Spatial Analysis · Spatial analysis is how we understand our world—mapping where things are, how...

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FLUP GIS and Spatial Planning 9/05/2016

Spatial Analysis (Assignment with raster files)

Submitted to Professor: Monica Santos

By: Orkhan Abdullayev

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Contents 1.Introduction ................................................................................................................................................ 3

2.Main criteria ............................................................................................................................................... 4

3.PART 1 ........................................................................................................................................................ 5

3.1- Create GDB and making raster files ................................................................................................... 5

3.2- Landuse and Aspect ........................................................................................................................... 5

3.3- Calcareous areas and Slope................................................................................................................ 6

3.4-Interpolation methods (IDW, GPI, Kriging) ......................................................................................... 7

4.Zonal Statistics ............................................................................................................................................ 9

5.Viewshed .................................................................................................................................................... 9

6.PART 2 ...................................................................................................................................................... 10

6.1- Road network ................................................................................................................................... 10

6.2- Land use ........................................................................................................................................... 11

6.3- Slope ................................................................................................................................................. 12

6.4- Cost (Overpass area) ........................................................................................................................ 12

7.AHP ........................................................................................................................................................... 14

8.Conclusion ................................................................................................................................................ 15

9. Bibliography ............................................................................................................................................. 15

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1.Introduction Spatial analysis is how we understand our world—mapping where things are, how they relate, what it all

means, and what actions to take.

From computational analysis of geographic patterns to finding optimum routes, site selection, and

advanced predictive modeling, spatial analysis is at the very heart of geographic information system (GIS)

technology.

Understanding Where

Where are my offices located? Where are my delivery trucks? Understanding where is about putting the

world in context. This includes geocoding your data, putting it on a map, and symbolizing it in ways that

can help you visualize and understand your data.

Measuring Size, Shape, and Distribution

How long is the river? How tall is the building? How large are the coca fields? Measuring size and shape

shows how large an object is or describes a feature in terms of its area, perimeter, length, height, and

volume. It also helps to understand the distribution of multiple features.

Determining How Places Are Related

Which rivers are within 10 miles of a pipeline? Have other crimes occurred at this location? Answering

spatial questions often requires an understanding of spatial relationships such as proximity, coincidence,

intersection, overlap, visibility, and accessibility.

Finding the Best Locations and Paths

Whether you're looking for the best route to travel, the best corridor to build a pipeline, or the best

location to site a new store, spatial analysis helps you make more informed decisions about the best

locations and paths.

Detecting and Quantifying Patterns

Where are clusters of high expenditures on electronic goods? Where are the hot spots of cancer deaths?

Detecting and quantifying patterns in data can be used to find hot spots and outliers, find natural data

clusters, and analyze changes in patterns over time.

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Making Predictions

How will a forest fire spread based on vegetation and wind? How will store size and travel distance attract

or detract customers? Spatial analysis lets you use powerful modeling techniques to make predictions and

better understand our world.

2.Main criteria Assignment for spatial analysis has 2 parts that for each different criterion. Below are all criteria for both

parts of assignment

Part I

1.Limit special protection areas for 'Convolvulus Fernandesi' in Setubal district using the following

criteria:

- areas with forested land use

- areas facing South and East (aspect)

- calcareous areas (Jurassic)

- areas with less than 30 days of frost per year (identify most accurate interpolation method - IDW, GPI,

Kriging...)

- areas with slope above 10 degrees.

2. What's the average elevation and elevation's amplitude for the areas considered suitable?

3. Which are the special protection areas that are visible from Mira river (sight points/outlook point)

considering that the point has an altitude of 5m above the ground and has a visibility range of 20km?

Part II

Plan a track course between Vila Nova de Santo André e Fortaleza considering the best path according to

the following criteria:

- distance to the main road network (the farther, the better)

- land use (trying not to overpass urban areas)

- slope (avoid areas with steep slope)

- must not overpass areas classified as 'Dunas'.

Create a suitability map using AHP (Analytical Hierarchy Process) and present the best path possible as

well as a corridor with similar suitable areas.

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3.PART 1

3.1- Create GDB and making raster files GDB is the good way to work with files so here we can easily manage the data and create longer names.

For the first part we need to create personal GDB and move all shape files to GDB using tool Feature class

to Feature class and for the file hipso30 using Data and change location.

To work with files, we need to convert that files using tool from Arctoolbox Polygon to Raster

3.2- Landuse and Aspect Here we need to choose Forest area from Land use file that we have to use raster file table with ´CODE06´

and tool Polygon-to-Raster. After that next step is to Reclassify the file with id `311,312,313´. Below the

result:

For the aspect we need to use hipso30m to aspect and then reclassify and below we get that result.

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3.3- Calcareous areas and Slope To choose calcareous area we need Reclassify Litologia and get that result below: (area with green color is

calcareous)

For slope we need take the same file like we did for aspect (hipso30m). It has to be above 10degrees.

(below blue color is the area with slope above 10degree)

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3.4-Interpolation methods (IDW, GPI, Kriging)

Interpolation is the process of using points with known values or sample points to estimate values at other

unknown points. It can be used to predict unknown values for any geographic point data, such as elevation,

rainfall, chemical concentrations, noise levels, and so on.

In that step we used file Ndias before using Raster Calculator we need to make IDW, GPI and Kriging

statistics and visualization. For that useful tool is Geostatistical Analyst on Arcmap.

After calculation we got that result below on excel file and IDW methods is more useful but by the visual

side Kriging is more good for that.

Below I am going to put all of three methods result visual so Kriging is my choice for interpolation.

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So now we can use Raster calculator for Kriging areas with less than 30 days of frost per year.

After that we intersect the final files with raster calculator to get the final result (below).

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4.Zonal Statistics By the using Zonal Statistics tool we can get Range and Mean for that file which ones is important values

for the future. The result is below:

5.Viewshed For viewshed the radius will be 20km and the height 5m. We need to check the visibility of the final area

from that point. So the result is below:

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The area with green color is visible area.

6.PART 2 Here we need to find out best path between two point we need to move all necessary files into GDB and

make raster files.

6.1- Road network That path should be far from road network, its better. So we will use tool from ArcToolBox ´Euclidean

distance´. The result is below:

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We need to normalize that and Reverse to get last result for this step.

6.2- Land use Here we need to try not to overpass urban areas and after that we need to use normalization. And I got that

result below:

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6.3- Slope Here we need to avoid areas with steep slope. And us normalization also and result is below:

6.4- Cost (Overpass area) So the last step is to try that not overpass the area from “Dunas”. So first we need to select by attribute and

switch selection and export that data then use tool “Cost” but before that we to calculate the area with

importance for path so here we get that are below:

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Cost area

Final cost area

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7.AHP We need to find out best path for available corridor so in that case we need follow some step like below:

1. Arctoolbox - Spatial Analyst Tools - Distance – Cost Distance

2. Arctoolbox - Spatial Analyst Tools - Distance – Cost Distance

3. Arctoolbox - Spatial Analyst Tools - Distance – Cost Path

4. Arctoolbox - Spatial Analyst Tools - Distance – Corridor

For the 1st we used to final cost and point VilanSandre but for the second the same final cost with

Fortaleza point after that making Cost Path to get file to make Corridor.

4th step was last one to get best path corridor and classify that to 2 levels.

And the result we can convert to shapefile to get nice visualizing, below the result:

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8.Conclusion It should be clear that, influenced by GIS, the availability of very large, high spatial resolution data, and

access to extremely powerful computer power, spatial data analysis has already changed greatly and will

continue to change as methods which recognize the existence of today’s data and computer-rich

environment are developed.

So spatial analysis in GIS is very important way to get some results and one of the useful way is to use

that on ArcMap.

9. Bibliography http://www.esri.com/

http://www.gisresources.com/

https://www.researchgate.net/

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