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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF GEOMATICS AND GEOSCIENCES

Volume 4, No 1, 2013

© Copyright 2010 All rights reserved Integrated Publishing services

Research article ISSN 0976 – 4380

Submitted on June 2013 published on August 2013 47

Spatial Analysis of Urban Growth in Kazaure Local Government Area of

Jigawa State, Nigeria

Muhammad Isma’il 1, Abubakar Salisu

2, Shehu Yusuf

3 and Zainab Dalhatu Muhammed

4

1- Department of Geography

Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria

[email protected]





4- Department of Urban and Regional Planning

Nuhu Bamalli Polytechnic, Zaria

ABSTRACT

This study utilized LandSat TM of 1988 and LandSat ETM imageries of 1999 and 2007 of

Kazaure Local Government Area of Jigawa State in Nigeria. These were integrated into a

GIS environment to analyze urban growth pattern of the area using post-classification change

detection approach. Moreover, structured questionnaires were administered using both

stratified and systematic random sampling to obtain information on landuse change in the

area. Findings revealed that population growth and expansion of economic activities have

resulted into the expansion of the built up area from 12.2% in 1988 to 13.5% in 1999 and

29.7% in 2007. In addition, the bare surface has decreased tremendously over the years from

34.2% in the year 1988 to 18.4% in the year 1999 and finally to 4.1% in the year 2007. The

GIS analysis and the descriptive statistics from the questionnaire survey observed rapid

urbanization in Kazaure from 1988 to 2007.

Keywords: Landuse change, urban growth, GIS, spatial analysis.

1. Introduction

Urbanization is an increasing proportion of a population living in settlements defined as

urban centers. This usually results from the net movement of people from rural to urban areas

or natural increase (the excess of births over deaths). However, the definition of what

qualifies as urban center differs from one country to another depending on the criteria used.

Whatever criteria used to define urban centers, Satterthwaite (2005) noted that many aspects

of urban change during the period 1950-2000 were unprecedented.

As cities grow and expand, it is expected that economic growth and development will

progress and act as a drivers for social transformation and improvement of urban areas and

their greater rural hinterland. Unfortunately, the situation in developing countries is not

always the case. Increased and persistent urban poverty, housing, transportation and pollution

problems are prevalent in cites of developing countries with the most vulnerable being areas

of recent expansion and settlements of the urban poor (Shuaib, 2004). These in addition to

food insecurity, energy poverty as well as poor planning habits have compounded urban

problems in Nigeria. In fact, environmental degradation in urban Nigeria has been a pressing

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Spatial Analysis of Urban Growth in Kazaure Local Government Area of Jigawa State, Nigeria

Muhammad Ismail et al.,

International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences

Volume 4 Issue 1, 2013 48

common issue of concern since 1980s, which has been blamed on industrialization

(Mabogunje, 1976).

The cause of the rapid growth of cities in less developed countries has been a major concern

to researchers. The two causes mostly referred to in literatures have been the continued rural-

urban migration and the rate of natural increase. These two causes vary from one geographic

location to the other as evidenced in differential pattern of urbanization between developed

and less developed countries. To understand the rapid growth of less developed cities, factors

such as government policies, economic growth as well as social organization need to taken

into consideration.

Several researchers have employed Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographical Information

Systems (GIS) techniques to study urbanization in different cities of the world. For instance,

Mishra et al (2011) conducted a study to analyze urban growth (from 1930-2005) and landuse

changes (from 2000-2005) in Bhubaneswar city of India.

Also, Saravanan and Ilangovan (2010) used GIS to investigate the nature and pattern of urban

expansion of Madurai city over its surrounding region during the period 1991-2006. Similarly,

Feng (2009) employed GIS and RS techniques to quantify the urban sprawl in China over the

period 1980-2003. Moreover, Abd-Allah (2007) utilized GIS and RS in modeling urban

dynamics, particularly for quantifying the loss in agricultural lands in the greater Cairo region

of Egypt, for 1972-2005. Furthermore, Alabi (2009) integrated RS and GIS data to examine

the sprawl of Lokoja region in northcentral Nigeria over the period 1987-2007.

The settlement of Kazaure Local Government Area of Jigawa State in northwestern Nigeria is

growing very rapidly with unsatisfactory provision of all urban services with respect to

adequacy, and coverage of the area. This study seeks to analyze urbanization in Kazaure from

1988 – 2007 using Remote Sensing (RS) and Geographic Information System (GIS) with a

view to highlight the factors responsible for the pattern of urban growth in the city and, also

investigate the effects of the growth on neighboring rural areas and the environment with a

view of proffer solution to the problem of urbanization in the area.

2. Study area

Kazaure is situated in Jigawa State of northwestern Nigeria (between latitudes 12 41' 28.7'' -

13 00' N and longitudes 007 50' E - 008 25' 21.1''E). Before its creation in 1976, Kazaure was

an Emirate under the then former Kano province. It falls within the Sudan Savannah zone.

Figure i shows the location of the study area.

The minimum and maximum temperature ranges from 33oC and 15.85

oC and fall as low as

10oC during the Hamattan season between December and January. The Local Government

Area has two seasons: rainy and dry Seasons. Temperatures during the Dry Season can be as

high as 390C except in December and January when temperature could be as low as 20

0C,

and average temperature in the rainy season is 25oC.

Rainfall ranges from 500mm in the north to 1,200mm in the south. The people of Kazaure

Local Government are predominantly farmers who engage themselves in both rainy and dry

season farming (irrigation).





Figure1: Map of Jigawa State showing the study area

3. Methodology

In basin relief aspects, the parameters were evaluated are given below in brief.

3.1 Types and sources of Data

The study utilized both primary and secondary data. The primary data was obtained from the

satellite images and field survey, while secondary data sources include maps and journals.

The satellite images used were Landsat TM – 1988, Landsat ETM – 1999 and Landsat ETM

– 2007 obtained from United States Geological Survey (USGS).

The satellite data were in a photographic format which made it necessary for digitization. The

satellite images were imported into ArcGIS environment and registered to the ground control

points through geo-referencing based on UTM WGS 84. The images were enhanced and then

classified into various landcover types. The classification method adopted for this research

work was the unsupervised classification method. This classification approach defined

spectral clusters as is possible from the data set. Through this way, the various clusters were

defined into four land cover classes (Bare surface, Water body, Built-up and vegetation) as

shown in table i below. After the classification, the three different images were then overlaid

to determine the change in land use/landcover over the period of study. Then the proportion

of each land use was calculated as a percentage of the total land of the study area for the

Landsat images of 1988, 1999 and 2007.





Table 1: Showing land use classification

CLASSES

Built-up The residential and commercial area made up

this class

Bare surface This includes uninhabited land, mainly desert

area or features.

Vegetation This is made up of forest, shrubs and

agricultural land.

Water body Includes rivers, ponds, streams and water

shed.

In addition, topographic and political maps of Jigawa State and Kazaure Local Government

Area were used to digitize the boundaries of the urban Kazaure with a view to determine the

areal extent of the area of study. The population data of Jigawa State and Kazaure Local

Government Area was obtained from National Population Commission (NPC) and Kazaure

Local Government Information Unit.

3.2 Sampling techniques

The population of Kazaure Local Government Area as indicated in the 2006 census was

250,000 consisting of 130,000 males and 120,000 females. The city of Kazaure is a land with

many natural elevations, punctuated by hills and bifurcated by the Ayuba dam. Kazaure

consists of two parts: Cikin Gari and Kanti, and the two parts are linked together by a modern

bridge. The populations of these areas are not evenly distributed; Cikin Gari area (the city

centre), is more densely populated than Kanti. Cikin Gari area is the ancient part of Kazaure,

it consists of four traditional gates, namely Kofar Gabas, Kofar Kudu, Kofar Yamma

(Ganguli), and Kofar Arewa (Tsohon kafi). Also among these traditional gates, Kofar Gabas

is the most densely populated. Apart from these four gates, other more populated area in

Cikin Gari is the central part of Cikin Gari called Kofar fada, an area where Emir’s palace is

located. Kanti , the second part of the city is divided into Hayin Gabas and Hayin Yamma by

Kano – Daura Federal highway.

In line with Ader and Mellerbergh’s (2008) suggestion that sample size should be small in

order to improve quality and accuracy of research work, only 180 questionnaire were

administered to respondents drawn from all over Kazaure using the following techniques.

Kazaure was first stratified into seven areas. Then questionnaires were divided based on

population density as shown in Table 2

Both stratified and systematic random sampling methods were used in administering the

questionnaires. One questionnaire for the first house of the first street and one for the last

house of that same street making two questionnaire in one street, and the next two street were

jumped. This is the system that was used during the administration of the questionnaires as a

primary source of data collection. But due to the absence of some of the members of the

house, in some of the streets that fall within the sample frame, the second, third or fourth

house of the street were selected and second, third or fourth to last were selected. Two houses

were selected in each street.





3.3 Method of Data Analysis

The following steps were used to analyze all the relevant data for the study:

Figure 2: Change detection approach

OBJECTIVES: LAND USE

/LAND COVER CHANGES

DATA

ACQUISITION

RECONNAISSANCE

SURVEY

DATA ENHANCEMENT,

PROCESSING AND

INTEGRATION

DEVELOPMENT OF A

CLASSIFICATION SCHEME

INITIAL LANDUSE

CLASSIFICATION

GROUND

THRUTHING

CHANGE DETECTION

ANALYSIS BASED ON LAND

USE IMAGE FOR EACH YEAR

URBAN GROWTH ANALYSIS





Table 2: Ranking according to the population density

S/No Areas Population Density No of

Questionnaire

Percentage

1 Kofar Gabas More densely populated 40 22.2

2 Kofar Kudu Densely populated 25 13.9

3 Kofar Arewa Densely populated 25 13.9

4 Kofar Yamma Densely populated 25 13.9

5 Kofar Fada Densely populated 25 13.9

6 Kanti Hayin Gabas Sparsely populated 20 11.1

7 Kanti Hayin Yamma

Total

Sparsely populated 20

180

11.1

100%

4. Results and discussion

4.1 GIS Analysis

The study area is classified into landcover classes: Built-up, Vegetation, Water body and

Bare Surface as shown Figure 3a -c.

Figure 3a: Classified LandSat TM of 1988 showing the study area





Figure 3b: Classified LandSat ETM of 1999 showing the study area

Table 3: Showing land use and land cover classes in percentage

Classes 1988 1999 2007

Built-up 12.2% 13.5% 29.7%

Vegetation 27.8% 35.6% 33.0%

Water body 25.8% 32.6% 33.2%

Bare Surface 34.2% 18.4% 4.1%

Findings revealed that there is an increase in the built up area from 12.2% in 1988 to 13.5%

in 1999 and 29.7% in 2007 as shown in table iii. This is due to the continuous increase in

population of the immigrants and increasing commercial and economic activities resulting

into corresponding increase in the residential, commercial, and built –up areas. In addition,

the bare surface has decreased tremendously over the years from 34.2% in the year 1988 to

18.4% in the year 1999 and eventually to 4.1% in the year 2007. Vegetation in this analysis is

made up of forest, shrubs and agricultural lands. However, the results suggest that vegetation

cover has increased slightly over the period of study. This is partly because the satellite image

was captured during the rainy season, but agricultural land in particular is decreasing because

of its conversion to residential or commercial areas. It is observed from table ii that in 1988

which was a period of noticeable drought in the area, the water body was 25. 8%. But in 1999





the water body expanded to 32.6% and 33.2% in 2007. This coincided with a period of

flooding in Kazaure due to the high rainfall experienced in the area.

Figures 3c: Classified LandSat ETM of 2007 showing the study area

The expansion of the built up area by 17.5% over the period of study (1998 – 2007) as well

the tremendous decrease of bare surface from 34.2% in the year 1988 to 4.1% in the year

2007 as illustrated in table ii, confirm the continuous urban growth and urbanization of

Kazaure area.

4.2 Descriptive Analysis

Findings from the questionnaire survey revealed that more than half of the people in Kazaure

constituting 50.8% as shown in table i are young men and women between 26-35 years,

because they are in the productive age. About 15.6% of the respondents are between the ages

of 15-25years, 17.9% are between 36-45 years, and only 12.8% and 2.8% are between 46-55

years and 56 years and above respectively as shown in table 4.

Table 4: Age of Respondents





Age Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Valid

15-25 yrs 28 15.6 15.6 15.6

26-35 yrs 91 50.8 50.8 66.5

36-45 yrs 32 17.9 17.9 84.4

46-55 yrs 23 12.8 12.8 97.2

56 yrs and above 5 2.8 2.8 100.0

Total 179 100.0 100.0

The age distribution table did not record the responses from age groups less than 15years,

because they are classified as dependants. The relatively low percentage of people of age

between 56 years and above as illustrated in table iv, shows that a significant number of the

people in Kazure are young. Most of the sampled immigrants and indigenes of Kazaure are

not married, this constitutes about 58.1% and this is usually due to the lack of money for

bride price and accommodation. The people that are married constitute about 34.6% of the

total people sampled.

From the table v below, one can see variations in the level of income among the respondents.

The distribution of the level of income among the respondents whereby about 22% earn

above N40, 000 and only about 10% earn less than N10, 000 per month as shown in table ii is

an indication of better socioeconomic status of the people in the town.

Table 5: Level of income per month

Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative

Percent

Valid

<N 5000 17 9.5 9.5 9.5

N5000-9000 24 13.4 13.4 22.9

N 10,000-19,000 36 20.1 20.1 43.0

N 20,000-29,000 32 17.9 17.9 60.9

N 30,000-39,000 30 16.8 16.8 77.7

N 40,000 and above 40 22.3 22.3 100.0

Total 179 100.0 100.0

The educational attainment of the respondents as illustrated in table iii suggests that Kazure is

a literate city as only a few constituting 5.6% of the people have no formal education. It is

worthy of note that about half of the respondent are immigrants and the fact that most of them

have some form of formal education shows a positive correlation between education and

migration.





Table 6: Level of education


Percent

Valid

None 10 5.6 5.6 5.6

Quranic 30 16.8 16.8 22.3

Primary 62 34.6 34.6 57.0

Secondary 47 26.3 26.3 83.2

Tertiary 30 16.8 16.8 100.0

Total 179 100.0 100.0

Tables 7 and 8 below shows the past and present occupations of the sampled people and a

close look at the tables shows that their present occupations are better than the previous.

Table 7: Present occupation


Percent

Valid

Trading 24 13.4 13.4 13.4

Fishing 16 8.9 8.9 22.3

Farming 72 40.2 40.2 62.6

civil servant 34 19.0 19.0 81.6

Unemployed 33 18.4 18.4 100.0

Total 179 100.0 100.0

Table 8: Previous occupation


Percent

Valid

Trading 16 8.9 8.9 8.9

Farming 77 43.0 43.0 52.0

Fishing 4 2.2 2.2 54.2

civil servant 26 14.5 14.5 68.7

Unemployed 37 20.7 20.7 89.4

primary or secondary student 11 6.1 6.1 95.5

tertiary institute student 8 4.5 4.5 100.0

Total 179 100.0 100.0

A significant number of the respondents (constituting 20%) are unemployed in their former

places of residence; but only 18% are unemployed in their present places of residence and

this implies that there is an improvement in the occupation of the migrants and consequently

their standard of living. Also, 14.5% of the respondents revealed that their social life is better

up; while 38.0% mentioned that it has improved and for 31.8% highly improved.

The study also found that some people come to Kazaure in search of job and eventually

settled there. Besides, some people especially from neighboring areas come to the town, and

eventually settled there. There is no significant variation relating to farming as most of the





immigrants that were farmers continued with the occupation in Kazaure. Moreover, due to

the presence of dam in the area (Kazaure) some people engage in fishing and irrigation

farming, though it is on a small scale.

Table ix below shows the role of economy in movement with about 76% of the respondents being

motivated to migrate for economic reasons. The next to it is migration for academic purpose with

14.0%, while 9.5% and 11.2% migrate to settle with their families and for civil service respectively.

The consequence of these is urban growth which has positive and negative impact on Kazaure.

Table 9: Reasons for migration to Kazaure


Percent

Valid

to seek employment 72 40.2 40.2 40.2

to settle with my family 17 9.5 9.5 49.7

to seek for better job than the

previous one 45 25.1 25.1 74.9

for academic purpose 25 14.0 14.0 88.8

civil service 20 11.2 11.2 100.0

Total 179 100.0 100.0

Some of the people migrate for short time; others for long time while others migrate forever

that is indefinitely.

Table 10 below shows how long some of the migrants have stayed in Kazaure.

Table 10: How long have the people been in Kazaure?


Percent

Valid

born in Kazaure 92 51.4 51.4 51.4

< 5yrs 19 10.6 10.6 62.0

6-10yrs 21 11.7 11.7 73.7

11-15yrs 21 11.7 11.7 85.5

16-20yrs 10 5.6 5.6 91.1

20 and above 16 8.9 8.9 100.0

Total 179 100.0 100.0

As table x above indicated, 51.4% of the sampled people represents those that were born in

Kazaure, 10.6% are those that came recently, that is less than 5years, 11.7% represent both

that are 6-10 years and 11-15 years in the town and they normally leave their families in their

place of origin. A closer look at table vii revealed that the population growth of Kazaure is

recent because only about 5.9% of the sample has stayed in the town for 16-20 years while

about 8.9% have settled in the town for 20 years and above consequently regarding Kazaure

as a place of permanent residence.





It was discovered that about 49% of the immigrants are willing to stay in Kazaure is

indefinitely.

4.3 Urban Growth of Kazaure

The growth of Kazaure in the past 20 years is obvious as 63.7% of the respondents view it as

rapid manifesting in increasing economic activities and expansion of residential areas. While

36.3% of the respondents believed that the growth is normal as shown in table viii below.

Table 11: The growth of Kazaure over the past 20 years


Percent

Valid

there is rapid increase 114 63.7 63.7 63.7

the growth is normal 65 36.3 36.3 100.0

Total 179 100.0 100.0

Evidence from the field observation indicated that the population of kazaure is not

only from the rural areas around kazaure or within Jigawa state only, but also from

different states in Nigeria and outside Nigeria as shown in table xii below.

Table 12: Nationality


Percent

Valid

non Nigerians 40 22.3 22.3 22.3

Nigerians but from different

places 33 18.4 18.4 40.8

Indigenes of Kazaure 106 59.2 59.2 100.0

Total 179 100.0 100.0

Although about 60% of the respondents are indigenes of Kazaure and 18% non indigenes as

represented in table ix above, non Nigerians constitute 22.3% and the majority of them are

from Niger Republic due to proximity to Kazaure.

5. Conclusions

This research work demonstrates the ability of GIS and Remote Sensing in spatial analysis of

urbanization. Findings revealed that the built-up area in kazaure experienced continuous

growth of about 17.5% from 1988 to 2007. While bare surface experienced a rapid decrease

of 30.1% over the period of study. Moreover, change detection analysis suggests that the





water bodies and vegetation cover both experienced different degrees of change in response

to seasonal variations.

Responses from the questionnaire survey corroborate the results of the analysis because

majority of the respondent observed the rapid urban growth of Kazaure which according

them is obvious. Majority of the respondents attributed the decrease in agricultural lands and

to the growth of the town. The major urban problems according to the respondents include

unemployment, poverty, and immigration as well as population growth resulting to pressure

on the available facilities and utilities.

5.1 Recommendations:

In view of the rapid and continuous growth of Kazaure, there is urgent need for a reviewed

masterplan which would accommodate the present and future rate of growth. Moreover, we

offer the following recommendations:

There should be an expansion of agricultural production and investment in rural

non-agricultural activities to provide employment for the rural dwellers.

Government should provide storage facilities for crops preservation to boost the

agricultural production in the area.

The establishment of agrobased local craft industries will go a long way in

boosting the rural economy.

There is need for the development of rural infrastructure to reduce the high rate of

rural urban migration.

There is the need for implementation of immigration policies to control the level

of illegal immigration in Nigeria.

6. References

1. Abd-Allah, M. (2007), Modeling urban dynamics using geographic information

systems, remote sensing and urban growth models, PhD Dissertation, Faculty of

Engineering, Cairo university, Cairo, Egypt.

2. Ader, H. J. and Mellerbergh, D. J. (2008), Advising on Research Methods: A

Consultant Companion, Huizen. Therlands: Johannas. Van Kessel Publishing.

3. Alabi, M., (2009), Urban sprawl, pattern and measurement in Lokoja, Nigeria,

Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 13(4) 158-164.

4. Feng, L. (2009), Applying remote sensing and GIS on monitoring and measuring

urban sprawl. A case study of China, Revista Internacional de Sostenibilisas,

Tecnologia y Humanismo, (4) 47-56.

5. Mabogunje A. L. (1976), Reconstructing The Nigerian City: The New Policy On

Urban Development And Housing. Conference Paper On The City In Nigeria, Abuja.

6. Mishra, M., Mishra, K., Subudhi, A., and Phil, M. (2011), Urban sprawl mapping and

land use change analysis using remote sensing and GIS: Case study of bhubaneswar





city, orissa, Proceedings of the Geo-Spatial World Forum, January 18-21, Hyderabad,

India.

7. Saravanan, P. and Ilangovan, P., (2010), Identification of urban sprawl pattern for

Madurai region using GIS, International Journal of Geomatics and Geosciences, 1(2)

141-149.

8. Satterthwaite, D. (2005), The Scale of Urban Change Worldwide 1950-2000 and its

underpinnings, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), UK.

9. Shuaib, L. (2004). Urban Expansion Process of Kampala in Uganda: Perspective on

Contrast with cities of developed countries. Panel contribution to the Population

Environment Research Network Cyberseminar on Urban spatial expansion.

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