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Transcript of Spc Indicator Metrics Framework
8/8/2019 Spc Indicator Metrics Framework
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Sustainable PackagingIndicators and MetricsFramework
Version 1.0
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Sustainable Packaging Indicators and Metrics Framework
Sustainable Packaging Indicators and Metrics Framework was developed by theSustainable Packaging Coalition®, an industry working group dedicated to developingand implementing sustainable packaging solutions.
www.sustainablepackaging.org
The Sustainable Packaging Coalition is a project of GreenBlue®, a nonprot institutethat works with the private sector to enable the positive redesign of industrial systems.
Copyright © 2009 GreenBlue600 East Water Street, Suite CCharlottesville, VA 22901tel 434.817.1824 | fax 434.817.1425www.greenblue.org | [email protected]
Project Team Project LeadKatherine O’Dea
Advisor Anne Johnson
ContributorsMore than 80 representatives of SPC Member Companies participated in stakeholder outreach.
Primary contributors include: Eric Abraham (REI), John Bernardo (Sustainable Innovations LLC), Mark Brodeur (NestléPurina), Michael Brown (Packaging 2.0), Frank Consoli (Competitive Innovation), Steven DeHoff(Stress Engineering Services, Inc.), Katrien Depoorter (EskoArtwork), Jack DiMartino (KraftFoods), Lesley Fore (GreenBlue), Cynthia Forsch (EcoLogic), Catherine Goodall (EnvironmentalPackaging International), Dave Healey (Cello-Poly), Graham Houlder (Unilever), Steve Jeffrey(IMEX Packaging), Paul Kearns (Exopack Holding Corp.), Stuart Kimpton (James RossConsulting), Tony Kingsbury (Dow Chemical Company/UC Berkeley), Steven Mahler (CaraustarIndustries), Christine Miller (Nike), Minal Mistry (GreenBlue), Bob Mitten (Philip Morris USA),Gerald Rebitzer (Alcan Packaging), Abdelhadi Sahnoune (ExxonMobil Chemical Co.), ElizabethSeeger (Environmental Defense Fund), Terrie Syme (Prestige Label), Todd van Gordon (Colgate-Palmolive Co.), Gerri Walsh (Ball Corporation), Scott Walsh (Environmental Defense Fund),Clement Warther (Alcan Packaging)
ReviewersAmber Capron (GreenBlue), Steven DeHoff (Stress Engineering Services, Inc.), CatherineGoodall (Environmental Packaging International), Graham Houlder (Unilever), Bob Kikkert (PhilipMorris USA), Tony Kingsbury (Dow Chemical Company/UC Berkeley), Erin Malec (GreenBlue),Bob Mitten (Philip Morris USA), Jason Pearson (GreenBlue), Gerald Rebitzer (Alcan Packaging),Abdelhadi Sahnoune (ExxonMobil Chemical Co.), Todd van Gordon (Colgate-Palmolive Co.)
DesignerStephanie Fishwick
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Executive Summary 1
Development 1
Oranizin Principles 1
Audience 1
Disclosure 2SPC’s Metrics Framework and the global Packain Project 2
About the gPP 2
Metrics Pilot Testin / Validation 2
Quick Reference List 3
Introduction 6
The eed 6
The Challenes 6
A Solution 6
Understanding Indicators and Metrics 8Common Types of Indicators 8
Data se and Interpretation 9
User Guidelines 10
esources 10
gettin Started 10
goals 11
oundary and Scope 11Data Collection 11
Transparency 12
aseline Performance 13
nits of Measure 13
Indicators and Metrics Modules 14
Material se 15
nery se 20
Water se 25
Material Health 27
Clean Production and Transport 29
Cost and Performance 35
Community Impact 39
Worker Impact 43
Glossary 49
Contents
Click on a Module button at any time to jump to that Metrics Module
Water UseCommunity
ImpactWorkerImpact
Material HealthMaterial Use Energy UseClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
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Publication of the Sustainable Packaging Indicators and Metrics Framework Version1.0 (Metrics Framework ) is the outcome of an 18-month project1 that the Sustainable
Packain Coalition (SPC) undertook to develop a set of common indicators and metricsto help companies measure proress aainst the criteria articulated in the SPC Denitionof Sustainable Packain. The framework is divided into four sections – Introduction,
nderstandin Indicators and Metrics, ser guidelines and the Indicators and MetricsModules. There is a stand-alone module for each of the key criteria of the SPC Denition,specically material use, enery use, water use, material health, clean production andtransport, cost and performance, community impact and worker impact.
Since the Metrics Framework provides a comprehensive palette of indicators andmetrics that address the breadth of the SPC Definition, not all of the indicators andmetrics are relevant for all oranizations, all packain types or all supply chain functions.
Oranizations should select those that are most relevant to their oals and operations.The ser guidelines section includes a detailed discussion on the selection and use ofthe indicators and metrics and suestions for ettin started.
DevelopmentTo identify the universe of relevant indicators, the SPC conducted a comprehensive surveyof existin sustainability metrics developed by more than 50 oranizations. A full list ofsources can be found in the project process report published on the SPC website at www.
sustainablepackain.or. The research yielded a list of 273 indicators with more than 300metrics havin some relevance to packain.
The second phase of work refined and pared down the universe of metrics and mapped
them to the SPC Definition. Mappin narrowed the oriinal universe to 60 indicators andmetrics, which were divided across eiht performance cateories each relatin directly to
specific Definition criteria.This set of 60 indicators and metrics was further refined by the project team
comprised of 23 SPC member companies and a representative from the nvironmentalDefense Fund. The 24-member team divided into eiht workin roups – one percateory/module. These workin roups met on a weekly basis between June and
September 2008.
The workin roups’ input was incorporated into a draft framework that was then sharedwith an additional 80 SPC member companies for comment. Followin incorporation of
their comments, the SPC formed a nal document review committee to perform nalvettin and editin of the Metrics Framework . Since that time, the Worker Impact modulehas been revised based on recommendations from the global Packain Project (gPP)social metrics committee and with consensus of the SPC workin roup that supported
development of the Worker Impact module.
Organizing PrinciplesThe SPC Denition of Sustainable Packain informed development of the Metrics
Framework because it establishes a clear set of objective criteria that delineate the
specic areas (impacts and attributes) that are important to measure. Secondary principlesthat informed the Metrics Framework included life cycle thinkin and the availability ofinternational standards or protocols to uide the data collection and sharin processes.
While life cycle thinkin influenced its development, the framework is not basedstrictly on a life cycle assessment approach nor do the metrics reflect only the life cycleimpact cateories as defined in the International Standard Oranization’s (ISO) 14040series of life cycle assessment standards. The Metrics Framework includes a number of
environmental attributes and a set of economic and social metrics for which there are notyet life cycle assessment standards/protocols but correlate to the SPC Definition criteria.guidance on how to effectively apply life cycle thinkin (or approach) to the non-life cycle
impact metrics is provided in the ser guidelines and Indicators and Metrics Modulesections of the framework, as well as in a discussion of the differences between industryaverae life cycle inventory, company specific performance, ate-to-ate and cradle-to-
ate data.
AudienceAll members of a packain supply chain can use the Metrics Framework to measurepackain sustainability. However, it was developed with two primary audiences in mind —
brand owners and retailers — for the followin reasons: 1) they are who stakeholders andconsumers most often look to for packain and sustainability-related information; 2) theyare best positioned to enae upstream supply chain partners in the collection of data; and
3) they have been drivin the movement toward measurement. ecause of this audiencefocus, some indicators and metrics may not apply to all members of the supply chain.
1 A description of the project process is available on the Sustainable Packaging Coalition website.
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DisclosureWhile the Metrics Framework offers a common approach to benchmark and measure
proress toward sustainable packain, it is not a standard for public reportin and its useis entirely voluntary. The framework is a resource that can help oranizations:n etter understand if and how they are makin proress toward a vision of sustainable
packain as articulated in the SPC Denition of Sustainable Packain.n Provide a common approach to request, collect, normalize, and areate packain
sustainability data.n Make well-informed decisions based on the economic, environmental and social
benets and impacts of their packain.n Identify opportunities and priorities for improvin the sustainability prole of their
packain-related activities.n Set future sustainable packain oals.
SPC’s Metrics Framework and the Global Packaging ProjectWhile the Metrics Framework was released to Sustainable Packain Coalition members inApril 2009, public release was delayed while the SPC participated in the global Packain
Project (gPP). As the work of the gPP has proceeded, project participants areed thatthe Metrics Framework could provide a set of indicators and metrics for the gPP to pilottest and rene as part of its process to identify lobally reconized metrics to evaluate
packain sustainability. While the Metrics Framework contains 57 metrics, it is likely thatthe nal gPP metrics will reect a subset of the SPC’s metrics.
About the GPPThe global Packain Project started as an Initiative of the global CO Forum, which
mered in June 2009 with the Comité International d’ntreprises à Succursales (CIS)and the global Commerce Initiative to form The Consumer goods Forum. Workin from alobal perspective, the gPP was chartered to: 1) dene packain’s role in sustainability;2) aree on common lanuae/terminoloy to discuss packain sustainability across the
supply chain; and 3) develop a standard set of metrics by which to measure packainsustainability over its full life cycle. The primary objective of the gPP is to minimizeinefciencies and potential supply chain disruptions resultin from uncoordinated efforts tomeasure packain sustainability. The oal of the project is to ensure that:
1) requests for data related to the sustainability of packain are made usin a commonset of indicators and metrics; and 2) the requested data is collected, normalized and
delivered accordin to a common set of standards and protocols afliated with eachindicator and metric.
The work of the gPP will be completed in three Phases. Phase I, completed in May2009, focused on: 1) developin and achievin consensus around key terminoloy; and 2)
establishin a set of principles to uide the development of a common set of metrics.Phase II of the gPP, launched in September 2009, is focused on development of the
common set of metrics. As noted, selected metrics of SPC’s Metrics Framework are
servin as the baseline for the pilot testin of the gPP metrics. Phase III of the gPP willconsist of pilot testin and validation of the set of metrics.
Metrics Pilot Testing/ValidationPilot testin and metrics validation is expected to bein in Q1 of 2010. The g PP
anticipates that pilot testin will be completed durin Q2 2010, followed by release ofa master set of metrics sometime at the end of Q2 2010. The SPC will follow the pilottestin and validation process and will incorporate the feedback as appropriate into a
Version 2.0 of the framework. It is intended that any indicator and metric included in boththe SPC’s Metrics Framework Version 2.0 and the nal gPP deliverable2 will be compatibleand consistent in terms of lanuae, data request and collection uidelines and referenced
measurement standards and protocols.
2 It is likely that the SPC’s Sustainable Packaging Indicators and Metrics Framework will include more indicators and
metrics than the master list of metrics that will be released at completion of the GPP. The SPC’s Metrics Framework is a
more comprehensive set of metrics that has been developed to measure progress against all of the criteria defined in the
SPC Definition of Sustainable Packaging. The Definition can be downloaded at www.sustainablepackaging.org. While the
SPC and the GPP participants are generally aligned on that criteria, the GPP metrics have been limited to those that haveglobal applicability, are commonly used, can be relatively easily measured and can be measured in accordance with scientific
protocols (existing or to be released in the near future).
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Material Use
Indicators Metrics Examples
C o r e
Total Material Useo Metric tons / metric tons of substrateo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Material Use Reductiono Metric tons / metric tons of substrateo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Material Wasteo kg / kg of nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
S u p p l e m e n t a
l
Virgin Material Useo % of total material used / metric tons of substrateo % of total material used / 1000 units of packagingo % of total material used / yr (based on production rate)
Renewable Material Useo % of total material used / metric tons of substrateo % of total material used / 1000 units of packagingo % of total material used / yr (based on production rate)
Post Consumer Recycled (PCR)Material Use
o % of total material used / metric tons of substrateo % of total material used / 1000 units of packagingo % of total material used / yr (based on production rate)
Post Industrial Recycled (PIR)Material Use
o % of total material used / metric tons of substrateo % of total material used / 1000 units of packagingo % of total material used / yr (based on production rate)
C o r r e l a t i n g Chain of Custody o Unknown, known or source-certied
Material Use to Product Yieldo kg packaging material / kg producto kg packaging material / 1000 units of producto kg packaging material / 100 loads of laundry washed
Energy Use
Indicators Metrics Examples
C o r e
Total Life Cycle Energy Intensityo MJ / kg of nal packaging materialo MJ / 1000 units of packagingo MJ / yr (based on production rate)
Renewable Energy Proportiono % renewable energy use / yr
S u p p l e m e n t a l
Life Cycle Energy Intensity (Non-Transport)
o MJ / kg of nal packaging materialo MJ/ 1000 units of packagingo MJ / yr ( based on production rate)
Life Cycle Non- Renewable EnergyIntensity (Non-Transport)
o MJ / kg of nal packaging materialo MJ / 1000 units of packagingo MJ / yr (based on production rate)
Life Cycle Renewable EnergyIntensity (Non-Transport)
o MJ / kg of nal packaging material
o MJ / 1000 units of packagingo MJ / yr (based on production rate)
Life Cycle Energy Intensity(Transport)
o MJ / kg of nal packaging materialo MJ / 1000 units of packagingo MJ / yr (based on production rate)
Life Cycle Non-Renewable EnergyIntensity (Transport)
o MJ / kg of nal packaging materialo MJ / 1000 units of packagingo MJ / yr (based on production rate)
Life Cycle Renewable EnergyIntensity (Transport)
o MJ / kg of nal packaging materialo MJ / 1000 units of packagingo MJ / yr (based on production rate)
C o r r e
l a t i n g
Recovered Latent Energy
o MJ / kg of nal packaging materialo MJ / 1000 units of packaging
Material Health
Indicators Metrics Examples
C o r e
Toxicants Concentration
o ppm in nal packaging materialo mg / kg of nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo % by weight / package
Toxicants Migrationo Yes with supporting documentationo No
Water Use
Indicators Metrics Examples
C o r e
Life Cycle Water Consumptiono m3 / metric ton of nal packaging materialo Litres / 1000 units of packagingo m3 / yr (based on annual production rate)
Life Cycle Water Used fromStressed Sources
o m3 / metric ton of nal packaging materialo Litres / 1000 units of packagingo m3 / yr (based on annual production rate)
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Cost and Performance
Indicators Metrics Examples
C o r e
Total Cost of Packagingo $ / kg of packagingo € / 1000 units of packagingo ₪ / yr
Packaged Product Wastageo $ packaged product + $ packaging lost / 10000 units of
packaging
Life Cycle Embodied EnergyProduction
o MJ / packaging÷ MJ / product and packaging lost
C o r r e l a t i n g
Packaging Service Value o $ packaged product ÷ $ of packaging
Selling Unit Cube Efciency o cm3 of packaged product ÷ cm3 of package
Transport Packaging Cube Efciency o cm3 of total selling unit packaging ÷ cm3 of pallet load
Community Impact
Indicators Metrics Examples
C o r e
Product Safety o # products recalled ÷ # products shipped / yr
Recycling of Packaging o Recycling rate x metric tons of packaging produced or used
Reuse of Packagingo # reused / yr (based on annual production rate)o Metric tons / yr (based on annual production rate)
Landlling of Packaging o Landll rate x metric tons of packaging produced/used
Packaging Energy Recovery Rate o % of packaging waste stream / yr
C o r r e l a t i n g
Packaged Product Shelf-life o Mos. in packaging ÷ mos. without packaging
End-of-Life Communicationso Yes with substantiating documentationo No
Community Investment o € / yr
Clean Production and Transport
Indicators Metrics Examples
C o r e
Toxic Emissionso kg / kg of nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Life Cycle GHG Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Air Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Water Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
S u p p l e m e n t a l
Sulphur Oxides Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Nitrogen Oxides Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo Kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Particulate Matter Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
COD Emissionso kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Suspended Solids Releasedo kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packaging
o Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Nitrates Releasedo kg / kg nal packaging materialo kg / 1000 units of packagingo Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
C o r r e l a t i n g Environmental Management
System Useo Yes with substantiating documentationo No
Energy Audits Conductedo Yes with substantiating documentationo No
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Worker Impact
Indicators Metrics Examples
C o r e
Child Labor
o Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationo Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
Forced or Compulsory Labor
o Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationo Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
Freedom of ssociations and/orCollective argaining
o Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationo Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
iscrimination
o Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationo Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation
o Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
Excessive Working Hours
o Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationo Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
Remuneration
o Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationo Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
ccupational Health
o Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationo Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
Safety Performance
o Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationo Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationo Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
Responsible Workplace Practices
o Satisfactory: has a business code of conduct and can provide substantiating documentat ion toguarantee implementation in own company as well supplier adherence
o Needs Improvement: has a business code of conduct but it is not fully implemented an/or lacks averication system or does not have a formal business code of conduct and verication system butcompany practices meet or exceed standard requirements
o Needs Major Improvement: does not have a business code of conduct or any equivalentcommitment to or demonstration of ethical and responsible behavior
o Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
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A SolutionThe Metrics Framework addresses these needs and
challenes by:n Providin a comprehensive set of indicators and metrics
focused on packae-level measurement that can be used
by all members of a packain supply chain3 ;n sin the criteria articulated in the SPC Denition of
Sustainable Packain to determine which packain
impacts and attributes should be measured4 ;n Clearly denin terminoloy;n Addressin the need to set a measurement boundary
and scope;n Offerin a common approach for requestin, collectin,
sharin and areatin data5 ;n Helpin oranizations understand when to collect ate-to-
ate or cradle-to-ate data;n Providin data collection uidelines and referencin
appropriate international standards and protocols.The Metrics Framework also serves as a complement to the
SPC Design Guidelines for Sustainable Packaging and the
SPC’s comparative assessment packain desin software —
3 While the Metrics Framework can be used by all members of the supply chain, not all
indicators and metrics contained in the framework are relevant for all organizations or
all types of packaging and associated supply chain functions.
4 Using the SPC Definition to determine what to measure is of particular importance
because it ensures the indicators and metrics: 1) respond to identified sustainablepackaging drivers; and 2) can measure progress toward specific goals and objectives.
5 It is not always possible or appropriate to aggregate collected data.
The NeedThere are several factors drivin the need to measure the
sustainability of packain systems. For example, packain:n Is an essential and visible part of product delivery and
marketin;n Is an icon of consumption;n Consumes a sinicant amount of resources and has a
short lifespan;n Has an intimate relationship to customers; andn Is persistently perceived by consumers as waste.
globalization is also drivin development of packain
measurement systems. ike products, packain is frequentlydesined in one country, manufactured in another and soldin yet another. This system of commerce creates a host of
economic, environmental and social impacts that can varysinificantly in terms of reional and local severity andimplications. For example, burnin fossil fuels to produce theenery required to produce packain contributes to lobal
climate chane, but minin the oil and coal to produce thefuel may have a more acute impact locally on soil erosion,biodiversity, land rihts and the reional human health
profile. Similarly, water is considered to be lobally renewablebut locally scarce. And, labor practices are typically wellreulated and manaed in developed countries but may be
unreulated in developin economies, resultin in abuses of
internationally reconized rihts of workers.As sustainably-minded oranizations increasinly seek to
understand and manae impacts on lobal, reional and localeconomic, environmental and social systems, there has beena proliferation of performance measurement systems such as
scorecards and sustainability indices.The packain sector is no exception. However,
measurement systems are only effective if they are
comprised of meaninful and relevant indicators and metrics.Indicators and metrics are only meaninful if they facilitatemeasurement toward well-dened objectives that addressthe critical issues of concern and can facilitate collection
of the required data without creatin confusion in themarketplace or disruptions in the supply chain.
The ChallengesMeasurin the sustainability of packain is complicated by a
number of factors.n Packain is produced from a variety of material types
and in various formats even when used for the same
application. For example, food is packaed in ber, lass,aluminum, plastic and mixed materials formed into boxes,bottles, cans and pouches.
n Packain has a very complex supply chain. While thereare a number of companies — principally packainconverters — whose primary business is the production of
packain, packain is often a small part of the focus ofother members of the supply chain.
n Converters do not sell packain in the consumer
marketplace. They sell it to brand owners and retailerswho, in turn, put their products into the packain andthen out into the market.
n Consumers and other stakeholders look to brand ownersand retailers (not converters) for information aboutpackain but brand owners and retailers don’t have all
the datan The relevance and sinicance of sustainability issues
varies across the supply chain as does the level of
expertise with measurement standards and protocols.n The functional roles of packain are not well understood
by all relevant stakeholders. Since packain is oftendisposed of after the use or delivery of a product, acommon perception is that packain is larely waste.
These factors raise questions about:
n Who can and should attempt to measure packainsustainability;
n Which attributes and impacts of packain should be
measured in terms of sustainability performance and why;n How those attributes and impacts should be measured; andn Where the required data will come from.
Introduction
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COMPASS®. The Design Guidelines are intended to spurinnovation beyond traditional packain desin criteria by
providin a context for thinkin about how to address issuesof resource use, material sourcin, human health and materialtoxicity and end-of-life manaement. Throuh accessible
visual comparisons across a set of key performance indicators,COMPASS uses the scientic rior of life cycle assessment toinform packain desin and material selection. sin industryaverae6 life cycle inventory data, COMPASS providescomparative analyses of packain desins and hihlihts thepotential environmental benets and impact of each desin.
Once packain is in the marketplace, the Metrics Framework provides a common approach to requestin and collectinperformance data to aue an oranization’s actual proress
towards the denition of sustainable packain.
6 Future versions of COMPASS may allow organizations to enter their own
organization-specific life cycle inventory data.
Introduction
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Indicators and supportin metrics have been used as businessstratey, manaement and reportin tools for decades. One of
the most common and lon-standin uses of indicators andmetrics is for nancial reportin, wherein oranizations use astandard metric like “number of widets produced per hour
of labor” to express performance aainst a standard indicatorlike “labor productivity.”
An indicator stands as a quantitative or qualitative proxy foran issue or characteristic an oranization wants or needs to
measure. As such, an indicator provides conceptual cues anda way to express movement — whether positive or neative —toward a oal. generally, an indicator focuses on a piece of
a system that can provide a sense of the bier picture. Forexample, the indicator “small business survival rate” providesinformation about the overall economic health of a reion. In
terms of packain, the indicator “reenhouse as (gHg)emissions” provides information about packain’s potentialimpact on climate chane.
A metric is the method used to express an indicator.A metric is used to aue the issue or characteristic —represented by the indicator — that an oranization wants
or needs to assess. Metrics are often computational orquantitative, but can also be a qualitative assessment of anindicator. Metrics are typically expressed as a numerator
and a denominator, i.e., “A per .” For example, a metric to
quantify the indicator “gHg emissions” could be expressedas “kilorams of gHg per kilorams of packain.”
The metric denominator is often also referred to as a
functional unit. Accordin to the ISO 14040 series ofstandards for life cycle assessment, a functional unit providesa way to “normalize” the data that is collected so that the
measurement is expressed in comparable terms — apples toapples, for example. The functional unit of the metric must beconsistent with the intended use of the metric and relevant
to the issue or characteristic (the indicator) that is beinquantified or qualified.
Indicators and metrics serve distinct purposes in the
measurement process. Toether, indicators and metrics
provide an effective means by which an oranization canunderstand where they are, where they are oin and how
much further they need to o relative to a stated oal orobjective. Therefore, it has become commonplace to use“metrics” to refer to an indicator and metric as a sinle entity.
Common Types of IndicatorsJust as there are numerous uses for indicators, there are alsonumerous types of indicators. The most common indicators
are “core” indicators, which can also be referred to as keyperformance indicators. Supportin core indicators are“supplemental” indicators. The third type of indicator used in
the Metrics Framework is “correlatin.” .A core indicator is a quantifiable or qualitative
representation of a measurable issue or characteristicconsidered to be of interest to most stakeholders . In
areate, core indicators provide a robust evaluation of thebi picture.
A supplemental indicator is a quantifiable or qualitative
representation of a measurable issue or characteristic,which augments core indicator data by providing a
more specific or detailed measure of an aspect of the
core indicator.
A correlating indicator is a quantifiable or qualitativerepresentation of a measurable issue or characteristic
considered to be of significant importance but may not
be of interest to all stakeholders. Correlatin indicatorsprovide additional information relative to, but sometimes
outside the scope of the core and supplemental indicators.An example of the relationship between these three types
of indicators can be illustrated by considerin how some of
the indicators for Material se relate to each other. TotalMaterial se, which measures a company’s overall resourceuse, is the “bi picture” metric that most stakeholders willbe interested in so it is desinated as a core indicator. In
order to accurately measure Total Material se, companies
nderstandin Indicators and Metrics
Indicator Relationships and Metrics
Core: Of interest to most stakeholders.
Total Material sen Metric tons / metric tons of substraten kg / 1000 units of packagingn Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Virin Material sen % of total material used / metric tons of substrate
n % of total material used / 1000 units of packaging
n % of total material used / yr (based on production rate)
Supplemental: Auments core indicator data.
Correlatin: Of sinicant importance; maynot be of interest to all stakeholders.
Chain of Custodyn Unknown, known or source-certied
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Common Uses of Performance Indicators
n Annual oal settin
n enchmarkin
n Comparative performance
n xternal communications
n Internal communications
n Internal manaement and decision makin
n Internal performance evaluation
n Market assessment and positionin
n Periodic oal evaluation
n Policy evaluation
n Process optimization
n Public reportin
n eulatory compliance demonstration
n esource allocation
n Shareholder communications
n Short- and lon-term risk assessment
n Stakeholder communications
n Trend analysis
nderstandin Indicators and Metrics
will need to measure the amount of virin and recycledmaterial they are usin. As a result, Virin Material se is
desinated as a supplemental indicator because it providesmore detailed information about the core metric and hasa direct relationship to the core metric. Chain of Custody,
which measures if material comes from a source-certifiedlocation or not, provides some additional information aboutvirin material but that data is not directly related to theamount of material bein used. Therefore, Chain of Custody
is desinated as a correlatin indicator because it providessome important information that some but maybe not allstakeholders are interested in. While in this case Chain of
Custody correlates to a supplemental indicator, correlatinindicators may correlate to either core or supplementalindicators and, in some cases, may stand alone as metrics
that simply provide additional information relevant to theeneral performance cateory bein measured. See, forexample, the nvironmental Manaement System se and
nery Audit correlatin indicators in the Clean Productionand Transport module.
Data Use and InterpretationAs noted, indicators and metrics are used for many purposes
and by most public and private sector entities. Frequently,two or more oranizations or two or more departments within
an oranization will use the same indicator and metric fordifferent purposes. ikewise, two or more oranizations ortwo or more departments within an oranization may use thesame indicator but choose different metrics if their reasonfor trackin the indicator differs. Therefore, three of the most
important thins to consider when denin the metric to beused to assess an indicator are:n What the intended use of the measurement is.n Who the intended recipient of the data is.n How the data will be normalized.
To minimize unintended use of indicators and metrics, theMetrics Framework provides a clear denition for each
indicator. However, it does not specify either the unitof measure (the nominator) or the functional unit (thedenominator and data normalizer) for the metrics. Instead, the
metrics are written enerically; for example, “mass of totalmaterial used per functional unit of packain,” which allowsoranizations (data requestors and data collectors) to selectthe unit of measure and the data normalizer that will best
serve the intended use of the measurement. xamples ofunits of measure and functional units that could be used foreach metric are provided.
When collectin performance data that will be usedfor internal purposes, ross measurements may servethe purpose. However, when collectin data that will be
shared with supply chain partners or included in a publicsustainability report, riorous measurement and careful dataverification is necessary. It is also important to consider how
recipients of the data may interpret it. A rule of thumb or bestpractice is to leave as little as possible to interpretation.
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The Metrics Framework provides a comprehensive setof indicators and metrics for packae-level performance
measurement. The indicators and metrics are oranized intostand alone cateories or modules that include:n Information on why it is important to measure the
associated impacts or attributes;n Terminoloy denitions;n elational diarams;n ser uidance; andn eferences to internationals standards or protocols.
ach module relates to a key criterion of the SPC Definition
of Sustainable Packain; specifically, material use, eneryuse, water use, clean production and transport, cost andperformance, community impact and worker impact.
Althouh the Metrics Framework can be used by anymember of a packain supply chain, not all of the indicatorsand metrics are relevant for all oranizations. Some are notapplicable for certain types of packain. Others are not
relevant to some supply chain functions.xcept for indicators and metrics desinated as life-cycle
metrics, members of the supply chain should enerally
measure performance only for the period in which they havecontrol or ownership of the packain materials (raw orprocessed), packain components or units of packain.
Downstream members of the supply chain, i.e., brand owners
and retailers, can assess the broad benefits and impactsof their packain by requestin and then summin up or
areatin data from their upstream suppliers. Typicallyeach member of the supply chain can et full data onlyfrom their direct suppliers. Therefore, dependin where
an oranization is in the supply chain, they may needto request that their direct suppliers also collect datafrom their own direct suppliers and follow the same data
collection uidelines, standards or protocols. ote that
some measurement data may not be appropriate to
aggregate, for example, social metrics data do not lend
themselves to aggregation across the supply chain.
Statements of what to measure and what not to measure as
well as international standards and/or protocols that offer
a common approach to the request and collection of dataare included for a majority of the indicators and metrics.
se of a commonly reconized set of indicators and metricsand data collection protocols across the supply chain canminimize inefciencies and avoid unintended supply chain
disruptions that could result from a proliferation of disparatemeasurement schemes.
ResourcesThere are a number of existin resources that may facilitateuse of the Metrics Framework . sers should becomefamiliar with the ritish Standard Institute’s (SI’s) Publicly
Available Specication (PAS) 2050 standard,9 the globaleportin Initiative, the International Standard Oranization’s(ISO)14040 series of standards,10 Social Accountability
International’s SA8000 standard.11, and the Worldesource Institute/World usiness Council for SustainableDevelopment’s greenhouse gas (gHg) Protocol8.
The g3 guidelines and the gHg Protocol currently applyto enterprise-level performance measurement,12 so theiruidance may require adaptation for use at the packae level.
The ISO standards relate to environmental manaementsystems and life cycle assessment (CA). They provide
internationally accepted principles and a methodoloy formeasurin environmental impacts of product systems. Mostof the indicators and metrics in the Metrics Framework donot require the performance of a full life cycle assessment.However, life cycle assessment principles and methodoloy
provide practical uidance to facilitate the measurementprocess. For example, the ISO standards address:n Settin a boundary and scope;n Collectin the required data;n ormalizin the data; andn Interpretin the data.
eference to these and other resources, such as the Comitéuropéen de ormalisation’s (C) , standards, the
Veband der etzbetreiber’s VD standards and certainASTM (formerly the Amercian Society for Testin andMaterials) standards, are included in the framework modules
when they can help determine what to measure and whatnot to measure.
Getting Startedefore attemptin to measure your oranization’s proresstoward the vision of sustainable packain, carefully read
throuh these uidelines, each of the modules and thelossary of terms. As you become familiar with the formatand lanuae of the Metrics Framework , think about how
the indicators and metrics may be used to meet youroranization’s sustainable packain oals.
If your oranization is new to sustainability performancemeasurement, you may want to bein by focusin on only one
module (a cateorized set of indicators and metrics) and thenaddress additional modules as you become familiar with theprocess and better understand how to best collect, interpret
and use the data. Alternatively, you may choose to bein byusin a core indicator and metric from each module.
7 The G3 Guidelines can be downloaded at the Global Reporting Initiative website.
8The Greenhouse Gas Protocol can be downloaded at the Greenhouse Gas Protocol
Initiative website.9 PAS 2050 can be downloaded at the BSI Group website.
10 ISO standards must be purchased. The referenced standards can be purchased
online at the International Organization for Standardization website.11 The SA 8000 standard can be downloaded at the SAI website.
12 GHG Protocol organizers are further defining g uidelines for Scope 3
measurements, which will result in product-level and supply chain guidance. The
results of this effort are expected to be released in 2010.
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If your oranization has been workin on sustainabilityperformance measurement in other areas of your business,
the Metrics Framework should be easy and straihtforward touse. If your oranization is already preparin a sustainabilityreport in accordance with the gI or a carbon footprint in
accordance with the gHg Protocol ISO 14040/44 or PAS2050, you can use the Metrics Framework to incorporatepackain sustainability data into those efforts. ikewise,where there are areas of overlap, data collected for your
sustainability report or your carbon footprint may be used toextract packain-specic data. Finally, if you use data forsuch multiple purposes, be careful to avoid double countin.
GoalsThe Metrics Framework has been desined to yield datathat can support a variety of business oals related tosustainable packain. Such oals may be related to
resource conservation, measurin and manain enery useand gHg emissions, reducin water use and consumption,reducin worker exposure to toxicants, meetin customer or
consumer expectations, participatin in voluntary reportinprorams, focusin on social responsibility, achievin marketdifferentiation and more. However, you should not use the
Metrics Framework until you have clearly dened your
sustainable packaging goals. If your oranization has not
dened sustainable packain oals, the SPC Denition ofSustainable Packain can inform your oal settin process
by helpin to identify areas on which to focus.The oal settin process does not need to be complex.
More than likely, your oranization already has a vetted
oal-settin process that can facilitate the establishment ofsustainable packain oals. Alternatively, you may simplywant to appropriately adapt your oranization’s enterprise
sustainability oals to your packain portfolio(s). At aminimum, your sustainable packain oals should meetthe “S.M.A..T. oal” criteria, i.e., they should be specific,
measurable, achievable, realistic and time bounded.
Boundary and ScopeA boundary and scope helps to determine what to include and
not include in your measurement project based on your statedoals. In terms of measurin proress toward sustainablepackain, there are two types of boundaries to consider
— oranizational boundaries and operational boundaries.Oranizational boundaries refer to the facility and functions thatyour oranization owns and controls and for which it has directresponsibility. Operational boundaries refer to functions that your
oranization relies upon but are owned and controlled by anotheroranization and, consequently, for which your oranization hasonly indirect responsibility. You should set a boundary for both
oranizational and operational considerations. The boundary andscope may be different for different cateories of data — e..,you may use a different boundary and scope for material use
than you do for enery use. Data requestin oranizations anddata collectin oranizations should work toether to establishthe boundary and scope of measurement.
The Metrics Framework indicators and metrics are intendedfor use at the packae-level13 rather than the enterprise-level.
This means that no matter where you set your oranizationaland operational boundaries, you should only collect direct andindirect data for impacts and attributes related to packain.
At the same time, your scope of measurement should alwaysconsider the packain to product relationship. For the most
part, the economic, environmental and social impacts ofproducts are much hiher than packain. Packain-related
product loss, damae or spoilae will result in loss of bothpackain-related and product-related resources (materialsand enery).
Finally, be transparent about where you set your projectboundary and scope. That information provides the contextwithin which to interpret and understand the measurement data.
Data CollectionGate-To-Gate and Cradle-to-Gate Measurement
When measurin packain sustainability performance, most
downstream supply chain partners like a brand owner or
retailer will need to request information from their upstreamsuppliers and then sum up or areate the data. Typically
each member of the supply chain can et full data only fromtheir direct suppliers. Dependin where your oranization isin the supply chain, you may need to request that your direct
suppliers also collect data from their own direct suppliersand ensure they follow the same data collection uidelines,standards or protocols. Hence, users of the Metrics Framework should be concerned with two types of measurement that are
related to boundary and scope. These are known as “ate-to-ate” and “cradle-to-ate” measurements.
13 Package-level measurement does not mean collecting data for individual packages
but rather for packaging portfolios. A packaging portfolio could be all fiber packaging
produced or all plastic packaging produced, only cereal boxes produced, only 12 oz
plastic bottles produced or only cereal boxes or 12 oz plastic bottles produced for
customer A. For example, if a converter produces plas tic bottles for multiple beverage
companies and each beverage company specifies a different weight of plastic, the
volume of bottles produced for each customer should be consid ered to be a separate
packaging portfolio. Data should be collected separately for each designated portfolio.
Package-level vs. Enterprise-level Measurement
A logging company may provide raw material to papermanufacturers, fiber board manufacturers, furnituremakers and lumber companies. In terms of measuringits packaging-related impacts, the company shouldset its measurement boundary and scope around theorganizational and operational functions required toharvest, process and transport only the raw materialit sells to paper and fiber board manufacturers(packaging-level data). The logging company will needto determine if it is easier to segment data collection in
that way or to collect full enterprise-level data and thenproportionally allocate the total measurement based onthe amount of materials sold to each sector.
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gate-to-ate measurement requires collection of datafrom the time you take ownership or control of the
packain materials (raw or processed), packaincomponents or units of packain until you hand it offto the next downstream member of the supply chain.
Cradle-to-ate measurement refers to data collectionfrom raw material rowth, extraction or harvestin (cradle)throuh some desinated point in the manufacturinor productions process (ate). See also ife Cycle
Assessment in the glossary.When usin the framework, each member of the supply
chain will enerally collect only ate-to-ate data. However
in some cases, it may be easier for some members of thesupply chain to collect cradle-to-ate information. Whensharin data with supply chain partners, always disclose
whether your data collection was ate-to-ate or cradle-to-ate to ensure the recipient does not re-areate anddouble count the impact.Life Cycle Inventory (LCI), Industry verage and
rganization-Specic ata
CI data consist of the identication and quantication of the
relevant system inputs (resources and intermediate products)and outputs (emissions, wastes) followin the methodoloyprescribed in ISO 14044. Full CI data are input and output
ow data that has been collected for all the processes in the
packain system. CI data may be validated industry averaedata or oranization-specic data.
Validated industry averae data are CI data that has
been collected from at least three or more different entities,compiled into averaed quantifications and maintained in apublic (free) or proprietary (user license required) database.
Oranization-specific data are individual company-collecteddata and may be either CI data or simply quantitative orqualitative attribute data. Oranization-specific CI data can
be collected by individual suppliers in either a ate-to-ateor cradle-to-ate process and then areated by the mostdownstream supply chain partner into a full CI data set.
ot all the indicators and metrics in the Metrics Framework
require collection of CI data; those that do are desinated
as a life cycle indicators /metrics. When usin the life-cycledesinated metrics, if you are the data requestor, specify
your preference for validated industry averae data ororanization-specific data. If the data requestor does notspecify a preference, disclose whether the data is industry
averae or your own company-collected data. Additionally,if you are usin industry averae data, disclose the source,e.. ecoinvent.
Oranization-specific data may be difficult to collect across
the supply chain for a variety of reasons. For example:n Some oranizations may have little or no experience
collectin data.n Standard methodoloies for collectin consumer use
data related directly to your oranization’s packain maynot exist.
n Most end-of-life data for packain are only availablethrouh reional or national waste manaement collectionauthorities who may areate the data in ways that make
it difcult to proportionally allocate required measurementsto your packain portfolio.
Over time all oranizations should increase efforts to
collect oranization-specific data. While industry averaedata can provide a performance benchmark, you cannot
effectively measure proress toward your packainsustainability oals across time and/or differentiate your
sustainability performance in the marketplace if you do noteventually collect your own oranization-specific data.ata eutrality
Data are neutral and do not imply a value judement. Datasimply inform. umbers and percentaes, whether hih orlow, are neither inherently ood nor bad. The data must be
interpreted within the context of the whole system and the fulllife cycle before it can be understood to represent or sinify amore or a less preferable level of performance.
TransparencyAs boundary and scope may vary from oranization to
oranization, you should always be clear about what was andwas not included in your data collection in a transparencystatement. Your transparency statement should include:n If you made any relevant assumptions and what they were.n How and where you set your operational and
oranizational boundary and scope.n If applicable product cateory rules exist and were
followed.n If you include both direct and indirect sources (or when
you did and did not).n Which data are oranization-specic performance data
and which are industry averae CI data.n If you requested data from upstream supply chain partners
and how you areated the data.n What caused any sinicant variation in performance if
you are trackin data aainst an established baseline (seeaseline Performance).
Transparency is very import ant when you share
performance data outside your oranization, e.., withyour supply chain partners or customers or in any publiclyreleased documents or reports. You do not want suppliers,customers or stakeholders makin assumptions about your
performance data, as each of these roups may interpret
the data differently and use it for different purposes.
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Baseline PerformanceMeasurin proress toward sustainable packain is not
a onetime activity. You should collect, track and compareperformance measurements at consistent intervals, e..,annually or bi-annually.14 This will require establishin a
baseline aainst which to compare future performance.If you are just beinnin to collect packain-related
performance data, your first-year data will become the
baseline data aainst which you should compare yourperformance in subsequent years.15 If you have beencollectin packain-related data for a year or more, select
a year that will serve as your baseline year. xamine the datafrom each year carefully to ensure you choose a baselineyear that represents averae performance over the number of
years for which you have data.Once you bein to measure performance aainst an
established baseline, you should present your current datain clear comparison to the baseline to illustrate upward or
downward trends. You should also explain any sinificantvariances in performance. For example, your total eneryintensity may decrease durin a measurement period
because of a decrease in production rate vs. an actualdecrease in enery use. In such a scenario, total eneryintensity per unit of packain produced could increase while
the overall use of enery decreases.
There are also scenarios in which resettin your baselinemay be required, such as the sale or acquisition of production
facilities, product lines or corporate divisions/subsidiaries.
Units of MeasureThe Metrics Framework strives for a balance between
specicity and exibility. While it offers a comprehensive setof indicators and metrics, some may or may not be relevantto your oranization dependin upon where your oranization
sits in the supply chain and what types of packain materialor packain components you produce and/or use. You mustrst decide which indicators are relevant to your businessand your sustainability oals. When makin this decision,
also consider the potential expectations of your downstreamsupply chain partners.
Additionally, the metrics — i.e., the “how” to measure
the indicators — have been written in eneric terms, forexample, “mass” or “volume” per “functional unit of packainmaterial, packain components, packain or time.” You
will need to replace the eneric terms “mass” or “volume”with specific units of measure such as kilorams, rams,metric tons, meajoules, etc. and select the functional unit
by which you want to normalize the data — e.., “tons ofpackain material” or “1,000 units of packain,” etc. If youare collectin data in response to a downstream partner’s
data request, work with the data requestor to determine anappropriate functional unit. And, if you subsequently requestdata from your upstream supplier, specify that they normalize
and use the same functional unit.
14 The SPC recommends annual performance measurement.
15 Industry average LCI data related to a specific date in time, e.g., 2006 data, could
serve as your baseline data.
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The Metrics Framework is not a standard for public reportinand use of the indicators and metrics in these modules is
entirely voluntary. The indicators and metrics are oranizedinto eiht stand alone modules that relate to key elementsof the SPC Denition of Sustainable Packain.16 While
the Metrics Framework can be used by any member of thesupply chain, not all indicators and metrics contained in theframework modules are relevant for all oranizations or all
types of packain and associated supply chain functions.
Before using the modules, read
the User Guidelines section of
this document, establish your
sustainable packaging goals and
set the boundary and scope of your
measurement project.
Each module is stand alone” because it:
n Illustrates how the performance cateory links to the SPC
denition criteria;n xplains why the measurements should be made;n Provides an indicator/metric relational diaram;n Provides an indicator denition;n Species the metric to be used;n Provides examples of how the metric can be calculated;
andn Provides recommendations for what to measure and what
not to measure.
16 This figure shows only the most direct and relevant linkages between modules and
definition criteria; other indirect linkages exist.
Indicators and Metrics Modules
What to Measure and What ot to Measure
Recommendations are provided for what to measureand what not to measure for the majority of indicatorsin each module. These recommendations are notprescriptive. Rather, they are intended to facilitate acommon approach to the data request and collectionprocesses. Use this guidance as appropriate to yourorganization’s role and position in the supply chain andto the extent it aligns with the boundary and scope ofyour measurement project and sustainability goals.When applicable, references to specific internationalstandards and protocols are also provided to facilitatea common approach.
Is benecial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throuhout its life cycle
Meets market criteria for performance and cost
Is sourced, manufactured, transported and recycled usin renewable enery
Optimizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials
Is manufactured usin clean production technoloies and best practices
Is made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios
Is physically desined to optimize materials and enery
Is effectively recovered and utilized in bioloical and/or industrial closed loop cycles
Water UseCommunity
ImpactWorkerImpact
Material HealthEnergy UseClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Material Use
Framework Performance Categories Mapped to SPC Denition
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Why Measure “Material Use”To: 1) understand the types of materials that are used; 2)understand how much of each material type is used; 3)understand where the materials that are used come from; and
4) track proress towards more responsible use of resources.educin material use throuh desin innovation or by
increasin the use of recycled materials can: 1) reduce end-
of-life waste; 2) lower overall operatin costs and reducethe total cost of packain; and 3) improve an oranization’soverall environmental and social responsibility profile.On the other hand, irresponsible and/or over-sourcin of
materials can: 1) cause disruption of natural eco-systemsby, for example, deforestation, land erosion, species habitatdestruction and natural resource depletion; and 2) impede the
ability of communities that traditionally depend upon natural
ecosystems for their livelihood to remain economically viable.
Key Terminology1. A “packain component” is any stand alone element of
a primary or secondary packae, such as a bottle capor a protective sleeve, or any stand alone element oftransport packain, such as a pallet or strappin, and
includes labels, adhesives, inks and/or coatins used onthe component.
2. A “unit of packain” includes all the components requiredto create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk carton
with an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and anyauxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inks
and/or coatins.3. “Transport,” in terms of sustainable packain, includes
transport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain
between supply chain partners (e.., transport ofsubstrate to a converter or transport of packain unitsto a ller; it does not include transport of packain that
contains product).4. “enewable resources,” accordin to the .S.
nvironmental Protection Aency (PA), are natural
resources that can be remade, re-rown or reenerated
in a relatively short period of time. xamples ofrenewable resources are plants and trees from
ariculture and forestry.5. “on-renewable resources,” accordin to the .S. PA,
are natural resources that cannot be remade, re-rown orreenerated as fast as they are consumed and used up.
xamples of non-renewable resources are oil, coal, ironore, minerals includin uranium, metals and alloys and oldrowth forests.
Before using the indicators and metrics in this module,read the User Guidelines section of this document andbe sure you understand how to set a boundary andscope for your measurement project and the difference
between gate-to-gate, cradle-to-gate, industry averagelife cycle inventory (LCI) data and organization-specificperformance data. When sharing data with your supplychain partners, be transparent about your measurementboundaries and type of data collected.
Select the indicators and metrics that are relevant toyour business goals, position in the supply chain anddownstream supply chain partners’ expectations. Usethe “what to measure” and “what not to measure”guidelines as appropriate for your organization’s roleand position in the supply chain.
Material se
Is benecial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throuhout its life cycle
Meets market criteria for performance and cost
Is sourced, manufactured, transported and recycled usin renewable enery
Optimizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials
Is manufactured usin clean production technoloies and best practices
Is made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios
Is physically desined to optimize materials and enery
Is effectively recovered and utilized in bioloical and/or industrial closed loop cycles
Water UseCommunity
ImpactWorkerImpact
Material HealthEnergy UseClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Material Use
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Total Material Use (Core)enition
The mass of all materials used in substrates, packaincomponents or units of packain.Metric
Mass of all materials used per functional unit of substrate,packain components, packain or time.Examples
n Metric tons / metric tons of substraten Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on annual production rate)What to Measure
Measure all materials used in packain material substrates,packain components or units of packain. For additional
uidance, refer to standards 13428:2004 and 13427:2004. ote that these standards apply specically tomeasurin “adequate minimum packain weiht.”What not to measure
Do not include process scrap material (see material wasteindicator/metric). Do not measure processin chemicals,formulations or solvents.
Virgin Material Use (Supplemental)enition
The ratio of virin material used to total material used in
substrates, packain components or units of packain.Metric
Percent of total material used that is virin material perfunctional unit of substrate, packain components, packain
or time.Examples
n % of total material used / metric tons of substraten % of total material used / 1000 units of packainn % of total material used / year (based on production rate)
What to Measure
Measure all virin materials used in packain material
substrates, packain components or units of packain.What not to Measure
Do not include process scrap material (see material waste
indicator/metric). Do not include non-virin materials.
Renewable Material Use (Supplemental)enition
The ratio of renewable material (virin and recycled) used tototal material used in substrates, packain components or
units of packain.Metric
Percent of total material used that is renewable material per
functional unit of substrate, packain components, packainor time.Examples
n % of total material used / metric tons of substraten % of total material used / 1000 units of packainn % of total material used / year (based on production rate)What to Measure
Measure all materials — whether virin or recycled — used inpackain material substrates, packain components or units
of packain that were sourced from a renewable naturalresource. For additional uidance when measurin bioplastics,
refer to standard ASTM D6866.What not to Measure
Do not include process scrap material (see material wasteindicator/metric). Do not include any bio-based material that issourced from a non-renewable natural resource.
Post Consumer Recycled (PCR) Material Use(Supplemental)
enitionThe ratio of post consumer recycled material to total materialused in the production of substrates, packain components
or units of packain.Metric
Percent of total material used that is PC material per
functional unit of substrate, packain components, packainor time.Examples
n % of total material used / metric ton of substraten % of total material used / 1000 units of packainn % of total material used / year (based on production rate)
What to Measure
Measure all materials that were recovered (at end-of-life) andwere recycled for use in substrates, packain components or
units of packain. For additional uidance, refer to standardISO 14021.What not to Measure
Do not include any process scrap materials produced
durin the production of substrates, packain components,or packain that are recovered and reused durin theproduction process. Do not include pre consumer or post
industrial recycled materials.
Material se Water UseCommunity
ImpactWorkerImpact
Material HealthEnergy UseClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Material Use
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Post Industrial Recycled (PIR) Material Use(Supplemental)
enitionThe ratio of post industrial recycled material to total materialused in the production of substrates, packain components
or units of packain.Metric
Percent of total material used that is post industrial
recycled material per functional unit of substrate, packaincomponents, packain or time.Examples
n % of total material used / metric tons substraten % of total material used / 1000 units of packainn % of total material used / year (based on production rate)
What to Measure
Measure all materials that were recovered and recycled durinthe processin and/or production of substrates, packain
components or units of packain that could not be usedwithin the manufacturin process that enerated it. Foradditional uidance, refer to standard ISO 14021.What not to Measure
Do not measure scrap material that is reused in the processthat enerated it. Do not include pre consumer or postconsumer recycled materials.
Chain of Custody (Correlating)enition
The linked set of oranizations, from point of harvest orextraction to point of purchase, that have held leal ownershipor physical control of raw materials used in substrates,
packain components or units of packain.Metric
nknown, known or sourced-certied.Examples
n nknownn Knownn Source-certiedWhat to Measure
Chain of custody should be tracked when supply chain reliability
is questionable and where reater transparency is required.The chain of custody will be deemed “known” if each party inthe supply chain is under contractual obliation and is able to
disclose proof of their material source(s) throuh purchasinareements, inventory records, etc. A certicate of conrmationshould accompany each delivery of material from the supplierattestin to the source. For additional uidance, refer to any
relevant source certication system protocols, such as theForest Stewardship Council (FSC) uidelines.What not to Measure
Do not try to account for chain of custody of commodity
materials. The custody of most commodities cannot be tracedbecause the material is bouht and sold on the open market,
not in a traceable chain from one extractor to a known rawmaterial processor or to a known substrate manufacturer.
Material Use to Packaged Product Yield (Correlating)enition
The ratio of packain material used to amount of product orproduct service17 delivered.Metric
Mass of packain materials used per functional unit ofproduct or product service delivered.Examples
n Kilorams packain material / kilorams productn Kilorams packain material / 1000 units of productn Kiloram packain material / 100 loads of laundry
washedWhat to Measure
Calculate the total weiht of the materials used in the
packain, and then determine the ratio to the mass ofproduct or amount of product service delivered.What not to Measure
Do not include process scrap material. Do not measure processin
chemicals, formulations or solvents.
17“Product service” refers, for example, to the number of loads of laundry that can be
washed per unit of packaged l aundry detergent or the number of glasses of juice that
can be made from a package of juice concentrate.
Material se Water UseCommunity
ImpactWorkerImpact
Material HealthEnergy UseClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Material Use
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Material Use Reduction (Core)enition
The mass reduction in material used in substrates, packaincomponents or units of packain resultin from desin ormaterial innovation.Metric
Mass reduction in material use per functional unit of substrate,packain components, packain or time.Examples
n Metric tons / metric tons of substraten Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)What to Measure
Measure all materials — virin or recycled — that are no loner
required in substrates, packain components or units ofpackain, but that were required prior to implementin adesin or material innovation. For additional uidance, refer to
standards 13428:2004 and 13427:2004. ote that inthese standards the indicator is referred to as “prevention bysource reduction.”What not to Measure
Do not include reduction in scrap material (see materialwaste indicator/metric). Do not include reduction inprocessin chemicals, formulations or solvents.
Material Waste18 (Core)enition
The mass of material waste enerated durin the productionand extraction of raw material and the production andtransport of packain materials, packain components or
units of packain.Metric
Mass per functional unit of substrate, packain components,packain or time.Examples
n Kilorams / kilorams of substraten Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)What to Measure
Measurement should include the scrap, unwanted surplusmaterial, unwanted by-products and broken, contaminatedor otherwise spoiled material associated with the rowth,
extraction and processin of raw materials, processin ofrecycled or reused materials, production of nal packainmaterials, conversion of packain materials into packaincomponents, assembly of packain components into units
of packain, llin of packain units and the transport ofraw, recycled, reused or nal packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.What not to Measure
Do not include minin rubble and tailins.
18 This indicator and metric applies only to waste that is land filled as a final
disposition.
Material se Water UseCommunity
ImpactWorkerImpact
Material HealthEnergy UseClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Material Use
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nery se
Why Measure Energy UseTo: 1) understand how much enery is bein used; 2)understand what percentae of total enery use is renewable;and 3) track proress toward enery conservation and an
increased use of renewable enery.The majority of enery used to extract or harvest raw
materials, produce packain materials and components and
transport packain is currently derived from fossil fuels thatare finite natural resources. nery conservation can reducethe depletion of these resources and may also: 1) reducean oranization’s carbon footprint; 2) help to minimize or
reverse conditions related to climate chane; 3) lower totaloperatin costs and reduce the total cost of packain; and4) improve an oranization’s overall environmental and social
responsibility profile. On the other hand, improperly manaed
minin and drillin of fossil fuels can: 1) scar the naturallandscape; 2) disrupt ecosystems; 3) release reenhouse
ases (gHgs) into the atmosphere; and 4) frament ordestroy species habitat. Moreover, the burnin of fossilfuel: 1) creates gHg emissions which contribute to climate
chane; 2) releases sulphur dioxide, which contributes tothe creation of acid rain; and 3) releases particulate matter,which can cause and/or exacerbate human health conditions
such as asthma.
Key Terminology1. “Sourcin,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to
and includes all of the functions involved in the rowth,harvest or extraction and processin of raw materials
and the collection and processin of recycled andreused materials.
2. The phrase “nal packain material” refers to the material
substrates and ready-to-use auxiliaries such as inks,adhesives and coatins used to produce packain. Thephrase is also used to distinuish substrates from rawsource materials and processed auxiliary materials from
the individual formulation chemicals that comprise them.3. A “packain component” is any stand alone element of
a primary or secondary packae such as a bottle cap or a
protective sleeve, or any stand alone element of transport
packain such as a pallet or strappin, and includes labels,adhesives, inks and/or coatins used on the component.
4. A “unit of packain” includes all the components requiredto create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk cartonwith an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and any
auxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inksand/or coatins.
5. “Transport,” in terms of sustainable packain, includes
transport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packainmaterials, packain components or units of packainbetween supply chain partners (e.., transport of
substrate to a converter or transport of packain unitsto a ller; it does not include transport of packain thatcontains product).
Before using the indicators and metrics in this module,read the User Guidelines section of this document andbe sure you understand how to set a boundary andscope for your measurement project and the difference
between gate-to-gate, cradle-to-gate, industry averagelife cycle inventory (LCI) data and organization-specificperformance data. When sharing data with your supplychain partners, be transparent about your measurementboundaries and type of data collected.
Select the indicators and metrics that are relevant toyour business goals, position in the supply chain anddownstream supply chain partners’ expectations. Usethe “what to measure” and “what not to measure”guidelines as appropriate for your organization’s roleand position in the supply chain.
Is benecial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throuhout its life cycle
Meets market criteria for performance and cost
Is sourced, manufactured, transported and recycled usin renewable enery
Optimizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials
Is manufactured usin clean production technoloies and best practices
Is made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios
Is physically desined to optimize materials and enery
Is effectively recovered and utilized in bioloical and/or industrial closed loop cycles
Water UseCommunity
ImpactWorkerImpact
Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use
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nery se Water UseCommunity
ImpactWorkerImpact
Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use
Core Supplemental Correlatin
Indicator Relationships and Metrics
Total ife Cycle nery Intensityn MJ / kg of nal packaging materialn
MJ / 1000 units of packagingn MJ / yr (based on production rate)
enewable nery Proportionn % renewable energy used / yr (based on production rate)
ife Cycle nery Intensity (on-Transport)n MJ / kg of nal packaging material
n MJ/ 1000 units of packaging
n MJ / yr ( based on production rate)
ife Cycle nery Intensity (Transport)n MJ / kg of nal packaging material
n MJ / 1000 units of packaging
n MJ / yr (based on production rate)
ecovered atent neryn MJ / kg of nal packaging material
n MJ / 1000 units of packaging
ife Cycle enewable nery Intensity (Transport)n MJ / kg of nal packaging materialn MJ / 1000 units of packaging
n MJ / yr (based on production rate)
ife Cycle on-enewable nery Intensity (Transport)n MJ / kg of nal packaging material
n MJ / 1000 units of packaging
n MJ / yr (based on production rate)
ife Cycle enewable nery Intensity (on-Transport)n MJ / kg of nal packaging material
n MJ / 1000 units of packaging
n MJ / yr (based on production rate)
ife Cycle on-enewable nery Intensity (on-Transport)n MJ / kg of nal packaging materialn MJ / 1000 units of packagingn MJ / yr (based on production rate)
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nery se Water UseCommunity
ImpactWorkerImpact
Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use
6. “Disposal,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to anyend-of-life manaement process includin recyclin, recovery
for reuse, compostin, incineration, landllin, etc.7. “enewable enery,” accordin to the .S. Department of
nery (DO), is enery derived from sources that are
naturally replenished in a relatively short period of time.enewable enery sources include biomass, hydropower,eothermal enery, wind enery and solar enery.
8. “on-renewable enery,” accordin to the .S. DO, refers
to enery derived from fossil fuels and nuclear power.9. The term “latent enery” refers to enery stored in
packain material that may be recovered and valorized.
Total Life Cycle Energy Intensity (Core)enitionThe total transport and non-transport enery used durinthe sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and the
production, llin, transport and/or disposal of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric
nery units per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.Examples
n Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn
Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)What to Measure
Measure all direct and indirect enery — both renewable andnon-renewable — used durin the rowth, harvest or extraction
and processin of raw materials, processin of recycled and/or reused materials, production of nal packain materials,conversion of nal packain materials into packaincomponents, assembly of packain components into
packain units, llin of packain units and end-of-lifeprocessin of packain. Include direct and indirect enery— both renewable and non-renewable — used to transport
raw, recycled, reused or nal packain materials, packain
components or packain units. Include direct and indirect
enery used to heat, cool and illuminate any facility space inwhich any of the operations specied here are performed.
atent enery must be included when measurin total eneryintensity, as that enery may or may not be recovered andvalorized. For additional uidance, refer to standards ISO14040 and 14044 and to VDI6400. ote that in VDI6400
the indicator is referred to as “cumulative enery demand.”What not to Measure
Do not include enery used to heat, cool and illuminate facility
space that is not used for packain-related functions oractivities, e.., administrative ofces, unless the facility is usedexclusively to produce nal packain materials, packain
components or units of packain. Do not measure eneryused to transport packain that contains product.
Life Cycle Energy Intensity — Non-Transport(Supplemental)enition
The total enery used durin the sourcin of raw, recycledand reused materials and the production, llin and/or
disposal of packain materials, packain components orunits of packain.Metric
nery units per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.
Examplesn Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)What to Measure
Measure all direct and indirect enery — both renewableand non-renewable — used durin the rowth, harvest or
extraction and processin of raw materials, processinof recycled and/or reused materials, production of nalpackain materials, conversion of nal packain materialsinto packain components, assembly of packain
components into packain units, llin of packain units
and end-of-life processin of packain. Include direct and
indirect enery used to heat, cool and illuminate any facilityspace in which any of the operations specied here are
performed. atent enery must be included when measurinnon-transport enery intensity, as that enery may or may notbe recovered and valorized.What not to Measure
Do not include direct or indirect transport-related enery use.Do not include enery used to heat, cool and illuminate facilityspace that is not used for packain-related functions or
activities, e.., administrative ofces, unless the facility is usedexclusively to produce nal packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.
Life Cycle Non-Renewable Energy Intensity —
Non-Transport (Supplemental)enition
The total non-renewable enery used durin the sourcin
or raw, recycled and reused materials and the production,llin and/or disposal of packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.Metric
nery units per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.Examples
n Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn
Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)
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nery se Water UseCommunity
ImpactWorkerImpact
Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use
What to Measure
Measure all direct and indirect non-renewable enery used
durin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin ofraw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,production of nal packain materials, conversion of nal
packain materials into packain components, assembly ofpackain components into packain units, llin of packainunits and end-of-life processin of packain. Include directand indirect non-renewable enery used to heat, cool and
illuminate any facility space in which any of the operationsspecied here are performed. atent enery must be includedwhen measurin non-renewable enery intensity, as that enery
may or may not be recovered and valorized.What not to Measure
Do not include renewable enery used for any purpose. Donot include direct or indirect transport-related enery use. Donot include enery used to heat, cool and illuminate facilityspace that is not used for packain-related functions or
activities, e.., administrative ofces, unless the facility is usedexclusively to produce nal packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.
Life Cycle Renewable Energy Intensity —Non-transport (Supplemental)enition
The total renewable enery used durin the sourcin of raw,recycled and reused materials and the production, llin and/or disposal of packain materials, packain components orunits of packain.Metric
nery units per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.xamplesn Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)
What to Measure
Measure all direct and indirect renewable enery used
durin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin ofraw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,production of nal packain materials, conversion of nal
packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into packain units, llin ofpackain units and end-of-life processin of packain.Include direct and indirect renewable enery used to heat,
cool and illuminate any facility space in which any of theoperations specied here are performed. atent enery mustbe included when measurin renewable enery intensity, as
that enery may or may not be recovered and valorized.What not to Measure
Do not include non-renewable enery used for any purpose.Do not include direct or indirect transport-related enery use.Do not include enery used to heat, cool and illuminate facilityspace that is not used for packain-related functions or
activities, e.., administrative ofces, unless the facility is usedexclusively to produce nal packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.
Life Cycle Energy Intensity — Transport(Supplemental)enition
The total enery used to transport packain materials,packain components or units of packain.Metric
nery units per functional unit of nal packain material,
packain components, packain or time.Examples
n Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)
What to Measure
Measure all direct and indirect enery — both renewable
and non-renewable — used to transport raw, recycled and/or reused materials, nal packain materials, packaincomponents and/or packain units.What not to Measure
Do not measure enery used to transport packain thatcontains product. Do not measure direct or indirect non-transport related enery use.
Life Cycle Non-Renewable Energy Intensity —Transport (Supplemental)enition
The non-renewable enery used to transport packain
materials, packain components or units of packain.Metric
nery units per functional unit of nal packain material,
packain components, packain or time.Examples
n Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)What to Measure
Measure all direct and indirect non-renewable eneryused to transport raw, recycled and/or reused materials,
nal packain materials, packain components and/orpackain units.What not to Measure
Do not measure renewable enery used for any purpose. Do notmeasure direct or indirect non-transport-related enery use.
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nery se Water UseCommunity
ImpactWorkerImpact
Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use
Life Cycle Renewable Energy Intensity —Transport (Supplemental)
enitionThe total renewable enery used to transport packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric
nery units per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.Examples
n Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packainn Meajoules / year (based on annual production rate)What To Measure
Measure all direct and indirect renewable enery used
to transport raw, recycled and/or reused materials, nalpackain materials, packain components and/orpackain units.What not to Measure
Do not measure non-renewable enery used for any purpose. Donot measure direct or indirect non-transport related enery use.
Recovered Latent Energy (Correlating)enition
The amount of latent enery stored in packain material thatis recovered and made available aain for use.
Metricnery units recovered per functional unit of nal packainmaterial, packain components or packain.Examples
n Meajoules / kilorams of nal packain materialn Meajoules / 1000 units of packain
What to Measure
Credit (aainst ife Cycle Total nery Intensity) the
standardized enery recovery value for latent enery that isknown to have been released and recovered from packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain by
an end-of-life revalorization process such as waste-to-eneryincineration. For additional uidance, refer to standards 13431:2004 and ISO 1928:2009.What not to Measure
Do not take credit for enery that remains embedded inpackain materials, packain components or units ofpackain. atent enery can only be accounted for when it
has been released and recovered for reuse.
Renewable Energy Proportion (Core)enition
The ratio of renewable enery used to total enery used
durin the sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials andthe production, llin, transport and/or disposal of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric
Percent or total enery used that is derived from renewablesources per functional unit of time.Example
n % renewable enery used / year
What to Measuresin the data collected to measure “Total nery Intensity,”“on-enewable nery Intensity” (on-Transport andTransport) and “enewable nery Intensity” (on-Transport
and Transport), calculate the percentae of total enery usedthat is derived from renewable sources.What not to Measure
/A
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Before using the indicators and metrics in this module,read the User Guidelines section of this document andbe sure you understand how to set a boundary and
scope for your measurement project and the differencebetween gate-to-gate, cradle-to-gate, industry averagelife cycle inventory (LCI) data and organization-specificperformance data. When sharing data with your supplychain partners, be transparent about your measurementboundaries and type of data collected.
Select the indicators and metrics that are relevant toyour business goals, position in the supply chain anddownstream supply chain partners’ expectations. Usethe “what to measure” and “what not to measure”guidelines as appropriate for your organization’s role
and position in the supply chain.
Water se
Key Terminology1. “Sourcin,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to and
includes all of the functions involved in the rowth, harvest
or extraction and processin or raw materials and thecollection and processin of recycled and reused materials.2. The phrase “nal packain material” refers to the material
substrates and ready-to-use auxiliaries such as inks,
adhesives and coatins used to produce packain. Thephrase is also used to distinuish substrates from rawsource materials and processed auxiliary materials from
the individual formulation chemicals that comprise them.3. A “packain component” is any stand alone element of
a primary or secondary packae such as a bottle cap or a
protective sleeve, or any stand alone element of transportpackain such as a pallet or strappin and includes labels,
adhesives, inks and/or coatins used on the component.4. A “unit of packain” includes all the components required
to create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk cartonwith an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and anyauxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inks
and/or coatins.5. “Disposal,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to
any end-of-life manaement process includin recyclin,
recovery for reuse, compostin, incineration, landllin, etc.6. The term “water consumption” is used to indicate: 1) fresh
water (excludin rain) that is mechanically diverted from a
source and then used in such a way that it is not availableaain as liquid fresh water; or 2) water that is deraded
Why Measure Water UseTo: 1) understand how much water is used; 2) understand howmuch water is consumed; 3) understand how much water is
taken from stressed sources; and 4) track proress towardwater conservation.Water is essential to human health and well-bein,
ecosystem health and economic viability. Yet, in many
parts of the world, includin parts of the .S. and urope,water is becomin a scarce resource because many watersources and municipal water systems are drawn down at
a rate reater than their rechare rate. In response, citiesare considerin new water reulations, includin allowinthe reuse of specially treated sewae water to supplement
municipal drinkin water supplies. Additionally, scientificmodelin of the effects of climate chane predict further
stresses on water systems that may result in floodin ofcoastal areas while drouht occurs, persists or worsensin other areas. Packain supply chain partners involvedwith water-intensive processes may: 1) be subject to hihuse taxes; 2) have their license to operate revoked in
certain communities; or 3) be denied expansion permits.Monitorin water use and consumption and adoptin waterconservation practices could: 1) lower overall operatin
costs and reduce the total cost of packain; and 2)improve an oranization’s overall environmental and socialresponsibility profile.
Is benecial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throuhout its life cycle
Meets market criteria for performance and cost
Is sourced, manufactured, transported and recycled usin renewable enery
Optimizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials
Is manufactured usin clean production technoloies and best practices
Is made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios
Is physically desined to optimize materials and enery
Is effectively recovered and utilized in bioloical and/or industrial closed loop cycles
CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Mater ia l Use Energy Use Water Use
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durin use such that it cannot be collected for reuse. The
difference between water “use” and water “consumption”is that consumption causes the water to become
unavailable for direct or immediate use. An example ofwater “use” is water used in paper production processesthat is collected, processed and reused on site. Anexample of water “consumption” is water that evaporates
durin a production process. Another example of waterconsumption is water that becomes an inredient of a nalmaterial such as that used in water-based ink.
7. The term “stressed water sources” refers to sourcesof water where the draw down rate is reater thanthe rechare rate. The nited ations Commission on
Sustainable Development suests that water sourcesare stressed when freshwater resources fall below
1000-1500 cubic meters per capita per year. A usefulresource for understandin stressed watersheds hasbeen produced by the World usiness Council forSustainable Development (WCSD) and is available atthe WCSD website.
Life Cycle Water Consumption (Core)enition
The total volume of water consumed durin the sourcin
of raw, recycled and reused materials and the production,llin and/or disposal of packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.Metric
Volume per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.Examples
n Cubic meters / metric ton of nal packain materialn iters / 1000 units of packainn Cubic meters / year (based on annual production rate)What to Measure
Measure all water consumed durin the rowth, harvest or
extraction and processin of raw materials, processin ofrecycled or reused materials, production of nal packainmaterials, conversion of nal packain materials intopackain components, assembly of packain components
into packain units, llin of packain units and end-of-lifeprocessin of packain.What not to Measure
Do not measure water “use” (refer to Key Terminology , fordistinction between consumption and use).
Life Cycle Water Used from Stressed Sources(Core)enition
The volume of water that is drawn from “stressed watersheds”and used durin the sourcin of raw, recycled and reusedmaterials and the production, llin and/or disposal of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric
Volume per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.Examples
n Cubic meters / metric ton of nal packain materialn iters / 1000 units of packainn Cubic meters / year (based on annual production rate)What to Measure
Measure all water mechanically diverted from a stressedwatershed — whether the water is “used” or “consumed” —durin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin ofraw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,
production of nal packain materials, conversion of nalpackain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into packain units, llin of
packain units and end-of-life processin of packain.What not to Measure
Do not measure water used durin hydropower production.
Water se CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Mater ia l Use Energy Use Water Use
ife Cycle Water Consumptionn m3 / metric ton of nal packaging materialn Litres / 1000 units of packagingn m3 / yr (based on production rate)
ife Cycle Water sed from Stressed Sourcesn m3 / metric ton of nal packaging materialn Litres / 1000 units of packagingn m3 / yr (based on production rate)
Core Supplemental Correlatin
Indicator Relationships and Metrics
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Why Measure Material Health19
To: 1) understand the potential human and ecosystem healthimpacts of packain materials and 2) track proress towardsthe reduction of toxicants in packain.
nsurin that packain materials, packain componentsand units of packain are healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios can reduce human and eco-system health
risks. Producin and/or usin “healthy packain” can:1) lower overall operatin costs and reduce the total costof packain by reducin the cost of compliance; and2) enhance an oranization’s overall environmental and
social responsibility profile. The use of toxicants and otherenvironmentally relevant chemicals in packain can affectboth human and ecosystem health in a number of ways
includin but not limited to: 1) packain worker exposure; 2)
miration, transfer or leachin of toxicants form packae toproduct; 3) air and water pollution; and 4) soil contamination.
Key Terminology1. The phrase “nal packain material” refers to the material
substrates and ready-to-use auxiliaries such as inks,adhesives and coatins used to produce packain. The
phrase is also used to distinuish substrates from rawsource materials and processed auxiliary materials fromthe individual formulation chemicals that comprise them.
2. A “packain component” is any stand alone elementof a primary or secondary packae such as a bottle cap
or a protective sleeve, or any stand alone element of
ecosystems. The biest concerns about PTs are that
they transfer easily amon air, water and land, and spanproram, eoraphical and enerational boundaries. eferto the .S. PA list of PTs and the listin of PTs.
19 Material health is also referred to as “material safety” in Environmental Health and
Safety literature and on material safety data sheets (MSDS’s).
transport packain such as a pallet or strappin and
includes labels, adhesives, inks and/or coatins used onthe component.
3. A “unit of packain” includes all the components required
to create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk cartonwith an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and anyauxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inksand/or coatins.
4. The .S. PA denes a “toxicant” as a harmful substanceor aent that may injure an exposed oranism and a “toxicsubstance” as a chemical or mixture that may present
an unreasonable risk of injury to human health or theenvironment. se of the term toxicants throuhout theframework includes Persistent ioaccumulative Toxic
Substances and Carcinoens, Mutaens and eproductive
Toxicants. efer to the .S. PA’s Toxic SubstancesControl Act (TSCA) Chemical Substances Inventory
and the uropean nion’s eistration, valuation,Authorisation and estriction of Chemicals (ACH)reulations. For assistance in understandin .S. Food and
Dru Administration (FDA) rules and reulations relatedto toxicants and packain refer to the FDA website. Forassistance in understandin the uropean Food Safety
Authority’s (FSA) approach to toxicant risks refer to theFSA website. ote that the FSA is not a reulatory body.
5. “Persistent ioaccumulative Toxic Substances (PTs)”,accordin to the .S. PA, are chemicals that are
toxic, persist in the environment and bioaccumulate infood chains and, thus, pose risks to human health and
Before using the indicators and metrics in thismodule, read the User Guidelines section of thisdocument and be sure you understand how to set aboundary and scope for your measurement project
and the difference between gate-to-gate, cradle-to-gate, industry average life cycle inventory (LCI)data and organization-specific (LCI or otherwise)performance data. When sharing data with yoursupply chain partners, be transparent about yourmeasurement boundaries and type of data collected.
Select the indicators and metrics that are relevant toyour business goals, position in the supply chain anddownstream supply chain partners’ expectations. Usethe “what to measure” and “what not to measure”guidelines as appropriate for your organization’s role
and position in the supply chain.
Material Health
Is benecial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throuhout its life cycle
Meets market criteria for performance and cost
Is sourced, manufactured, transported and recycled usin renewable enery
Optimizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials
Is manufactured usin clean production technoloies and best practices
Is made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios
Is physically desined to optimize materials and enery
Is effectively recovered and utilized in bioloical and/or industrial closed loop cycles
CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
CleanProduction and
Transport
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material Health
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6. “Carcinoens, Mutaens and eproductive Toxicants”
(CMs) are chemicals that can affect human health.OSHA denes carcinoens as substances that are eitherknown to cause cancer in humans or animals or are
suspected of bein capable of causin cancer in humans;mutaens as substances that cause chromosomal damaeor enetic alteration; and reproductive toxicants assubstances with lethal teratoenic (causin malformation
or physical defects) effects in a developin fetus orembryo and substances that affect the fertility of femalesand/or males. efer to a list of substances treated as
carcinoens by OSHA Code of Federal eulation29CF1910.1001-1052. The State of California’sProposition 65 list includes the most comprehensive list
of CMs reulated in the .S. The consolidated list of
CMs can be found online.7. “Miration” in the framework refers to the undesirable
transfer of toxicants from packain to product. eferto .S. FDA uidance on measurin miration related tofood packain. uidance on measurin miration
related to food packain can be found in the uropeanCommunities Council’s (CC) eulation o. 935/2004.
Toxicants20 Concentration21 (Core)enition
The mass of toxicants present in packain materials,packain components or units of packain.
MetricMass per functional unit of nal packain material, packaincomponent or packain (measured separately for each toxicant).Examples
n ppm in nal packain materialn millirams / kilorams of nal packain materialn kilorams / 1000 units of packainn % by weiht / unit of packainWhat to Measure
Measurement should include all toxicants that are materialinredients of nal packain materials, packain
components or units of packain. It should also includemeasurement of residual toxicant contamination that mayresult from the use of toxicants in nal production or handlinprocesses. Measurements should include all toxicantsincluded on the .S. PA TSCA list or the ACH list
and in .S. PA, .S. FDA, .S. OSHA, ACH and CCreulations and/or directives as applicable to eoraphiclocation and overnin authority. For additional uidance, refer
to standards 13428:2004, 13427:2004; C C13695-1 and C C 13695-2.What not to Measure
Measurement should not include process chemicals, formulations
or solvents, used in processin or production functions.
Toxicants22 Migration (Core)enition
Packain meets .S. FDA and/or CC reulations relatedto miration.
MetricYes with substantiatin documentation or o.Example
n Yes with substantiatin documentationn oWhat to Measure
efer to FDA: CF Title 21 and : 1935/2004 - CFramework reulation Particularly Part III Compendium ofational eislation on Food Contact Materials and Articles
(2009.06.02))What not to Measure
efer to cited reulations
20 Toxicants include PBTs and CMRs.21 Consult references cited in Key Terminology for information related to toxicant
concentration thresholds.22 Toxicants include PBTs and CMRs.
Material Health CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
CleanProduction and
Transport
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material Health
Toxicants Concentrationn ppm in nal packaging materialn mg / kg of nal packaging material
n kg / 1000 units of packagingn % by weight / package
Toxicants Mirationn Yes with supporting documentationn No
Core Supplemental Correlatin
Indicator Relationships and Metrics
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Why Measure Clean Production and TransportTo: 1) understand how processes associated with theproduction of packain can effect human and eco-systemhealth; and 2) measure proress toward cleaner and healthier
packain-related operations.Clean production and transport practices can minimize
emissions and other impacts associated with the use of
toxicants and other environmentally relevant substances.Clean production and transport can also: 1) lower overalloperatin costs and reduce the total cost of packain byreducin the cost of compliance; 2) reduce operatin risks
and associated liabilities includin insurance costs; and 3)improve an oranization’s overall environmental and socialresponsibility profile. On the other hand, toxicants used in the
rowth, harvest or extraction and processin of raw material,processin of recycled or reused materials or in packainproduction processes can cause harm to workers and/or
eco-systems if appropriate health and safety practices arenot followed. Toxicant use can also leave inadvertent residueon packain materials, packain components or units of
packain. Toxic emissions can cause systemic health issuesincludin cancer and enetic disorders with an elevated riskfor prenant women and children. Toxicants in landfilled
packain production waste may leach and contribute to soiland round water contamination. elease of gHg emissionscontribute to lobal warmin and climate chane. elease of
particulate matter is implicated in respiratory disorders such
as asthma. itroen oxide and sulphur oxide emissions
cause acid rain and the resultin acidification of waterways and soil. Chemical oxyen demand (COD), nitratesand suspended solids contribute to eutrophication, which
disrupts water ecosystems and can lead to incidents
includin but not limited to excessive alae blooms, fishkills and/or coral reef destruction.
Key Terminology1. “Sourcin,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to and
includes all of the functions involved in the rowth, harvest
or extraction and processin of raw materials and thecollection and processin of recycled and reused materials.
2. The phrase “nal packain material” refers to the material
substrates and ready-to-use auxiliaries such as inks,adhesives and coatins used to produce packain. Thephrase is also used to distinuish substrates from rawsource materials and processed auxiliary materials from
the individual formulation chemicals that comprise them.3. A “packain component” is any stand alone element of
a primary or secondary packae such as a bottle cap or a
protective sleeve, or any stand alone element of transportpackain such as a pallet or strappin and includes labels,adhesives, inks and/or coatins used on the component.
4. A “unit of packain” includes all the components requiredto create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk carton withan HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and any auxiliary
materials used such as labels, adhesives, inks and/or coatins.
Clean Production and Transport
Before using the indicators and metrics in this module,read the User Guidelines section of this document andbe sure you understand how to set a boundary andscope for your measurement project and the dif ference
between gate-to-gate, cradle-to-gate, industry averagelife cycle inventory (LCI ) data and organization-specificperformance data. When sharing data with your supplychain partners, be transparent about your measurementboundaries and type of data collected.
Select the indicators and metrics that are relevant toyour business goals, position in the supply chain anddownstream supply chain partners’ expectations. Usethe “what to measure” and “what not to measure”guidelines as appropriate for your organization’s roleand position in the supply chain.
Is benecial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throuhout its life cycle
Meets market criteria for performance and cost
Is sourced, manufactured, transported and recycled usin renewable enery
Optimizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials
Is manufactured usin clean production technoloies and best practices
Is made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios
Is physically desined to optimize materials and enery
Is effectively recovered and utilized in bioloical and/or industrial closed loop cycles
CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
5. “Transport,” in terms of sustainable packain, includes
transport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packainmaterials, packain components or units of packainbetween supply chain partners (e.., transport of
substrate to a converter or transport of packain unitsto a ller; it does not include transport of packain thatcontains product).
6. “Disposal,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to
any end-of-life manaement process includin recyclin,
recovery for reuse, compostin, incineration, landllin, etc.
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7. “greenhouse gases” are ases that trap heat in theatmosphere. Some reenhouse ases, such as carbon
dioxide, occur naturally and are emitted to the atmospherethrouh natural processes and human activities. TheInternational Panel on Climate Chane (IPCC) reconizes
four primary reenhouse ases (gHgs). These are watervapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (2O)and methane (CH4). However, the IPCC and other leadinclimate chane aencies include a number of entirely
human-made ases in their gHg inventory which, bycateory, include halocarbons and other chlorine andbromine containin substances, also known as uorinated
ases, which are dealt with under the Montreal Protocol;and sulphur hexauoride (SF6), hydrouorocarbons
(HFCs) and peruorocarbons (PFCs) dealt with underthe Kyoto Protocol. Carbon dioxide has a lobal warminpotential of one, while methane and nitrous oxide havewarmin potentials of 25 and 310 respectively. Fluorinated
ases can be intense reenhouse asses with themultiplier for sulfur hexauoride (SF6) bein 23,900 timesas potent as carbon dioxide. A complete list of pertinent
gHgs can be found on the IPCC website. The principalreenhouse ases that enter the atmosphere because ofhuman activities are:
n Carbon Dioxide (CO2): Carbon dioxide enters theatmosphere throuh the burnin of fossil fuels (oil,
natural as and coal), solid waste, trees and woodproducts, and as a result of other chemical reactions(e.., manufacturin cement).
n Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted durin theproduction and transport of coal, natural as andoil. Methane emissions also result from waste
elimination by livestock, some aricultural processesand by the decay of oranic waste in municipal solidwaste landlls.
n itrous Oxide (2O): itrous oxide is emitted durinaricultural and industrial activities, as well as durin
combustion of fossil fuels and solid waste.
n Fluorinated gases: Hydrouorocarbons,peruorocarbons and sulfur hexauoride are synthetic,
powerful reenhouse ases that are emitted from avariety of industrial processes. Fluorinated ases aresometimes used as substitutes for ozone-depletin
substances (i.e., CFCs, HCFCs and halons). Theseases are typically emitted in smaller quantities, butbecause they are potent reenhouse ases, theyare sometimes referred to as Hih global Warmin
Potential ases (“Hih gWP ases”).8. .S. PA denes a “toxicant” as a harmful substance or
aent that may injure an exposed oranism and a “toxic
substance” as a chemical or mixture that may presentan unreasonable risk of injury to human health or the
environment. se of the term toxicants throuhoutthe framework includes Persistent ioaccumulativeToxic Substances and Carcinoens, Mutaens andeproductive Toxicants. efer to the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA) Chemical Substances Inventory and theuropean nion’s eistration, valuation, Authorisationand estriction of Chemicals (ACH) reulations.
For assistance in understandin .S. Food and DruAdministration (FDA) rules and reulations related totoxicants and packain refer to the FDA website, and for
assistance in understandin the uropean Food SafetyAuthority’s (FSA) approach to toxicant risks, refer to theFSA website. ote that the FSA is not a reulatory body.
9. “Persistent ioaccumulative Toxic Substances” (PTs),
accordin to the .S. PA, are chemicals that are toxic,persist in the environment and bioaccumulate in food chainsand, thus, pose risks to human health and ecosystems. The
biest concerns about PTs are that they transfer easilyamon air, water and land, and span proram, eoraphicaland enerational boundaries. efer to the .S. PA list of
PTs and the listin of PTs.10. “Carcinoens, Mutaens and eproductive Toxicants”
(CMs) are chemicals that can affect human health.
OSHA denes carcinoens as substances that are eitherknown to cause cancer in humans or animals or are
suspected of bein capable of causin cancer in humans;
mutaens as substances that cause chromosomal damae
or enetic alteration; and reproductive toxicants assubstances with lethal teratoenic (causin malformation
or physical defects) effects in a developin fetus orembryo and substances that affect the fertility of femalesand/or males. efer to the list of substances treated ascarcinoens by OSHA; the State of California’s Proposition
65 includes the most comprehensive list of CMsreulated in the .S. Also refer to the consolidated listof CMs.
11. Chemical Oxyen Demand (COD) is a measure of theoxyen-consumin capacity of inoranic and oranicmatter present in water or wastewater. It is dened as the
quantity of a specied oxidant that reacts with a sampleunder controlled conditions. The quantity of oxidantsconsumed is expressed as a rapid indicator of oranic
pollutants in water.
Toxic Emissions (Core)enition
The mass of all toxic emissions released to air, water or soildurin the sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and
the production, llin and/or disposal of packain materials,packain components or units of packain.Metric
Mass released to each medium per functional unit of nalpackain material, packain components, packain or time(measured separately for each toxicant).Examples
n Kilorams / kilorams nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)
Clean Production and Transport CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
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Clean Production and Transport CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Core Supplemental Correlatin
Indicator Relationships and Metrics
MS sen Yes with substantiating documentationn No
nery Auditn Yes with substantiating documentationn No
Toxic missionsn kg / kg of nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging
n Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Water missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging
n Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
ife Cycle gHg missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging
n Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Air missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging
n Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Sulphur Oxides missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging
n Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
itroen Oxides missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging
n Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Particulate Matter missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packagingn Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
Suspended Solids eleasedn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging
n Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
COD missionsn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging
n Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
itrates eleasedn kg / kg nal packaging materialn kg / 1000 units of packaging
n Metric tons / yr (based on production rate)
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What to Measure
Measure all direct and indirect toxicant emissions released
durin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin ofraw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,production of nal packain materials, conversion of nal
packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llin ofpackain units and end-of-life processin of packain.Include emissions from toxicants that may be used to clean
transport vehicles, equipment and machinery. efer to the.S. PA TSCA list or the ACH list and in .S. PA,.S. FDA, .S. OSHA, ACH and CC reulations
and/or directives as applicable to a eoraphic location andovernin authority.
What not to MeasureDo not measure emissions from toxicants used for routinefacility maintenance unless the facility is used exclusively toproduce nal packain materials, packain components or
units of packain.
Life Cycle GHG Emissions (Core)enition
The mass of gHgs released to the atmosphere durin the
sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and theproduction, llin, transport and/or disposal of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric
Mass released per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time (expressed inCO2 equivalency).Examples
n Kilorams / kilorams of nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)What to Measure
Measure all direct and indirect gHg emissions releaseddurin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin of
raw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,
production of nal packain materials, conversion of nalpackain materials into packain components, assembly
of packain components into units of packain, llin ofpackain units, transport of raw, recycled and/or reusedmaterials, nal packain materials, packain componentsand/or units of packain and the end-of-life processin of
packain. Include direct and indirect gHg emissions fromenery sources used to heat, cool and illuminate any facilityspace in which any of the operations specied here are
performed. For additional uidance, refer to standards ISO14040 and 14044, the 2006 IPCC guidelines for ationalgreenhouse gas Inventories and PAS 2050.What ot To Measure
Do not include direct or indirect gHg emissions released
durin the transport of packain that contains product. Do notinclude gHg emissions released as a result of heatin, coolinand illuminatin facility space that is not used for packain-related functions or activities, e.., administrative ofces, unless
the facility is used exclusively to produce nal packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.
Air Emissions (Core)enition
The mass of non-toxic, non-gHg emissions released tothe atmosphere durin the sourcin of raw, recycled andreused materials and the production, llin, transport and/or
disposal of packain materials, packain components orunits of packain.Metric
Mass released per functional unit of nal packain material,
packain components, packain or time.Examples
n Kilorams / kilorams nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)What to Measure
Measure all direct and indirect non-toxic, non-gHg emissions
released into the atmosphere durin the rowth, harvest or
extraction and processin of raw materials, processin ofrecycled or reused materials, production of nal packain
materials, conversion of nal packain materials intopackain components, assembly of packain componentsinto units of packain, llin of packain units, transportof raw, recycled and/or reused materials, nal packain
materials, packain components and/or units of packainand the end-of-life processin of packain. Include directand indirect gHg emissions from enery sources used to
heat, cool and illuminate any facility space in which any of theoperations specied here are performed.What not to Measure
Do not include direct or indirect gHg emissions releaseddurin the transport of packain that contains product. Do not
include gHg emissions released as a result of heatin, coolinand illuminatin facility space that is not used for packain-related functions or activities, e.., administrative ofces, unlessthe facility is used exclusively to produce nal packain
materials, packain components or units of packain.Do not measure toxic emissions released into theatmosphere as those are measured by the Toxic missions
indicator/metric. Do not include gHg emissions, whichshould be calculated in accordance with the ife Cycle gHgmissions indicator/metric.
Sulphur Oxide (SOx) Emissions (Supplemental)
enition
The mass of SOx released to the atmosphere durin thesourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and the
production, llin, transport and/or disposal of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric
Mass per functional unit of nal packain material, packaincomponents, packain or time.Examples
n Kilorams / kilorams of nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packain
n Metric tons / year (based on production rate)
Clean Production and Transport CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
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What to Measure
Measure direct and indirect emissions of SOx released
durin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin ofraw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,production of nal packain materials, conversion of nal
packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llinof packain units, transport of raw, recycled, reused ornal packain materials, packain components or units
of packain and the end-of-life processin of packain.Include direct and indirect SOx emissions from enerysources used to heat, cool and illuminate any facility space in
which any of the operations specied here are performed.What ot To Measure
Do not measure direct or indirect SOx emissions releaseddurin the transport of packain that contains product. Donot include SOx emissions released from enery sourcesused to heat, cool and illuminate facility space that is not
used for packain-related functions or activities, e..,administrative ofces, unless the facility is used exclusivelyto produce nal packain materials, packain components
or units of packain.
Nitrogen Oxides (NOx) Emissions (Supplemental)enition
The mass of Ox
released to the atmosphere durin the
sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and theproduction, llin, transport and/or disposal of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.Metric
Mass per functional unit of nal packain material, packaincomponents, packain or time.Examples
n Kilorams / kilorams of nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)
What to Measure:
Measure direct and indirect emissions of Ox released
durin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin ofraw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,production of nal packain materials, conversion of nal
packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llinof packain units, transport of raw, recycled, reused ornal packain materials, packain components or units
of packain and the end-of-life processin of packain.Include direct and indirect Ox emissions from enerysources used to heat, cool and illuminate any facility space in
which any of the operations specied here are performed.What ot To Measure:
itroen oxides are a family of ases. While nitrous oxide(2O) is a primary gHg, other nitroen oxides are consideredindirect gHgs. So, to avoid double countin, do not include any0x emissions included in gHg emission data. Do not measure
direct or indirect Ox emissions released durin the transportof packain that contains product. Do not include Ox emissions released from enery sources used to heat, cool and
illuminate facility space that is not used for packain-relatedfunctions or activities, e.., administrative ofces, unless thefacility is used exclusively to produce nal packain materials,
packain components or units of packain.
Particulate Matter Emissions (Supplemental)enition
The mass of PM10 and PM2.5 particulate matter released
to the atmosphere durin the sourcin of raw, recycled andreused materials and the production, llin, transport and/ordisposal of packain materials, packain components or
units of packain.Metric
Mass of PM10 and PM2.5 per functional unit of nal packainmaterial, packain components, packain or time.Examples
n Kilorams / kilorams of nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)
What to Measure
Measure direct and indirect emissions of particulate matter
released durin the rowth, harvest or extraction andprocessin of raw materials, processin of recycled orreused materials, production of nal packain materials,
conversion of nal packain materials into packaincomponents, assembly of packain components into unitsof packain, llin of packain units, transport of raw,recycled, reused or nal packain materials, packain
components or units of packain and the end-of-lifeprocessin of packain. Include direct and indirectparticulate matter emissions from enery sources used to
heat, cool and illuminate any facility space in which any ofthe operations specied here are performed.
What ot To MeasureDo not measure direct or indirect particulate matter emissionsreleased durin the transport of packain that containsproduct. Do not include particulate matter emissions released
from enery sources used to heat, cool and illuminate facilityspace that is not used for packain-related functions oractivities, e.., administrative ofces, unless the facility is used
exclusively to produce nal packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.
Water Emissions (Core)enition
The mass of non-toxic emissions released to water durinthe sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and theproduction, llin, transport and/or disposal of packain
materials, packain components or units of packain.Metric
Mass released per functional unit of nal packain material,packain components, packain or time.Examples
n Kilorams / kilorams nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)
Clean Production and Transport CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
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What to Measure
Measure all direct and indirect non-toxic emissions released to
water durin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processinof raw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,production of nal packain materials, conversion of nal
packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llin ofpackain units and end-of-life processin of packain.What not to Measure
Do not measure toxic emissions released to water as thoseare measured by the Toxic missions indicator/metric.
COD Emissions (Supplemental)enition
The mass of COD emissions released to water durin thesourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and theproduction, llin and/or disposal of packain materials,
packain components or units of packain.Metric
Mass per functional unit of nal packain material, packaincomponents, packain or time.Examples
n Kilorams / kilorams of nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)What to Measure
Measure direct and indirect COD emissions released durin therowth, harvest or extraction and processin of raw materials,processin of recycled or reused materials, production of
nal packain materials, conversion of nal packainmaterials into packain components, assembly of packaincomponents into units of packain, llin of packain unitsand the end-of-life processin of packain.What ot To Measure
/A
Suspended Solids Released (Supplemental)
enitionThe mass of suspended solids released to water durin
the sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and theproduction, llin and/or disposal of packain materials,
packain components or units of packain.Metric
Mass per functional unit of nal packain material, packaincomponents, packain or time.Examples
n Kilorams / kilorams of nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)What to Measure
Measure direct and indirect emissions of suspended solidsreleased durin the rowth, harvest or extraction andprocessin of raw materials, processin of recycled or reused
materials, production of nal packain materials, conversion ofnal packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llin ofpackain units and the end of life processin of packain.What ot To Measure
/A
Nitrates Released (Supplemental)enition
The mass of nitrates released to water durin the sourcinof raw, recycled and reused materials and the production,llin, and/or disposal of packain materials, packain
components or units of packain.Metric
Mass per functional unit of nal packain material, packaincomponents, packain or time.Examples
n Kilorams / kilorams of nal packain materialn Kilorams / 1000 units of packainn Metric tons / year (based on production rate)What to Measure
Measure direct and indirect nitrates released durin therowth, harvest or extraction and processin of raw materials,
processin of recycled or reused materials, production ofnal packain materials, conversion of nal packain
materials into packain components, assembly of packaincomponents into units of packain, llin of packain units
and end-of-life processin of packain.What ot To Measure
/A
Environmental Management Systems (EMS) Use(Correlating)enition
An MS is in place for all operations related to the sourcin ofraw, recycled and reused materials and the production, llin
and transport of packain materials, packain componentsor units of packain.Metric
Yes with substantiatin documentation or o.Example
n Yes with substantiatin documentationn oWhat to Measure
efer to ISO standard 14001.What not to Measure
/A
Energy Audit (Correlating)enition
An annual enery audit is conducted of all operations related
to the sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials andthe production, llin and transport of packain materials,packain components or units of packain.Metric
Yes with substantiatin documentation or o.Example
n Yes with substantiatin documentationn oWhat to Measure
/AWhat not to Measure
/A
Clean Production and Transport CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Cost andPerformance
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
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Why Measure Cost and PerformanceTo: 1) understand if and how packain is meetin marketplaceperformance and sustainability expectations while controllincosts; and 2) track overall operatin efciency.
Packain that meets environmental and social criteriafor sustainability but is cost prohibitive or fails to meetmarketplace performance expectations is not sustainable
packain. Therefore, it is important to track packain costand performance as a critical market check and balanceaainst the other sustainable packain criteria and tofacilitate understandin of an oranization’s overall operatin
efficiency and value creation. However, due to issues related
to competition and anti-trust laws, cost measurement
data that may be collected in accordance with the
indicators and metrics provided in this framework may
not be appropriate for sharing with supply chain partners,
with customers or in external reports.
Key Terminology1. “Performance,” in terms of packain, includes but may
not be limited to the packain’s ability to successfullycontain, preserve, protect and transport products,
communicate packain and product information andfacilitate product usability.
2. “Sourcin,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to and
includes all of the functions involved in the rowth, harvestor extraction and processin or raw materials, and the
collection and processin of recycled and reused materials.
3. The phrase “nal packain material” refers to the materialsubstrates and ready-to-use auxiliaries such as inks,
adhesives and coatins used to produce packain. Thephrase is also used to distinuish substrates from raw
source materials and processed auxiliary materials fromthe individual formulation chemicals that comprise them.
4. A “packain component” is any stand alone elementof a primary or secondary packae such as a bottle cap
or a protective sleeve, or any stand alone element oftransport packain such as a pallet or strappin andincludes labels, adhesives, inks and/or coatins used on
the component.5. A “unit of packain” includes all the components required
to create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk carton
with an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and anyauxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inksand/or coatins.
6. “Transport,” in terms of sustainable packain, includestransport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packainmaterials, packain components or units of packainbetween supply chain partners (e.., transport of
substrate to a converter or transport of packain unitsto a ller; it does not include transport of packain thatcontains product).
7. “Disposal ,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers toany end-of-life manaement process includin recyclin,recovery for reuse, compostin, incineration, landllin, etc.
Cost and Performance
Is benecial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throuhout its life cycle
Meets market criteria for performance and cost
Is sourced, manufactured, transported and recycled usin renewable enery
Optimizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials
Is manufactured usin clean production technoloies and best practicesIs made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios
Is physically desined to optimize materials and enery
Is effectively recovered and utilized in bioloical and/or industrial closed loop cycles
CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Before using the indicators and metrics in this module,read the User Guidelines section of this document andbe sure you understand how to set a boundary andscope for your measurement project and the difference
between gate-to-gate, cradle-to-gate, industry averagelife cycle inventory (LCI) data and organization-specificperformance data. When sharing data with your supplychain partners, be transparent about your measurementboundaries and type of data collected.
Select the indicators and metrics that are relevant toyour business goals, position in the supply chain anddownstream supply chain partners’ expectations. Usethe “what to measure” and “what not to measure”guidelines as appropriate for your organization’s roleand position in the supply chain.
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Cost and Performance CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Core Supplemental Correlatin
Indicator Relationships and Metrics
Packain Service Valuen $ packaged product ÷ $ of packaging
Sellin nit Cube fficiencyn cm3 of packaged product ÷ cm3 of package
Transport Cube fficiencyn cm3 of total selling unit packaging ÷ cm3 of pallet load
Total Cost of Packainn $ / kg of packaging
n € / 1000 units of packaging
n ₪ / yr
ife Cycle mbodied nery Protectionn MJ / packaging ÷ MJ / product and packaging lost
Packaed Product Wastaen $ packaged product + $ packaging / 10000
units of packaging
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Total Cost of Packaging (Core)enition
The total cost of all materials, enery, equipment and directlabor used durin the sourcin of raw, recycled and reusedmaterials and the production, llin, transport and/or
disposal23 of packain materials, packain components orunits of packain.Metric
Cost per functional unit of nal packain material, packaincomponents, packain or time.Examples
n $ / kilorams of nal packain materialn € / 1000 units of packainn ₪ / year based on production rate
What to MeasureMeasure the cost of all materials, the direct and indirect costof enery, the direct cost of equipment and the direct cost
of all human resources used durin the rowth, harvest orextraction and processin of raw materials, processin ofrecycled or reused materials, production of nal packainmaterials, conversion of nal packain materials into packain
components, assembly of nal packain components into unitsof packain, lin of packain units, transport of raw, recycled,reused or nal packain materials, packain components
or units of packain and end-of-life processin of packain.Direct labor costs should be calculated as “fully loaded” costs— not just waes or salary. Measurement should include facility
and equipment operatin and maintenance costs that are directlyrelated to the packain processes specied here. nery andutility costs associated with shippin and receivin operations
should be proportionally allocated by volume of packainand volume of product if both are handled within one facility. Ifpackain is warehoused, include all costs associated with the
warehouse facility. Include waste disposal costs, compliancecosts and cost of research that is directly related to the resourcesand processes specied here.
What not to Measure
Do not include any indirect labor costs. An example of indirect
labor cost would include but not be limited to cost of salespersonnel. Do not include facility operatin overhead that is not
directly related to the processes specied here. Do not includecost of handlin or transportin packain that contains product.
Packaging Service Value24 (Correlating)enition
The ratio of packaed product value to packain value.Metric
Value of packaed product delivered divided by valueof resources (materials and embedded enery) used forthe packain.
Examplesn $ of packaed product ÷ $ of packainWhat to Measure
Calculate the total cost of packain, and then determine theratio of the stated packaed product value to the calculatedcost (value) of the packain.What not to Measure
/A
Selling Unit Cube Efciency (Correlating)enition
The ratio of packaed product volume to the sellin unit
packain volume.Metric
Volume of packaed product divided by volume of packain
used to display and sell the packaed product to a consumer.Example
n Cubic centimeter of packaed product ÷ cubic centimeter
of packain
What to Measure
Include primary and secondary packain components, e.., a
bottle of aspirin in a box.What not to Measure
Do not include tertiary or transport packain, the cubeefciency of which is measured by the Transport Packain
Cube fciency metric.
23 Depending on local, regional or national policies, regulations and legislation
pertaining to waste management, organizations may not currently track the cost
associated with disposal of the packaging they produce or use. Organizations that
do not track this cost now should consider tracking it in the future. All organizations
should be transparent as to whether dis posal costs are or are not i ncluded in the total
cost of packaging and how disposal cost data is collected.24 If this indicator/metric is used to compare performance, the comparison should be
made only among packaging with the same a pplication, e.g., milk cartons to milk jugs
vs. milk cartons to cereal boxes.
Cost and Performance CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
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Life Cycle Embodied Energy Protection (Core)enition
The ratio of enery invested in packain to the eneryinvested in product and packain lost due to packain failure.Metric
ife cycle enery impact per functional unit of packaindivided by the life cycle enery impact per functional unit ofproduct and packain lost due to packain failure.Example
Meajoules / product ÷ Meajoules / product and packainWhat to Measure
Perform a life cycle assessment of the packain and the
product limitin the boundary and scope of the assessment todirect and indirect enery use and its associated emissions. If it
is not possible to collect oranization-specic CI performancedata, use relevant industry averae CI data.What not to Measure
Do not measure the physical or functional attributes or
conditions of the packain or product other than thoserelated to enery use.
Cost and Performance CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
Transport Packaging Cube Efciency (Correlating)enition
The ratio of total sellin unit packain volume to transportunit packain volume.Metric
Volume of total sellin unit packain divided by volume oftransport unit packain.Example
n Cubic centimeters of total sellin unit packain ÷ cubiccenter meters of pallet load
What to Measure
Measure only sellin unit packain volume to palletload volume.What not to Measure
/A
Packaged Product Wastage (Core)enition
The value of packaed product lost due to packain failure.Metric
Cost of packaed product lost or returned plus cost of theproduct’s packain per functional unit of packain.Examples
n $ of packaed product + $ of packain lost / 10,000units of packain
What to Measure
Calculate the total cost of a unit of packain. Add that costto the stated value of the lost or returned product. Include thecost of primary and secondary packain.What not to Measure
Do not include the cost of transport packain unless thereis bulk product loss due to failure at the transport system level.
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Why Measure Community ImpactTo: 1) understand how packain is and is not deliverin valueto consumers and the communities in which they live; and2) track proress towards increasin customer value while
minimizin undesired effects.Packain affects communities in many beneficial
ways, but it imposes some detrimental impacts as well.
As a beneficial aent, packain ensures product qualitydelivery by, for example: 1) preventin products from beindamaed in transport; 2) providin a safe and convenientway for consumers to move or carry products; 3) keepin
food products fresher and safe for consumption loner; 4)protectin the efficacy of drus; 5) communicatin productinformation and much more. Its detrimental impacts exist
because: 1) packain production is resource intensive; 2)toxicants and other environmentally relevant chemicals useddurin the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin
of raw materials, processin of recycled materials and theproduction of packain materials, packain componentsand units of packain can release harmful emissions into
natural eco-systems and have direct or indirect effects onhuman health; and 3) packain has end-of-life implicationsthat add stress to both human and natural systems.
Measurin and understandin the community benefits andimpacts of packain can: 1) improve an oranization’soverall environmental and social responsibility profile; 2)
help an oranization maintains its license to operate ina community; 3) facilitate permittin for expansion in a
community; and 4) help build market share.
Key Terminology1. A “packain component” is any stand alone element
of a primary or secondary packae such as a bottle cap
or a protective sleeve, or any stand alone element oftransport packain such as a pallet or strappin andincludes labels, adhesives, inks and/or coatins used on
the component.2. A “unit of packain” includes all the components required
to create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk cartonwith an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and any
auxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inksand/or coatins.
Community Impact
Before using the indicators and metrics in this module,read the User Guidelines section of this document andbe sure you understand how to set a boundary andscope for your measurement project and the difference
between gate-to-gate, cradle-to-gate, industry averagelife cycle inventory (LCI) data and organization-specificperformance data. When sharing data with your supplychain partners, be transparent about your measurementboundaries and type of data collected.
Select the indicators and metrics that are relevant toyour business goals, position in the supply chain anddownstream supply chain partners’ expectations. Usethe “what to measure” and “what not to measure”guidelines as appropriate for your organization’s roleand position in the supply chain.
WorkerImpact
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
CommunityImpact
Is benecial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throuhout its life cycle
Meets market criteria for performance and cost
Is sourced, manufactured, transported and recycled usin renewable enery
Optimizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials
Is manufactured usin clean production technoloies and best practicesIs made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios
Is physically desined to optimize materials and enery
Is effectively recovered and utilized in bioloical and/or industrial closed loop cycles
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Product Safety (Core)enition
The percentae of shipped products recalled for safety issuesrelated to packain.Metric
Total number of products recalled divided by total productsshipped per functional unit of time (measure by product andpackain type).Example
# products recalled ÷ # products shipped / yearWhat to Measure
Measure the number of products that are recalled because of
packain failure as a percent of the total number of productsshipped. Take measurements separately by product and
packain type.What not to Measure
Do not include number of product safety recalls for reasonsunrelated to packain.
Packaged Product Shelf Life (Correlating)enition
The ratio of a product’s shelf life in packain to a product’sshelf life without packain.Metric
Shelf life of product in packain divided by shelf life ofproduct without packain.Example
Months in packain ÷ months without packainWhat to Measure
Measure the lenth of time a product in packain is suitable
for sale compared to a product not in packain. Compareonly same product types in same packain types.What not to Measure
Do not take and compare measures of different types ofproducts in the same types of packain or of same types ofproducts in different types of packain.
Recycling of Packaging (Core)enition
The mass of recyclable packain discarded from all sources(commercial and residential) that is collected for recyclin andis recycled based on national waste manaement statistics.Metric
Material recyclin rate multiplied by mass of packainproduced or used (by packain material type).Example
ecyclin rate x metric tons of packain produced or usedWhat to Measure
Measure each type of packain produced and/or used for
which national waste manaement recyclin rates exist. Foradditional uidance, refer to standards 13430:2004 and
ISO 14021.What not to Measure
/A
Reuse of Packaging (Core)enition
The number or mass of packain components or units ofpackain (collected from any source) that are reused for thesame basic function.Metric
umber or mass of packain reused per functional unit of time.Example
n # / yr (based on rate of production)n Metric tons / yr (based on rate of production)What to Measure
Measure all reused packain components or packainunits. This metric can be used for primary, secondary andtertiary packain. For additional uidance, refer to standard
13429:2004.What not to Measure
/A
Landlling of Packaging (Core)enition
The mass of packain from all sources (commercial andresidential) that oes to a landll based on national wastemanaement statistics.Metric
Material landll rate multiplied by mass of packain producedand/or used (by packain material type).Example
n andll rate x metric tons packain produced or usedWhat to Measure
Measure each type of packain produced and/or used basedon national waste manaement landll rates.What not to Measure
/A
Packaging Energy Recovery Rate (Core)enition
Mass of packain that is recovered and used for eneryeneration based on national waste manaement statistics.Metric
Percent of packain waste recovered and turned to eneryper functional unit of time.Example
n % of packain waste stream / yearWhat to Measure
se national waste manaement statistics. If data is available,measure by material type. Oranization-specic data may beused if it is documented and third-party veried. For additional
uidance, refer to standard 13431:2004.What not to Measure
/A
Community Impact WorkerImpact
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
CommunityImpact
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End-of-Life Communications (Correlating)enition
Consumer-focused communications (labelin, icons, website,etc.) to support appropriate end-of-life manaement ofpackain components or units of packain is used.Metric
Yes with substantiatin documentation or o.Example
n Yes with substantiatin documentationn oWhat to Measure
/A.What not to Measure
/A
Community Investment (Correlating)enition
The value of investments made in community projects relatedto packain such as recyclin education prorams orrecyclin infrastructure development, etc.Metric
Investment per functional unit of time, includin description ofproject(s) supported.Example
n € / yearWhat to Measure
Measure contributions iven to or investments made in any/allpackain-related community project(s). Include a descriptionof the project(s) supported.
What not to MeasureDo not include contributions iven to or investments made inany community project that is not packain-related.
Community Impact WorkerImpact
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
CommunityImpact
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Why Measure Worker ImpactTo: 1) understand how workers across the supply chain aretreated; and 2) track proress toward ensurin equitable, safeand healthy workin conditions for all workers.
Stakeholders from consumer roups to social investmentmanaers are increasinly interested in the socialperformance of oranizations, particularly reardin labor
practices. Stakeholders’ interests do not end at corporateboundaries but continue across lobal supply chains. Theincreased focus on corporate social responsibility over thelast decade has helped to improve workin conditions around
the lobe, yet inequitable, unsafe and unhealthy workinconditions still exist. Measurin worker benefits and impactsacross the supply chain is an important risk manaement
stratey that can help protect an oranization’s corporateimae and brand reputation while improvin the quality of life
for all workers.
to a ller; it does not include transport of packain thatcontains product).
6. “Child abor”, consistent with the International abor
Oranization (IO), is dened as any work performed bya child youner than 15 years of ae or youner thanthe ae of compulsory schoolin in a locality if that ae
is reater than 15 years; and/or any work, which by itsnature or circumstances may jeopardize health or safety,performed by a youn person under the ae of 18 years.
Key Terminology1. “Sourcin,” as used in the indicator denitions, refers to
and includes all of the functions involved in the rowth,harvest or extraction and processin of raw materials
and the collection and processin of recycled andreused materials.
2. The phrase “nal packain material” refers to the material
substrates and ready-to-use auxiliaries such as inks,adhesives and coatins used to produce packain. Thephrase is also used to distinuish substrates from rawsource materials and processed auxiliary materials from
the individual formulation chemicals that comprise them.3. A “packain component” is any stand alone element
of a primary or secondary packae such as a bottle cap
or a protective sleeve, or any stand alone element oftransport packain such as a pallet or strappin and
includes labels, adhesives, inks and/or coatins used onthe component.
4. A “unit of packain” includes all the components requiredto create a useable packae, e.., a ber milk carton
with an HDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and anyauxiliary materials used such as labels, adhesives, inksand/or coatins.
5. “Transport,” in terms of sustainable packain, includestransport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain
between supply chain partners (e.., transport of
substrate to a converter or transport of packain units
Worker Impact
Before using the indicators and metrics in this module,read the User Guidelines section of this document andbe sure you understand how to set a boundary andscope for your measurement project and the difference
between gate-to-gate, cradle-to-gate, industry averagelife cycle inventory (LCI) data and organization-specificperformance data. When sharing data with your supplychain partners, be transparent about your measurementboundaries and type of data collected.
Select the indicators and metrics that are relevant toyour business goals, position in the supply chain anddownstream supply chain partners’ expectations. Usethe “what to measure” and “what not to measure”guidelines as appropriate for your organization’s roleand position in the supply chain.
Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Is benecial, safe and healthy for individuals and communities throuhout its life cycle
Meets market criteria for performance and cost
Is sourced, manufactured, transported and recycled usin renewable enery
Optimizes the use of renewable or recycled source materials
Is manufactured usin clean production technoloies and best practicesIs made from materials healthy in all probable end-of-life scenarios
Is physically desined to optimize materials and enery
Is effectively recovered and utilized in bioloical and/or industrial closed loop cycles
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Worker Impact Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
Core Supplemental Correlatin
Indicator Relationships and Metrics
ote: Social metrics data does not lend itself to aggregation across the supply chain.
Child aborn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationn Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation
n
Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationn Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
xcessive Workin Hoursn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentation
n Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation
n Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation
n Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
Freedom of Association and/or Collective araininn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationn Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationn Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationn Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
Occupational Healthn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationn Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation
n Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation
n Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
esponsible Workplace Practicesn Satisfactory: has a business code of conduct and can provide substantiating documentation to guarantee implementation in own company as well supplier adherencen Needs Improvement: has a business code of conduct but it is not fully implemented an/or lacks a verication system or does not have a formal business code of conduct
and verication system but company practices meet or exceed standard requirementsn Needs Major Improvement: does not have a business code of conduct or any equivalent commitment to or demonstration of ethical and responsible behaviorn Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
Forced or Compulsory aborn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationn Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation
n
Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationn Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
emunerationn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentation
n Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation
n Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation
n Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
Discriminationn Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationn Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationn Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentationn Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
Safety Performancen Satisfactory with substantiating third-party audit documentationn Needs Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation
n Needs Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit documentation
n Unacceptable as specied in third party audit documentation — immediate action required
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7. “Forced or compulsory labor”, consistent with IOconventions, is dened as all work or service which is
exacted from any person under the threat of punishmentor retaliation, or demanded as a means of repayment ofdebt for which said person had not offered himself or
herself voluntarily.8. “Collective barainin”, consistent with IO conventions,
is dened as the neotiation of a contract for laborbetween an employer or roup of employers and one or
more worker oranizations, which species the terms andcondition of employment.
9. “Discrimination”, consistent with IO conventions, is
dened as treatin people differently because of certaincharacteristics, such as race, color or sex, which results in
the impairment of equality of opportunity and treatment.10. “xcessive workin hours”, consistent with IO
conventions. is dened as more than a 48-hour workweekexcludin overtime, or a 60-hour workweek includin
overtime for non-supervisory employees.
Child Labor (Core)enition
Incidents involvin child labor, as dened in Key Terminoloy,
related to the sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materialsand the production, llin and/or transport of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain.
Metric
Satisfactory, needs improvement, needs major improvementor unacceptable.Example
n Satisfactory with substantiatin third-party auditdocumentation
n eeds Improvement as specied in third-party auditdocumentation
n eeds Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit
documentationn nacceptable as specied in third party audit
documentation — immediate action required
What to Measure
As appropriate to your position in the supply chain, collect
audit data on child labor in work environments related to therowth, harvest or extraction and processin of raw materials,processin of recycled or reused materials, production of
nal packain materials, conversion of nal packainmaterials into packain components, assembly of packaincomponents into units of packain, llin of packain unitsand transport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packain
materials, packain components or units of packain. Foradditional uidance, refer to SA8000.What not to Measure
Do not include audit data on child labor in work environmentsthat are not directly related to the packain supply chain
functions specied here. Those auditable conditions should bemeasured and tracked at the enterprise level.
Forced or Compulsory Labor25 (Core)enition Incidents involvin forced or compulsory labor, as dened in
Key Terminoloy, related to the sourcin of raw, recycled andreused materials and the production, llin and/or transportof packain materials, packain components or units of
packain.Metric
Satisfactory, needs improvement, needs major improvement or
unacceptable.Example
n Satisfactory with substantiatin third-party audit
documentationn eeds Improvement as specied in third-party audit
documentationn eeds Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit
documentationn nacceptable as specied in third party audit
documentation — immediate action required
What to Measure
As appropriate to your position in the supply chain, collect
audit data on forced or compulsory labor in work environmentsrelated to the rowth, harvest or extraction and processinof raw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,production of nal packain materials, conversion of nal
packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llin ofpackain units and transport of raw, recycled, reused or
nal packain materials, packain components or units ofpackain. For additional uidance, refer to SA8000.What not to Measure
Do not include audit data on forced or compulsory laborin work environments that are not directly related to the
packain supply chain functions specied here. Thoseauditable conditions should be measured and tracked at theenterprise level.
Freedom of Association and/or CollectiveBargaining (Core)enition
Incidents involvin the failure of an oranization to inform workersinvolved in the sourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials
and the production, llin and/or transport of packainmaterials, packain components or units of packain, thatthey have the riht to form, join and oranize a trade union and
to barain collectively, as dened in Key Terminoloy; and/orincidents involvin restriction or denial of the riht to associationand barain collectively; and/or incidents involvin workerdiscrimination, intimidation or other retaliation for reasons related
to association or collective barainin.Metric
Satisfactory, needs improvement, needs major improvement or
unacceptable. 25 Forced/compulsory labor includes involuntary prison labor.
Worker Impact Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
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Remuneration (Core)enition
Incidents involvin failure to pay waes and provide benetsand terms of employment that meet leal, minimumrequirements and the industry benchmark to workers involved
with the sourcin of new, recycled and reused materials andthe production, llin, and/or transport of packain materials,packain components or units of packain.Metric
Satisfactory, needs improvement, needs major improvement orunacceptable.Example
n Satisfactory with substantiatin third-party auditdocumentation
n eeds Improvement as specied in third-party auditdocumentation
n eeds Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit
documentationn nacceptable as specied in third party audit
documentation — immediate action requiredWhat to Measure
As appropriate to your position in the supply chain, collectaudit data on remuneration in work environments related
to the rowth, harvest or extraction and processin ofraw materials, processin of recycled or reused materials,production of nal packain materials, conversion of nal
packain materials into packain components, assemblyof packain components into units of packain, llin ofpackain units and transport of raw, recycled, reused ornal packain materials, packain components or units of
packain. For additional uidance, refer to SA8000.What not to Measure
Do not include audit data on remuneration in work
environments that are not directly related to the packainsupply chain functions specied here. Those auditableconditions should be measured and tracked at the
enterprise level.
Occupational Health (Core)enition
Provision of a clean and healthy work environment and, asapplicable, dormitory facilities that meet OSHA and/or -OSHA requirements for all workers involved with the sourcin
of raw, recycled and reused materials and the production,llin and/or transport of packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain.Metric
Satisfactory, needs improvement, needs major improvementor unacceptable.Example
n Satisfactory with substantiatin third-party auditdocumentation
n eeds Improvement as specied in third-party auditdocumentation
n eeds Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit
documentationn nacceptable as specied in third party audit
documentation — immediate action requiredWhat to Measure
As appropriate to your position in the supply chain, collectaudit data on occupational health conditions in work
environments related to the rowth, harvest or extraction andprocessin of raw materials, processin of recycled or reusedmaterials, production of nal packain materials, conversion
of nal packain materials into packain components,assembly of packain components into units of packain,llin of packain units and transport of raw, recycled, reusedor nal packain materials, packain components or units
of packain.
What to Measure
Do not include audit data on occupational health conditionsin work environments that are not directly related to the
packain supply chain functions specied here. Thoseauditable conditions should be measured and tracked at theenterprise level.
Safety Performance (Core)enition
The number of health and safety incidents related to thesourcin of raw, recycled and reused materials and the
production, llin and/or transport of packain materials,packain components or units of packain.Metric
Satisfactory, needs improvement, needs major improvementor unacceptable.Example
n Satisfactory with substantiatin third-party auditdocumentation
n eeds Improvement as specied in third-party audit
documentationn eeds Major Improvement as specied in third-party audit
documentationn nacceptable as specied in third party audit
documentation — immediate action requiredWhat to Measure
As appropriate to your position in the supply chain, collectaudit data on safety incidents related to the rowth, harvestor extraction and processin of raw materials, processin of
recycled or reused materials, production of nal packainmaterials, conversion of nal packain materials intopackain components, assembly of packain componentsinto units of packain, llin of packain units and
transport of raw, recycled, reused or nal packain materials,packain components or units of packain.
Worker Impact Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
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What not to Measure
Do not include incidents that are not directly related to
packain supply chain functions specied here. Thoseincidents should be measured and tracked at the enterpriselevel.
Responsible Workplace Practices (Core)enition
Oranization has an enforced written business code ofconduct — inclusive of procedures for verication andremediation — statin that the oranization is committed
to conductin its operations in an ethical, leal and sociallyresponsible manner and further detailin appropriatetreatment26 of all packain workers, includin those
employed by suppliers, contract and sub-contractmanufacturers and other service providers.Metric
Satisfactory, needs improvement, needs major improvement.Example
n Satisfactory: has a business code of conduct and can
provide substantiatin documentation to uaranteeimplementation in own company as well supplier adherence
n eeds Improvement: has a business code of conduct but
it is not fully implemented an/or lacks a verication systemor does not have a formal business code of conduct andverication system but company practices meet or exceed
standard requirementsn eeds Major Improvement: does not have a business
code of conduct or any equivalent commitment to or
demonstration of ethical and responsible behavior
What to Measure
/AWhat not to Measure
/A
26 A business code of conduct should, at a minimum, address sexual harassment,
racial or gender discrimination, fair and equitable wages, safe and healthy working
conditions and compliance with internationally accepted child a nd compulsory labor
standards. The SA8000 standard is a good reference for developing an appropriate
business code or ensuring existing code addresses current responsible business
practice expectations.
Worker Impact Material Use Energy Use Water Use Material HealthClean
Production andTransport
Cost andPerformance
CommunityImpact
WorkerImpact
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Acid ainAcid rain refers to a mixture of wet and dry
deposition (deposited material) from theatmosphere containin hiher than normalamounts of nitric and sulfuric acids. The
precursors, or chemical forerunners, of acidrain formation result from both natural sources— volcanoes and decayin veetation — andman-made sources — primarily emissions
of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitroen oxides(Ox) resultin from fossil fuel combustion.When fossil fuels are combusted, acid-formin
nitroen and sulfur oxides are released tothe atmosphere. These compounds are
transformed in the atmosphere, often travelinthousands of kilometers from their oriinalsource, and then fall out on land and watersurfaces as acid rain. Acid rain is best known
for the damae it causes to forests and lakes.ess well known are the many ways it damaesfreshwater and coastal ecosystems, soils and
even ancient historical monuments, or the heavymetals these acids help release into roundwater.
Alternative FuelsAlternative fuels, as described by the .S.
DO, include bio-diesel, electricity, ethanol,methanol, natural as, propane and hydroen.Some alternative transportation fuels, such as
ethanol and bio-diesel, are renewable whileothers, such as propane and natural as, arenon-renewable.
aseline Performanceaseline performance is the benchmark
aainst which future measurements can becompared over time.
io-Fuelio-fuel is fuel derived from oranic matter
(obtained directly from plants,27 or indirectlyfrom aricultural, commercial, domestic and/orindustrial wastes) instead of from fossil products.
oundary and Scopeoundary and scope are terms used in
measurement processes to dene the physicaland functional attributes and conditions andthe timeframe that will be included within the
parameters of the measurement project.
Chemical Oxyen Demand
(COD)Chemical oxyen demand is a measure of theoxyen-consumin capacity of inoranic and
oranic matter present in water or wastewater.It is dened as the quantity of a speciedoxidant that reacts with a sample under
controlled conditions. The quantity of oxidantsconsumed is expressed as a rapid indicator oforanic pollutants in water. COD is expressed
as m/O2.
Child aborConsistent with International aborOranization (IO), child labor is dened asany work performed by a child youner than
15 years of ae or youner than the ae ofcompulsory schoolin in a locality if that ae isreater than 15 years; and/or any work, which
by its nature or circumstances may jeopardizehealth or safety, performed by a youn personunder the ae of 18 years.
Closed oop SystemClosed oop System refers to an industrial
system that functions within a zero-wastesupply chain that completely reuses, recycles orcomposts all materials.
Collective araininCollective arainin, consistent with IO
conventions, is dened as the neotiation ofa contract for labor between an employer orroup of employers and one or more worker
oranizations, which species the terms andcondition of employment.
DiscriminationDiscrimination, consistent with IOconventions, is defined as treatin
people differently because of certaincharacteristics, such as race, color or sex,which results in the impairment of equality
of opportunity and treatment.
DisposalDisposal refers to any end-of-life manaementprocess includin recyclin, recovery for reuse,compostin, incineration or landllin, etc.
utrophicationutrophication is a process whereby water
bodies, such as lakes, estuaries or slow movinstreams, accumulate nutrients that stimulateexcessive alal rowth. utrients can come
from many sources, such as: 1) fertilizersapplied to aricultural elds, olf courses andsuburban lawns; 2) deposition of nitroenfrom the atmosphere; 3) erosion of soil
containin nutrients; 4) sewae treatment
plant dischares; and 5) the burnin of fossil
fuels. As the alae row faster, they shadeexistin plants until both the alae and someplants die off. As the dead alae and plants are
decomposed by microbes, dissolved oxyenis used up, creatin an anoxic condition —an environment without oxyen. Such an
environment becomes unsuitable for plants andanimal life. Alal blooms also lead to oxyendepletion resultin in sh population decline
and the creation of aquatic conditions that canbe harmful to human health.
Final Packain MaterialFinal packain material refers to the material
substrates and ready-to-use auxiliaries suchas inks, adhesives and coatins used toproduce packain. The phrase is also used
to distinuish substrates from raw sourcematerials and processed auxiliary materialsfrom the individual formulation chemicals thatcomprise them.
Forced or CompulsoryOvertimeForced or compulsory labor, consistent with
IO conventions, is dened as all work orservice which is exacted from any personunder the threat of punishment or retaliation,or demanded as a means of repayment of debt
for which said person had not offered himselfor herself voluntarily.
27 The environmental, economic and social impacts of corn-based
bio-fuel should be considered when comparing it with traditional fuels.
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Functional nitAccordin to the ISO 14040 series of
standards for life cycle assessment, afunctional unit provides a way to “normalize” thedata that is collected so that the measurement
is expressed in comparable terms.
goalA oal or objective is an endpoint that a personor oranization intends to achieve or brin about.
greenhouse gases (gHg)gases that trap heat in the atmosphereare often called reenhouse ases. Some
reenhouse ases such as carbon dioxideoccur naturally and are emitted to theatmosphere throuh natural processes and
human activities. The International Panel onClimate Chane (IPCC) reconizes four primaryreenhouse ases (gHgs). These are watervapor (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous
oxide (2O) and methane (CH4). However,the IPCC and other leadin climate chaneaencies include a number of entirely human-
made ases in their gHg inventory which,by cateory, include halocarbons and other
chlorine and bromine containin substances,also known as uorinated ases, which aredealt with under the Montreal Protocol, andsulphur hexauoride (SF6), hydrouorocarbons
(HFCs) and peruorocarbons (PFCs) dealt withunder the Kyoto Protocol. Carbon dioxide has alobal warmin potential of one, while methane
and nitrous oxide have warmin potentials of25 and 310 respectively. Fluorinated asescan be intense reenhouse asses with the
multiplier for sulfur hexauoride (SF6) bein
23900 times as potent as carbon dioxide. A
complete list of pertinent gHgs can be foundon the IPCC website. The principal reenhouseases that enter the atmosphere because ofhuman activities are:
n Carbon ioxide (C2): Carbon dioxide
enters the atmosphere throuh the burninof fossil fuels (oil, natural as and coal),solid waste, trees and wood products, and
as a result of other chemical reactions (e..,manufacturin cement).
n Methane (CH4): Methane is emitted durin
the production and transport of coal, naturalas and oil. Methane emissions also resultfrom waste elimination by livestock, some
aricultural processes and by the decay oforanic waste in municipal solid waste landlls.
n itrous xide (2): itrous oxide is
emitted durin aricultural and industrialactivities, as well as durin combustion offossil fuels and solid waste.
n Fluorinated Gases: Hydrouorocarbons,peruorocarbons and sulfur hexauorideare synthetic, powerful reenhouse ases
that are emitted from a variety of industrialprocesses. Fluorinated ases are sometimesused as substitutes for ozone-depletin
substances (i.e., CFCs, HCFCs, and halons).These ases are typically emitted in smallerquantities, but because they are potentreenhouse ases, they are sometimes
referred to as Hih global Warmin Potentialases (“Hih gWP ases”).
IndicatorAn indicator stands as a quantitative or
qualitative proxy for an issue or characteristican oranization wants or needs to measuren Core Indicator: A core indicator is
quantiable or qualitative representationof a measurable issue or characteristicconsidered to be of interest to most
stakeholders. In areate, core indicatorsprovide a robust evaluation of the bi picture.
n Correlating Indicator: A correlatin
indicator is a quantiable or qualitativerepresentation of a measurable issueor characteristic considered to be of
sinicant importance but may not be ofinterest to all stakeholders. Correlatinindicators provide additional informationrelative to but outside the scope of the core
and supplemental indicators.n Supplemental Indicator: A supplemental
indicator is a quantiable or qualitativerepresentation of a measurable issueor characteristic which when measured,
provides data that auments a coreindicator, enerally providin a morespecic or detailed measure of an aspect
of a core indicator.
atent neryatent enery refers to enery stored inpackain material that may be recoveredand valorized.
ife Cycle Assessment(CA)CA is the “compilation and evaluation of theinputs, outputs and the potential environmental
benets and impacts of a product systemthrouhout its life cycle” (ISO 14040:
2006). It is a riorous approach to assessinenvironmental aspects and potential impactsof industrial or other systems. CA enablesthe estimation of the cumulative impacts
resultin from all staes in the product lifecycle, often includin impacts not consideredin more traditional analyses (e.., raw material
extraction, material transportation, ultimateproduct disposal, etc.). The CA methodoloymay be applied on individual phases of a life
cycle, e.., a manufacturin process. Partial lifecycle assessments are called cradle-to-ate
or ate-to-ate. A full life cycle assessment isknown as cradle-to-rave assessment.n Cradle-to-Gate: Cradle-to-ate is a partial
life cycle assessment process that includesthe resource acquisition and production/manufacturin phases until a specied point
(the ate), dependin on who is doin theassessment. In terms of packain, cradle-to-ate measurement may, for instance,include the rowth, harvest or extraction
and processin of raw materials, processinof recycled or reused materials, production
of nal packain materials, conversion ofnal packain materials into packaincomponents, assembly of packaincomponents into units of packain and
llin of packain components, as well asthe transport functions that are required tomove materials, components and units of
packain from one supply chain partnerto another up until product is put into thepackain.
n Gate-to-Gate: gate-to-gate is a partial
life cycle assessment process of only
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one phase of the life cycle. In terms ofpackain, ate-to-ate measurement
may, for instance, assess the physicaland functional attributes or conditionsrelated to packain that occur durin
the period of time a supply chain partnerowns or is responsible for packainmaterial, packain components or units ofpackain up to the point of transfer to the
next partner in the supply chain.n Cradle-to-Grave: Cradle-to-grave is a
full life cycle assessment that includesresource acquisition to nal disposition.In terms of packain, cradle-to-rave
measurement would include the rowth,harvest or extraction and processin ofraw materials, processin of recycledor reused materials, production of nal
packain materials, conversion of nalpackain materials into packaincomponents, assembly of packain
components into units of packain,llin of packain components, use ofpackain and end-of-life manaement of
packain/packain materials. It wouldalso include any transport functions that
are required to move raw, recycled, reusedor nal packain materials, packaincomponents and units of packain fromone supply chain partner to another. ut, it
would not include transport of packainthat contains product.
ife Cycle Inventory Dataife cycle inventory data is the data collected
or derived durin a life cycle inventory analysis.A life cycle inventory analysis is the processof examinin all the inputs and outputs in a
product system’s life cycle, beinnin withwhat the product is composed of, where thosematerials came from, where they o and theinputs and outputs related to those component
materials durin their lifetime. The purpose ofthe inventory analysis is to quantify what comesin and what oes out, includin the enery and
material associated with materials extraction,product manufacture and assembly, distribution,
use and disposal and the environmentalemissions that result.
MetricA metric is the method used to express anindicator. A metric is used to aue the issue or
characteristic — represented by an indicator —that an oranization wants or needs to assess.Metrics are often computational or quantitative,
but can also be a qualitative assessment of anindicator. Metrics — particularly computationalmetrics — are typically expressed as a
numerator and a denominator, i.e., “A per .”
on-enewable esourceA non-renewable resource, accordin to the.S. PA, is a natural resource that cannotbe remade, rerown or reenerated as fast
as it is consumed and used up. xamples ofnon-renewable resources are oil, coal, iron ore,minerals includin uranium metals and alloys,
and old rowth forests.
Packain ComponentA packain component is any stand alone
element of a primary or secondary packaesuch as a bottle cap or a protective sleeve,or any stand alone element of transport
packain such as a pallet or strappin, andincludes labels, adhesives, inks and/or coatinsused on the component.
Particulate MatterParticulate matter is the term for solid or liquid
particles found in the air. Some particles arelare or dark enouh to be seen as soot orsmoke, but ne particulate matter is tiny and
is enerally not visible to the naked eye. othon-road and non-road mobile sources emit neparticulate matter. Diesel-powered vehicles andenines contribute more than half the mobile
source particulate emissions. Fine particulatematter is a health concern because very neparticles can reach the deepest reions of the
luns. Health effects include asthma, difcultor painful breathin and chronic bronchitis,especially in children and the elderly. Fine
particulate matter associated with dieselexhaust is also thouht to cause lun cancer
and is, therefore, listed as a mobile source airtoxicant. Fine particulate matter can travel londistances on air currents and is also a majorcause of haze, which reduces visibility.
enewable neryenewable enery resources are naturally
replenished in a relatively short period oftime. ased on .S. DO data, renewableenery resources include biomass,
hydropower, eothermal enery, wind eneryand solar enery.
enewable esourceA renewable resource, accordin to the.S. PA, is a natural resource that can be
remade, rerown or reenerated in a relativelyshort period of time. xamples of renewableresources are plants and trees.
StakeholdersAs dened in the global eportin Initiative
guidelines, stakeholders are individualsor oranizations with a leitimate interestin a iven situation, action or enterprise.
For performance measurement purposes,stakeholders are broadly dened as thoseroups or individuals: 1) who can be reasonablyexpected to be affected by an oranization’s
activities, products and/or services; or 2)whose actions can reasonably be expected
to affect the ability of the oranization toeffectively implement its strateies and achieveits objectives.
glossary
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Source-CertifiedWithin the context of raw material use, source-
certied refers to materials that have beencertied throuh prorams run by oranizationsincludin, but not limited to, the Forest
Stewardship Council and the SustainableForestry Initiative.
SourcinSourcin, as used in the indicator denitions,refers to and includes all of the functions
involved in the rowth, harvest or extractionand processin or raw materials and thecollection and processin of recycled and
reused materials.
Stressed Water SourcesThe term “stressed source” or “stressedwatershed” refers to sources of water wherethe draw down rate is reater than the rechare
rate. On a reional basis, stressed sources ofwater cannot provide enouh water for all uses— aricultural, industrial and domestic — due to
depletion of water quantity and/or quality. The Commission on Sustainable Developmentsuests that waters sources are stressed when
freshwater resources fall below 1000-1500cubic meters per capita per year.
Sustainability (Corporate) 28
Sustainability in the corporate sectorencompasses strateies and practices that
aim to meet the needs of stakeholders todaywhile seekin to protect, support and enhancethe human and natural resources that will be
needed in the future.
TransportTransport, in terms of sustainable packain,
refers to the transport of raw, recycled, reusedor nal packain materials, packaincomponents or units of packain between
supply chain partners (e.., transport ofsubstrate to a converter or transport ofpackain units to a ller; it does not includetransport of packain that contains product).
Total Suspended Solids(TSS)Total suspended solids are a water qualitymeasurement that refers to the dry-weiht
of particles trapped by a lter, typically of aspecied pore size. TSS can include a widevariety of material, such as silt, decayin plant
and animal matter, industrial wastes andsewae. Hih concentrations of suspendedsolids can cause many problems for stream
health and aquatic life.
ToxicantA toxicant is dened by the .S. PA as aharmful substance or aent that may injure
an exposed oranism, and a toxic substanceas a chemical or mixture that may present anunreasonable risk of injury to human health orthe environment. A list of .S. PA reulated
toxicants is provided in the Toxic SubstancesControl Act (TSCA) Chemical SubstancesInventory. uropean nion reulated toxicants
are listed in the ’s eistration, valuation,Authorisation and estriction of Chemicals(ACH) reulations.
n Persistent ioaccumulative Toxic
Substances (PTs): PTs, accordin
to the .S. PA, are chemicals thatare toxic, persist in the environmentand bioaccumulate in food chains and,
thus, pose risks to human health andecosystems. PTs transfer easily amonair, water and land, and span proram,eoraphical and enerational boundaries.
efer to the .S. PA list of PTs and the listin of PTs.
n Carcinogens, Mutagens and
Reproductive Toxicants (CMRs): The.S. Occupational Safety and Health
Administration (OSHA) denes carcinoensas substances that are either known tocause cancer in human or animals or are
suspected of bein capable of causincancer in humans; mutaens as substancesthat cause chromosomal damae or eneticalteration; and reproductive toxicants
as substances with lethal teratoenic(causin malformation or physical defects)effects in a developin fetus or embryo
and substances that affect the fertility ofmales and/or females. efer to the list
of substance treated as carcinoens byOSHA. The State of California’s Proposition65 includes the most comprehensive listof CMs reulated in the .S. Also refer to
the consolidated list of CMs.n Toxicant Migration: Toxicant miration,
refers to the undesirable transfer oftoxicants from packain to product.
nit of PackainA unit of packain includes all the
components required to create a useablepackae, e.., a ber milk carton with anHDP pourin spout, security seal, cap and
any auxiliary materials used such as labels,adhesives, inks and/or coatins.
Water Consumption and seThe term “water consumption” is used toindicate: 1) fresh water (excludin rain) that
is mechanically diverted from a source andthen used in such a way that it is not availableaain as liquid fresh water; or 2) water that is
deraded durin use such that it cannot becollected for reuse. The difference betweenwater “use” and water “consumption” is thatconsumption causes the water to become
unavailable for direct or immediate use. Anexample of water “use” is water used inpaper production processes that is collected,
processed and reused on site. An example ofwater “consumption” is water that evaporatesdurin a production process. Another example
of water consumption is water that becomes aninredient of a nal material such as that used
in water-based ink.
28 Numerous definitions of sustainability exist and increasingly
organizations are customizing definitions of sustainability to
incorporate the broadly accepted principles of the concept (i.e.,
a blending of economic, environmental and social concerns) with
their own specific visions, goals and objectives. The definition
provided here is intended to be generic and illustrative of the
basic principle.
glossary