects the number of digitsafter the decimal used in rounding. A negative number reflects the number of digits before thedecimal that are used to round. Use the up and down arrows to increase or decrease the number.

Example: One of the classes was computed to be from 2387.289417 to 4376.673692. The table belowshows the actual values used to compute the upper and lower limits of that class.

Rounding digits From To3 2387.289 4376.6742 2387.29 4376.671 2387.3 4376.70 2387 4377

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Ogive or Cumulative Distribution Function Chart TitlesExcept for the name of the chart and the axis titles, this step is the same for all the diagrams. Pleaserefer to Step 4 of 4 - Chart Titles for more information.

Summary StatsSummary Statistics simply creates the following statistics of your data: Count, Mean, Median, Mode,Maximum, Minimum, Range, Population Standard Deviation, Sample Standard Deviation,Population Variance, Sample Variance, Kurtosis, and Skewness.

Summary Stats Data FormatSummary Stats will accept data in any format, including non-contiguous rows or columns. Forinstructions on selecting a non-contiguous range of data on your worksheet, see Chapter 10: Tips.

There are no diagram options available for Summary Stats.

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Chapter 3: Control Charts

OverviewThis section takes you step by step through the Control Chart Expert, a three step process to selectyour chart type, enter your data range, and select options for your chart. Begin with selecting yourdata range by clicking on the Excel cell in the upper left corner of your data and, while holding theleft mouse button down, drag the mouse down or down and to the right until you have highlighted allof your data (release the mouse button). Then go to the �SPC KISS� pull-down menu item and select�Control Charts�.

Step 1 of 3 - Selecting Your ChartYou may choose from X Bar R, X Bar S, Individuals with Moving Range, Run Chart, p Chart, cChart, or Multiple Series. Select the control chart you want, then Next to proceed to the next step.

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Step 2 of 3 - Selecting Your DataThis window allows you to select the range of data for your control chart. If you have already chosenthe correct data range (see the instructions in the Overview of this chapter), select Next to proceed.

If you need to change the range, simply select the new range of data using the mouse, then Next tocontinue. (Drag the Step 2 dialog box out of the way so you can see all of your data if necessary.)

You may also type the correct range in the edit box of the Step 2 window; be sure you input the rangein the proper format.

Example: $A$1:$B$10 denotes cells A1 through and including B10 on your Excel worksheet. Youcan type A1:B10 to specify that range.

Remember: Each control chart accepts data in a different format. For instance, some will accept rowsor columns, and some only one row or column. See the appropriate sections for information on aspecific diagram�s data format.

Step 3 of 3 - Control Chart OptionsSPC KISS enables you to create three different kinds of control limits: Shewhart control limits,control limits based upon standard deviations, and manual or user defined control limits. SPC KISS

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also allows you to define a range other than the plotted range upon which to compute the controllimits (not applicable for user defined control limits).

Example: You may want a control chart of 40 samples, but want the control limits based on the first20 samples only. Or perhaps you want to plot an X bar R chart of data from March, but want to basethe control limits on data from January.

Shewhart Methodology control limits: This option computes the standard Shewhart control limitsbased on the data specified.

Standard Deviation control limits: Allows you to set the control limits based on any number ofstandard deviations. Simply change the number of standard deviations by clicking on the arrows orby typing in a new number.

User Defined control limits: There are two different ways to define these control limits. You caneither enter a �Manual Center Line� or have SPC KISS compute a �Mid Center Line�. If you selectmanual center line, you will be prompted for the upper control limits, center lines and lower controllimits for both the X Bar and Range.

If you select �Mid Center Line�, SPC KISS will use the mid point of your UCL and LCL as thecenter point.

Note: The user defined control limits are not computed from any data provided to the software. Ifyou use this option you must know what you are doing. Control limits are not the same asspecification limits; therefore, do not confuse the two.

Regardless of what kind of control limits you use, you can change the range of data on which thecontrol limits are based. For Shewhart control limits and Standard Deviations, you can enter a newrange in the Control Chart Options Window. The default range is the plotted range; however, you canenter any range here. This can be done one of two ways:

1. Type in the new spreadsheet range. For example A1:B33.2. Use the mouse and click on the old range. Select the new range on the spreadsheet using the

mouse.

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Other Options

Display Zones on Chart

SPC KISS will show the lines that delineate the three zones on the control chart.

Zones A, B, and C can be defined by dividing the area between the center and the upper control limit(or the center and the lower control limit) into three equal parts. Zone C is nearest the center, withZone A nearest the UCL (or LCL). The illustration below shows just where Zones A, B, and C fall ona control chart.

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Exception: With the R chart and the S chart, when the lower control limit is zero, the zones below thecenter line will be symmetrical to those above the center line.

Example: If the center line of an R chart is 10, the upper control limit is 40, and the lower controllimit is 0, then the zones above the center line will be as follows:

Zone C from 10 to 20 Zone B from 20 to 30 Zone A from 30 to 40.

The zones below the center line should be:Zone C from 10 to 0 Zone B from 0 to -10 Zone A from -10 to -20.

However, since the lower control limit is set at zero, only Zone C will appear on the control chart.

Perform Out of Control Checking

Note: Out of control checking only has significance if your control limits make sense. If you haveentered manual control limits, SPC KISS will still perform out of control checking; however, if thosecontrol limits are not valid, then the out of control checking will not be valid.

Out of control checking will examine your data to see if any of the following seven symptoms occur:� One or more points are outside the control limits� Seven or more consecutive points are on one side of the centerline� Seven consecutive increasing or decreasing intervals� Two out of three consecutive points fall in a specific Zone A or beyond� Four out of five consecutive points fall in a specific Zone B or beyond� There are 14 consecutive points that alternate up and down� There are 14 consecutive points in either Zone C

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If you choose to perform out of control checking, and some out of control symptoms are detected,additional Excel sheets will be added that highlight each symptom found. You can access these sheetsby clicking on the new tabs found at the bottom of your workbook. An example of the tabs is below.

Depending on the out of control symptom, the names of the new sheets will be the name of the chartfollowed by:

1. �... Out UCL or LCL� 5. �... 4 of 5 Zone B�2. �... 7 Above or Below Mean� 6. �... 14 Alternating�3. �... 7 Incr or Decr� 7. �... 14 Zone C�4. �... 2 of 3 Zone A�

If none of these symptoms are found, SPC KISS will inform you in a dialog window.

Create Cpk Chart

If you check this box, SPC KISS will prompt you for specification limits. SPC KISS will thencompute the process capability of your data based upon the estimates for the mean and standarddeviation derived from the control chart that you have selected. This is especially helpful whencomputing the process capability from p charts and c charts which are not based on the normaldistribution.

X Bar R or X Bar S ChartIf you select an X Bar R Chart, SPC KISS will create two separate charts from your data: an X Barchart to show the average of each group, and an R chart to show the range of each group. Each charthas its own tab in your Excel workbook.

If you select an X Bar S Chart, SPC KISS creates an X Bar chart to show the average of each group,and an S chart to show the standard deviations of each group.

Example: You are measuring the salt content in soap. You have twelve subgroups of data which looklike the following:

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The X Bar chart of the data is below.

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Data FormatX Bar R and X Bar S charts accept data in either rows or columns, and allow non-contiguous data(see Chapter 10: Tips). If your data is in only one row or column, you will see the following windowasking you to identify the size of the sample you are using.

If your data is in more than one row or one column, you will be asked if the subgroups are in rows orcolumns. Make that designation in the following window.

26

Individuals with Moving Range ChartAn Individuals with Moving Range (IMR) Chart will plot your data and compute the center andupper and lower control limits.

There will be two separate charts: an Individuals chart which will plot each data point, and a RangeChart, which will plot the (moving) range between every two successive points on the Individualschart.

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Individuals with Moving Range Chart Data FormatAn Individuals with Moving Range Chart will accept data in one or two rows or columns only. If thedata is in two rows (or columns) the first row will be used as the labels for the �X-Axis�. The datamust be numeric; non-numeric data will be ignored, but a gap will be placed on the control chartwhere the non-numeric data is found.

Data in one column: Data in two columns:

Data in two rows:

Run ChartA Run chart plots some metric over time. The run chart will not place any control limits, center lines,or zones on your chart.

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c ChartA c Chart plots the number of occurrences observed in an interval and computes the center, uppercontrol limit, and lower control limit. The c Chart shows the interval or sample number on the X axis,and the number of occurrences for each interval on the Y axis. It assumes an underlying Poissondistribution.

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Data FormatsThe data formats for Run charts and c charts are identical to the format for the Individuals withMoving Range Chart.

p ChartA p Chart plots the proportion defective from your data and computes the center, upper control limit,and lower control limit. The p Chart shows you the sample numbers across the X axis and the p valueon the Y axis. The p value is the proportion of defects in each sample displayed as a decimal fraction.The p Chart assumes an underlying Binomial distribution.

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p Chart Data FormatA p Chart will accept numeric data in two rows or two columns. The data may be contiguous or non-contiguous (see Chapter 10: Tips). SPC KISS will determine which row or column contains thesample size and which contains the number of defects (the larger value will be used as the samplesize). If either the sample size or the number of defects is left blank or is non-numeric, SPC KISS willignore that entry and leave a blank space on the control chart.

Multiple SeriesMultiple Series will allow you to plot multiple run charts on the same chart.

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Multiple Series Data FormatThe data can be in rows or columns, contiguous or non-contiguous, and you can put labels in the firstrow and/or the first column. If you omit data or include non-numeric data, a respective gap in that runchart will be shown on the multiple series chart.

30

Chapter 4: Cusum Charts

OverviewThis section takes you step by step through the Cusum Chart Expert, a three step process to select acumulative sum chart, enter your data range, and select options for your chart. Begin with selectingyour data range by clicking on the Excel cell in the upper left corner of your data and, while holdingthe left mouse button down, drag the mouse down or down and to the right until you have highlightedall of your data (release the mouse button). Then go to the �SPC KISS� pull-down menu item andselect �Cusum Chart�.

Step 2 of 3 - Selecting Your DataThis window allows you to select the range of data for your control chart. If you have already chosenthe correct data range (see the instructions in the Overview of this chapter), select Next to proceed.

31

If you need to change the range, simply select the new range of data using the mouse, then Next tocontinue. (Drag the Step 2 dialog box out of the way so you can see all of your data if necessary.)

You may also type the correct range in the edit box of the Step 2 window; be sure you input the rangein the proper format.

Example: $A$1:$B$10 denotes cells A1 through and including B10 on your Excel worksheet. Youcan type A1:B10 to specify that range.

Remember: Each control chart accepts data in a different format. For instance, some will accept rowsor columns, and some only one row or column. See the appropriate sections for information on aspecific chart�s data format.

Step 3 of 3 - Cumulative Sum OptionsA Cumulative Sum (CUSUM) chart is used to find small shifts in the mean of a process. You havethe following options for the creation of a CUSUM chart.

Target Value - The target of your process.Shift in Mean - The number of standard deviations you would like to detect.

Control Limit OptionsDo Not Display Control Limits - Shows just the cumulative sum line without any V-Mask control

limits.Display Control Limits Without Automatic Checking - Shows the cumulative sum line and the V-

Mask control limits; however, no out of control checking is accomplished.Display Control Limits With Automatic Checking - Shows both the cumulative sum line and the V-

Mask control limits. It also checks each additional point to see if the point is out of control. If anout of control point is found, that point will be made red and a new worksheet will be createdindicating the out of control condition.

Display Control Limits With Realtime Checking - This option is usually used for instruction. Itturns each point red to indicate that it is being checked to see if it is out of control. Out ofcontrol points are handled identically to "Display Control Limits With Automatic Checking". Ifyou have a large number of data points, this option could be time intensive.

Advanced Button

If you press the advanced button you will be given the opportunity to change the Alpha and Betavalues for errors in detection.

32

33

Chapter 5: Analysis Tools

OverviewThis section takes you step by step through the Analysis Tools. You may begin with selecting yourdata range by clicking on the Excel cell in the upper left corner of your data and, while holding themouse button down, drag the mouse down and to the right until you have highlighted all of your data(release the mouse button). Then go to the �SPC KISS� pull-down menu item and select �AnalysisTools�.

Multiple RegressionThis feature computes the multiple regression of a data set with up to 16 independent variables andone dependent variable. The output is shown on a new Excel sheet titled �Multiple Regression�.

The output table includes the following information: Factor, Coefficient (Coef), Standard Error (StdError), t stat, p Value, R Squared, Adjusted R Squared (Adj R Sq), F Value, Sum of Squaresregression (SS reg), and Sum of Squares residual (SS resid).

Multiple Regression Data FormatYour data must be in column format and must be numeric. You must have at least two columnsselected (one independent variable and one dependent variable), but not more than 17 columns in all

34

(16 independent variables and one dependent variable). There is a high limit on the number of rowsof data you can have.

Note: The dependent variable must be in the right-most column in your data range.

If you name the variables on your Excel spreadsheet, those names will be used to identify the factorsin the regression output table.

Example: This table shows a data set with the independent variables named. The dependent variable,Y, is in the right-most column.

If you do not name the factors, SPC KISS will assign each factor a sequential letter (A, B, C, D, etc.)to be shown in the output.

If you use non-contiguous data, the last column you select will be used as the dependent variable. Ifyour last selection contains more than one column, the right-most column in that selection will beused as the dependent variable.

The table above is an example of non-contiguous data.

The above input table of non-contiguous data would yield the following multiple regression output.

35

Correlation MatrixThe Correlation Matrix returns the correlation coefficient between every possible combination ofcolumns or rows.

Correlation Matrix Data FormatA Correlation Matrix will accept data in multiple rows or columns. You can label the rows orcolumns if you wish; however, headings are not required.

Below is an example data set for a Correlation Matrix. If you label your columns or rows, thoselabels will be used in the output to identify the factors. If you do not label your factors, SPC KISSwill identify them as A, B, C, etc., in the output table.

The Correlation Matrix output table is shown below.

t TEST MATRIX

The p value of a t Test gives the probability that two samples come from two underlying populationsthat have the same mean.

SPC KISS always computes the two-tailed t Test, and assumes that the two samples have equalvariance.

t Test Data Formatt Test data format is identical to Correlation Matrix data format.

F Test MatrixThe F Test returns the one-tailed probability that the variances in two samples are not significantlydifferent.

36

F Test Data FormatF Test data format is identical to Correlation Matrix data format.

Independence Test MatrixThe Independence Test allows you to test for independence between several random variables. Thisfeature will create a contingency table and the associated p value.

Independence Test Data FormatThe data must be in table form and may include table headings.

The above table yields the following Independence Test output.

37

Chapter 6: Six Sigma Reports

OverviewThis section takes you step by step through the Six Sigma Reports process. You can create ProductReports and Process Reports.

Product Summary ReportA Product Summary Report is used to measure the capability of a product. Each product can havemore than one opportunity given. The creation of a product summary is very straightforward. Simplyenter some or all of the following requested data to create a product report.

Units - This is the number of units for which you are creating the report. You must select orenter a range for the Units.Defects - This is the total number of defects. You must select or enter a range for the Defects.Characteristics - A characteristic is simply a name. This information is optional. If you do notenter characteristic names, then the characteristics are numbered sequentially.Opportunities - This is the number of possible defects per unit. This information is optional. Ifyou do not enter a number of opportunities, one (1) is automatically used.

Data Format

All of the ranges must be identical and they must only include numbers (no blank cells or non-numeric cells).

To compute the product summary statistics, you must define the units and defects. Depending onyour product, the number of opportunities may be greater than one (if omitted, the number ofopportunities is assumed to be one). You may also designate a label or lot number using thecharacteristic.

Example: You are a toy manufacturer and you make toy robots, dinosaurs and trucks. The robots arecapable of having three defects, the dinosaurs four, and the trucks five. The table below shows howmany toys you manufactured, the number of opportunities, and the number of defects for your toyproduction this month.

The dialog below shows the ranges you would select to create the product summary for this data.

38

DPU is the number of Defects Per Unit.DPO is the number of Defects Per Opportunity (note that if the # of opportunities is one, DPUwill be identical to DPO).DPMO is the number of Defects Per Million Opportunities.Sigma Capability is the Sigma Capability for that characteristic.

Process Summary ReportIn a Process Summary Report, the chart type is automatically selected based upon the data. The rulesthat govern the type of chart created are:

� If the data is in a single row or column (i.e., vector format) then an Individuals MovingRange chart is created.

� If the data is in more than one row or column (i.e., set up for subgroups) then you will get aXbarR or XbarS chart. If any data is missing (i.e., unequal subgroup sizes) or if thesubgroups n>=10, you will get a XbarS chart. Otherwise, a XbarR chart is created.

Output Format

After you input the range and control limits, a Xbar and R or S chart will be created with the R or Schart directly under the Xbar chart. To the right will be a histogram of X and R or S.

Histogram Charts

The histogram chart has a bell curve over the histogram. For the histogram to the right of the Xbarchart, the histogram is of the X values not the Xbars. The histogram of the R or S chart is of theRanges or Standard deviations.

39

Statistical Output

The statistics sheet that is created in addition to the charts includes two simple columns: one for longterm and one for short term. The Mean is the mean of the data (not Xbarbar or the target value) forboth Short and Long Term. The Standard deviation for short term is the estimate from the controlchart that was created (i.e., for IMR Rbar/d2); for long term it is the true standard deviation. The Cpand Cpk use the control chart type standard deviation; they are for short term only. Pp and Ppk areonly for long term. Sigma Capability comes from the respective DPM.

In this example, you are the manufacturer of capacitors. The capacitors should hold a voltagebetween 1.7 and 2.7 volts. The data below represents that last 60 measured observations coming fromyour capacitors.

To analyze this data you would select �SPCKISS - Six Sigma Reports - Process Summary�. Thedialog below would appear and you would enter the range and specification limits.

40

From this you would receive output in both table and graphical format. The data from the aboveexample is shown below.

41

Chapter 7: Distributions

Discrete DistributionsThere are six discrete distributions. When you select a discrete distribution, a new worksheet will beadded to the active workbook. This new worksheet will have the appropriate distribution ready foryour use. Below is an example of the binomial distribution.

BinomialIf a trial is binary (i.e., pass/fail) and the probability of passing is (p), then the Binomial distributionwill give you the associated probabilities that the outcome of passing occurs (x) times in (n) trials(assumes trials are independent and that (p) is constant).

Critical BinomialGiven the number of trials (n), the probability of success on each trial (p), and the criterion value (orprobability, such as 0.95), the Critical Binomial returns the smallest value (the critical value) forwhich the cumulative binomial distribution is greater than or equal to a criterion value.

Example: Use the Critical Binomial distribution to determine the greatest number of defective partsthat are allowed to come off an assembly line run without rejecting the entire lot.

HypergeometricGiven the population size (N), the sample size (n), the size of subpopulation of interest (D), and thenumber of elements from the subpopulation of interest (x), the hypergeometric distribution will returnthe probability of getting (x) items from (D).

Hypergeometric is used for problems with a finite population, where each observation is either asuccess or a failure, and where each subset of a given size is chosen with equal likelihood.

Example: A box contains 20 items, of which five are defective. A sample of four items is selected.What is the probability that two of the four are defective?

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PoissonThe Poisson distribution is used to calculate the probability that a certain number of random eventswill occur in a specified interval. Its only parameter, lambda, represents the average number ofoccurrences per interval. It can also be used to approximate the binomial distribution.

Negative BinomialThe Negative Binomial distribution returns the probability that there will be a certain number offailures before a certain number of successes. This is similar to the Binomial distribution, except thenumber of successes is fixed and the number of trials is variable. Like the Binomial distribution, thetrials are assumed to be independent.

Example: You need to find 20 people with blue eyes, and you know the probability that a person hasblue eyes is 0.3. The Negative Binomial distribution calculates the probability that you will find acertain number of people without blue eyes before you find 20 people with blue eyes.

UniformGiven the upper and lower boundary limits, the Uniform distribution will find the probabilitiesassociated with the placement of (x) between those limits, assuming that each possible outcome isequally likely.

Continuous DistributionsThere are fifteen continuous distributions.

Chi-squaredThis returns the one-tailed probability of the Chi-squared distribution. It is associated with the Chi-squared test. The Chi-squared test would be used to compare observed and expected values todetermine if the original hypothesis is valid.

Inverse Chi-squaredInstead of providing (x), the Inverse Chi-squared distribution allows you to provide the probabilityand will compute (x).

ExponentialThe Exponential distribution models the time between events (i.e., how long an automated bank tellertakes to deliver cash). The Exponential distribution can be used to determine the probability that theprocess takes at least one minute.

F DistributionThe F probability distribution can be used to determine whether two data sets have different degreesof diversity.

Example: The F distribution can be used to tell if the variances between two different assembly linesare different.

Inverse F DistributionThis is the same as the F distribution, but you provide the probability and the Inverse F distributioncomputes the (x) value.

43

GammaThe Gamma distribution is used to study variables that may have a skewed distribution. It iscommonly used in queuing analysis.

LognormalThe Lognormal distribution is used to analyze data that has been logarithmically transformed.

NormalA Normal distribution is characterized by a smooth bell-shaped curve. This is similar to a standardnormal distribution, except that you can enter the mean and the standard deviation.

Inverse NormalThis is similar to a normal distribution, except that you enter the probability and the Inverse Normaldistribution computes (x).

Standard NormalThe Standard Normal distribution has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one. This functionis used in place of a table of standard normal curve areas.

Inverse Standard NormalThe Inverse Standard Normal distribution has a mean of zero and a standard deviation of one andcomputes the (z) value for a given probability (p).

Student's tThe Student's t distribution is used in the hypothesis testing of small sample data sets. Given a teststatistic (t-value) and the appropriate number of degrees of freedom, it returns a probability.

Inverse Student's tThis returns the (t) value for a given probability (p).

UniformReturns the probabilities associated with the continuous Uniform distribution.

WeibullThe Weibull distribution is used in reliability analysis, such as calculating a device's mean time tofailure.

44

Chapter 8: Failure Mode & Effect Analysis

Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) is a method to identify and prioritize potential failuremodes in a system. The numerical values of interest are severity, occurrence and detection. These areusually scored using the following table.

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When you select this option, a new worksheet will be added to the active workbook. The user inputsthe Severity, Occurrence and Missed Detection ratings based on the scale defined above, and SPCKISS calculates the Risk Priority Number (RPN) for each failure mode/cause combination. A Paretoof the RPNs can then identify high risk areas.

45

Chapter 9: MSA (gage capability)

Measurement system analysis (MSA) or gage capability is used to measure the variability in ameasurement system. MSA will produce an X bar R chart for each operator�s data set, as well as thefollowing statistics: Sigma Repeatability, Sigma Reproducibility, Sigma Measurement, Sigma Total,Precision to Total Ratio, Precision to Tolerance Capability Ratio (if specification limits are entered).The purpose of an MSA is to learn how much variability is in the measurement system itselfcompared to the total variability in the measured product.

MSA Data FormatThe data must be in columns (not rows) and each data set must contain at least two columns. Onedata set might consist of the same operator measuring 20 different items (i.e., 20 rows) two timeseach (i.e., 2 columns). A second data set might be another 20x2 matrix in the spreadsheet whichcorresponds to a second operator�s measurements on the same 20 items the first operator measured.Data sets normally correspond to different operators, different measuring devices with same operator,or possibly different operator/measuring device combinations.

46

Chapter 10: Tips & Troubleshooting

Tips

Select your data firstOne of the most important things you can do to make SPC KISS easier to use is to select your datarange before you start the program. Select your data by clicking on the Excel cell in the upper leftcorner of your data and, while holding down the left mouse button, drag the mouse down or downand to the right until you have highlighted all of your data (release the mouse button). Then go to the�SPC KISS� pull-down menu item and select the option you want.

Non-Contiguous dataNon-contiguous data is data that is not all located together on a continuous rectangular portion of theworksheet. That is, you may want to skip over some rows or columns. To select non-contiguous data,select the first group of data, then hold down the Control (Ctrl) key while you select the next group ofdata. You may do this as many times as you wish (except with a Pareto chart, p Chart or a ScatterPlot, which allow only two columns or rows to be selected). The example below shows three areas ofnon-contiguous data selected.

All diagrams, charts and tools accept non-contiguous data selections, except the Individuals withMoving Range Chart, Run Chart, and c Chart (those that allow only one column or row of data).

Copy and Paste

Copying Data

This Excel feature allows you to copy and paste data from one sheet to another or from one place toanother on the same sheet. Just select your data (highlight it using the mouse), select �Copy� from the�Edit� menu, click with the mouse where you want to paste the data, and choose �Paste� from the�Edit� menu.

Copying Diagrams or Charts

You can also copy and paste the SPC KISS diagrams and charts once they are completed. Make yourselection by clicking on it with the mouse, and choose �Edit-Copy�. Now click where you want topaste the diagram, and select �Edit-Paste�.

47

Not only can you copy and paste within Excel, you can also copy and paste between mostapplications. This is useful if you want to incorporate a diagram into your word processing document.Follow the procedures outlined above, using the �Edit-Paste� command from the menu of your wordprocessing (or other) application.

Changing items on finished diagrams or chartsOnce you have completed your diagram or chart, you may decide you want to alter the way it looks.You may change any text that appears (including its location), resize axes, or change the chart'sbackground color or that of the lines used in the diagram.

Changing Text on a Chart

To select and edit or move the text, simply click once on it with the mouse and

begin typing. When you hit the Enter key, your changes will be made on the diagram. When the textis marked with the box and handles as shown here, you can also move it anywhere on the diagram.Just grab any side of the box with the mouse pointer and drag it to its new location.

If you want to change more than just the words of the text -- the size or color, for

instance -- you can highlight the text, or you can double-click on it. (If you double-click on the text, adialog box will appear in which you can make all changes to the text.) To highlight the text, click onthe text once with the mouse (you�ll get the box and handles). Position the mouse pointer over thetext. When the arrow pointer becomes the I-beam, you can drag it across the text to highlight it. Thenyou can change the font, size, style, or color of the text, as well as the words themselves. Yourchanges will be seen as you type.

Changing Graphical Items

To make any changes to the graphical elements of your chart or diagram, simply double-click on theitem you want to change. The following illustration shows the histogram bars selected, and the Excelwindow used to change elements such as the weight and color of the border and the color of the areaof the bars. You can also change the X values, names and labels here.

48

Troubleshooting

Excel 97 UsersWhen opening SPC KISS you may see the following dialog box. To run SPC KISS, you must click�Enable Macros�.

Windows UsersIf SPC KISS and Excel do not start when you launch SPC KISS (using either method described in thesection �Running SPC KISS� in Chapter 1), you will need to manually add-in SPC KISS to Excel. Todo this, follow the directions in Chapter 1: Installation under Adding In SPC KISS.

Note: You should not start Excel from the SPC KISS icon after you add in SPC KISS. Werecommend that you delete the SPC KISS icon to avoid future confusion.

All Excel Users1. Problem - Error message stating �Runtime Error 1005: Unable to set zoom properties of the

Windows Class�.Solution - From Excel, select �Tools - Options - Chart� from the menu bar. The chart type mustbe set to �Built-In�, not �MS Excel 4.0�.

2. Problem - Error message stating �Cannot find SPCDEF.XLS�.Solution - Copy SPCDEF.XLS from the Excel directory to the XLSTART directory (probablyC:\EXCEL\XLSTART).

3. Problem - Error message stating �File format not supported�, �File Format No LongerAvailable�, or �Cannot access file SPCKISS�.Solution - Do a complete uninstall and reinstall of Excel.

Technical SupportBefore you call for technical support, check the README file on your distribution disk for up-to-date information. You may find the answer to your question there.

For installation or compatibility questions, call Digital Computations, Inc. at (719) 338-3793 or sende-mail to DigitalC@ix.netcom.com. For other technical support, contact Air Academy Associates at(719) 531-0777 or FAX (719) 531-0778.

Please have the following information available before calling for assistance:� SPC KISS and Microsoft Excel version numbers� Your operating system type and version number, plus any network information

Knowledge BasedManagement

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