Spanish Conquest in America and Competing in North America
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Spanish Conquest In The Americas
Transcript of Spanish Conquest in America and Competing in North America
Spanish Conquest In The Americas
Spain and Portugal
These 2 Western European countries were the first to colonize the Americas (The New World)
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus 1451-1506 Was born in Genoa, Northern Italy sailed for Spain 1492 in search of a western sea route
to the Far East (China)
he never reached China, he reached the Caribbean
Christopher Columbus● The Caribbean
Columbus really landed in the Bahamas
Columbus claimed the island for Spain, called
it San Salvador “Holy Savior”
Tainos
Tainos Called Arawaks in
English
These were the Native Americans in the Bahamas where Columbus first arrived
He took each island in the Caribbean as a colony for Spain and searched them for gold
Columbus/Spain began a process that turned all the lands of North/South America into European colonies
Other ExplorersTake to the Seas
Pedro Alvares
Amerigo Vespucci
Vasco Nunez
de Balboa
Ferdinand Magellan
Hernando Cortes
Brazil
1500 Colonized by Pedro Alvares for Portugal
Portuguese in Brazil 1500 Pedro Alvarez conquers Brazil for Portugal
Brazil was only area in South America Spain did not control
Portuguese in Brazil
Portuguese in Brazil 1530’s Portuguese colonists
settled Brazil’s coastal regions Portuguese grew sugar in
Brazil
Portuguese enslaved Natives in Brazil and later Africans to work sugar plantations in Brazil
Portugal became very wealthy from Brazilian sugar
Amerigo Vespucci Sailed the coast of South America for Portugal first to proclaim a new world had been found● 1507 German mapmaker named South America after Amerigo Vespucci
Vasco Nunez de Balboa 1515 marched through Panama and claimed it for Spain
Ferdinand Magellan
1519-1522 explored Guam, conquered the Philippines for Spain (but he was Portuguese)
Ferdinand Magellan Magellan killed in the Philippines his crew claimed Guam and Philippines for Spain 18 of original 230 men made it back to Spain 1522 (3 years
later): first men to circumnavigate the globe
Hernando Cortes
Hernando Cortes 1519 sailed for Spain to Mexico he marched inward to conquer new lands in Meso-
America (Mexico and Central America) for Spain
Hernando Cortes Cortes learned of the wealthy Aztec Empire
Aztecs
Tenochitlan Aztec Capital: modern-day Mexico City Cortes and his 600 men reach Tenocitlan after four
weeks of searching (1519)
Tenochitlan
Moctezuma II Aztec Emperor when Cortes arrives (1519) Convinced Cortes was an Aztec God: Quetzalcoatl
Moctezuma II agreed to give Cortes a share of Aztec’s gold
Cortes quickly enslaved and forced Aztecs into mines to dig up gold
Hernando Cortes 1520 Aztecs revolt and temporarily push Cortes out
Hernando Cortes 1521 Cortes returns and reconquers Aztecs for Spain
Cortes’ 3 Advantages able to convince other
natives in the region to help him against Aztecs (they wanted revenge)
Aztecs (and other natives) were defenseless against European diseases (measles, mumps, smallpox, typhus)
Spaniards had cannons, muskets, horses
Francisco Pizarro 1532 conquers parts of South America for Spain
(modern day Ecuador and Peru)
Inca Empire
Atahualpa Inca ruler (1532) Met Pizarro’s 200 men for battle
Atahualpa Atahualpa had 30,000 unarmed men Spaniards crushed them with firearms and
kidnapped Atahualpa
Atahualpa promised Spaniards piles of gold and silver for his
release
The Inca delivered the gold/silver: Spaniards strangled Atahualpa in front of Incas after
they got the ransom
Atahualpa Incas were demoralized and surrendered
Yucatans Mayas1542 conquered by
Spaniards
1697 Finally conquered by Spaniards
Spain Pushes North 1513 Juan Ponce de Leon explored Florida
1540 Francisco Coronado led an expedition through American Southwest
Spain’s Empire 1700
Spain’s Pattern of Conquest Conquistadors: Spanish
explorers that carved out colonies in Latin America in search of gold and silver
Peninsulares: Spanish settlers were almost all men
Forced marriage between Spanish settlers and native women was common
this created a new mixed race of Spanish and Native American blood (Mestizo)
Encomiendas: Spaniards forced Natives to ranch, farm, and mine for Spanish landlords
Spain’s Pattern of Conquest Forced Conversion to Christianity
● Priests accompanied conquistadors on their expeditions
to forcefully convert Natives to Catholicism
Forced Conversion
Forced Conversion
Santa Fe, New Mexico: first Catholic mission in the U.S: missions became
the headquarters for forced conversion of Natives to Catholicism
Bartolome de Las Casas a Catholic Priest spoke out against the
harsh treatment of Natives on encomiendas
first to suggest enslaving Africans for labor in the new world
some priests contributed to the abuse and loss of autonomy by the Native Americans
Rise of New World Slavery Africans had prior exposure to European diseases and did not die from
them as much as Native Americans Spaniards, Portuguese, and British (later) all began using Africans as
slave labor in the new world
Native Resistance 1493 Tainos on St. Croix revolted against Columbus
with poison arrows Tainos revolted there again in 1495 before finally
being subdued
Native Resistance end of 1600’s Pueblos in New Mexico revolted against the
Spanish With forced conversion to Catholicism, priests burned Natives’
sacred objects and forbade their rituals Those who practiced their own religion were beaten
Native Resistance 1680 Pop’e (Pueblo ruler) led an uprising against
the Spanish in New Mexico
Native Resistance Pueblo Revolt
17,000 warriors from all over New Mexico fought the Spanish
they pushed Spaniards back into Mexico for 12 years
Spain’s Influence Spain’s American colonies made it the richest most
powerful nation in the world by the late 16th century
Spain built a powerful navy and army to protect its colonies
Competing Claims
in North America
European Nations Settle North America
•Magellan shows ships can travel around the globe.
•Spain claims the right to sail around the southern tip of South America.
•Search for a northwest route to Asia begins.
•The French, Dutch, and English establish North American colonies.
Explorers Establish New France
• Giovanni da Verazzano discovered New York Harbor.
• Jacques Cartier charts the Saint Lawrence River to Montreal.
• Samuel de Champlain claims the region that is now Quebec for France.
• Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet explore the Great Lakes and the Mississippi River.
• Robert Sieur de la Salle claims Louisiana for France.
Jacques Cartier
Giovanni da Verrazzano
Samuel de Champlain arrives in Quebec.
A Trading Empire
•The French want a trading network. They are not interested in establishing large towns.
•Catholic priests want to convert the natives.
•France’s main economic activity in New France was the fur trade.
In general, the French want to make money off the land, not occupy it.
The English Settle at Jamestown
• In 1607, The English send three ships and more than 100 settlers to establish Jamestown, Virginia.
• Initially, the colony is a disaster. Seven out of ten settlers died.
•High demand for tobacco in England made it a profitable cash crop.
•Jamestown becomes the first successful permanent English colony in North America.
Puritans Create a “New England”• “Pilgrims” seeking religious freedom establish Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620.
• “Puritans” establish Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1628.• Puritans want to “purify” the Church of England, the Anglican Church.
The Dutch Found New Netherland• The Dutch East India Company sponsors colonies in New York.
• Henry Hudson, working for the Dutch explored the Hudson River, Hudson Bay, and the Hudson Strait.
• They establish trade posts at Albany, and Manhattan Island.
• Dutch holdings become known as New Netherland.
Diversity in Dutch Colonies
• In order to attract settlers, the Dutch invite German, French, and Scandinavian settlers to the region.
•They are tolerant of diverse religious faiths.
•Catholics, Protestants, Muslims, and Jews.
Colonizing the Caribbean
•The French seize control of Haiti, Guadeloupe, and Martinique.
•The English settle Barbados and Jamaica.
•The Dutch occupy the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba.
•African slaves were used to harvest tobacco and sugar.
The Fight for North America
•The French, Dutch and English struggle for supremacy in North America.
•After years of battles, the English gain control of most of the continent.
The English Oust the Dutch
•In 1664, Charles II granted permission to his brother, the Duke of York, to drive the Dutch out of New Netherland.
•They surrendered without a shot. It was renamed New York.
By 1750, 1.3 million English settlers lived in 13 colonies from New Hampshire to Georgia.
Charles II
England Battles France• Conflicts between England and France grow as the English settle further westward.
• The French and Indian War starts over fighting in the Ohio River Valley. It was part of the Seven Years War in Europe.
• The English defeat the French in 1763 and seize control over the eastern half of North America.
Native American Reaction
•European colonization brings disaster to Native Americans.
•They fall victim to warfare and disease.
A Strained Relationship
•The French and Dutch establish good trading relationships with native Americans. The fur trade benefits both sides.
•English settlement means relations with the natives are not as peaceful.
Settlers and Native Americans Battle
•As early as 1622, the Powhatan tribe attacked colonial villages at Jamestown and killed 350 settlers.
•King Philip’s War (1675) ended in a massacre of Indians.
Natives Fall to Disease•An epidemic of smallpox in 1616 ravaged the New England coast. The population of the Massachusetts tribe dropped from 24,000 to 750 by 1631.
•The loss of laborers eventually leads to the importation of African slaves.
THAT’S ALL!!
THANK YOUFOR LISTENING!
PREPARED BY: Regine Billena Quidato
