How did the Spaniards change Filipino life?

Spanish Colonialism Period,1521-1898

Timeline of Spanish ConquestAugust 10, 1519 – The Spanish fleet led by Ferdinand

Magellan sailed westward from Spain to search for the Spice Islands on the other side of the world.

March 16, 1521 – The Spanish fleet arrived in the vicinity of Samar.

March 31 – The Spaniards celebrated a mass in the island of Limawasa, Leyte. The local chiefs, Rajah Kolambu and Rajah Siagu, attended. The chiefs also made an alliance with the Spaniards.

April 7 – The fleet visited the port of Cebu. They also made an alliance with Rajah Humabon and baptized the Rajah, his wife, and their followers. Magellan gave the statue of the Santo Nino to the Queen of Cebu as gift during the baptism.

April 27 – The Spaniards battled Lapu-Lapu, in behalf of Humabon, in nearby Mactan island. Magellan was killed. The Spaniards withdrew and left Cebu and the Philippines.

They eventually reached the Moluccas (Spice Islands), Indonesia; traded for cargoes of cloves and sailed for Spain.

September 8, 1522 – The galleon Victoria reached Spain. It was credited for the first circumnavigation of the world.

Spain sent succeeding expeditions to the Spice Islands, and later the Philippines, but failed.

April 27, 1565 – Another Spanish expedition led by Miguel Lopez de Legazpi entered the port of Cebu. When the Cebuanos opposed their landing, they cannonaded the kingdom. The Cebuanos retreated to the hills. The Spaniards established the first Spanish settlement in the port, but Cebuanos harrassed this settlement.

June 4 – The Cebuanos, led by Rajah Tupas, were forced to recognized Spanish sovereignty.

June 1569 – The Spaniards occupied Panay.May 1571 – The Spaniards, with the aid of a large

Visayan force, attacked and defeated the Muslim kingdom of Manila ruled by Rajah Sulayman. They made Manila the capital of the colony. They also defeated or forced to surrender to Spanish rule the surrounding kingdoms.

May 1572 – They entered Ilocos and Pangasinan.And within several years, the Spanish armies

defeated or intimidated the different kingdoms of the Philippines into recognizing Spanish rule. Or the Spanish missionaries convinced them to accept foreign rule. Bicol, Samar, Leyte, and Northern Mindanao became parts of the Spanish colony.

Las Islas Felipinas:Hispanization of the Filipinos

I. Establishing Spanish towns

II. Spreading Christianity

III. Supporting the Colony

IV. Educating the Elite

V. Making the Indio

1. Poblacion: the Spanish town

Early Philippines: Villages lined up along the seashores and river

banks

Colonization:Spanish soldiers collected tributesSpanish missionaries evangelized the villagers(Village set-up incovenient)

Solution: ResettlementProcess: ReduccionSite: Poblaciones

“According to law, settlements had to center around a rectangular plaza whose corners corresponded to the four cardinal directions. The plaza was to measure one and a half times longer than its width, neither smaller than 60 by 90 meters, nor bigger than 200 by 250 meters.... One side of the plaza was reserved for the church, another for the tribunal [town hall], a third the school, and the fourth for the houses of prominent residents. Streets started from the four corners and the middle of the sides of the plaza, ... Straight and properly measured at right angles with one another. Houses were lined up along them.”

Uniformly designed towns and cities

Poblaciones de la Provincia de Cebu

2. Christianizing the Filipinos

Dividing the country into the five missionary orders1. Augustinians: Central and Southern Luzon,

Ilocos, Cebu and Panay2. Franciscans: Bicol3. Jesuits: the Visayas, except Cebu and

Panay 4. Dominicans: Northern Luzon, except Ilocos5. Augustinian Recollects: Northern

Mindanao

Missionary strategySpread the gospel using the local languages:

Ilocano, Pangasinan, Kapampangan, Tagalog, Bicolano, Ilonggo, Cebuano-Bisaya, Waray

Bajo de la Campana: churches built in the towns and people required to live near them

Prohibited animistic practices: ancient altars and icons destroyed, and native priests captured and banished or killed

Introduced Catholic Rituals and celebrations: mass, baptism, confession, anointing of sick, fiestas, Christmas, Holy Week

Native-speaking Spaniards

Churches from Batanes to Luzon

To Visayas and Mindanao

From pagan icons to Catholic icons

The Filipinos’ Christian heritage

3. The Colonial EconomyGalleon Trade (1565-1815)

Philippines became a transhipment point for the export of Oriental products to Spanish (Latin) America.

Cash-crop Cultivation and Export (1800’s)The government encouraged or mandated the planting of farmlands into tobacco, sugar, and abaca. These crops were for export.

Asian products crossed the Pacific aboard the galleons

The galleons’ sailing route

Cargoes of the galleonsTrip to America1. silk cloth, cotton

cloth2. spices (pepper,

cloves, etc)3. porcelain (bowls,

jars, etc)4. metal ware5. woodwork6. medicinal plants7. perfume

Return trip to the Philippines

1. income from the sale2. Royal Situado (money

for support of the colonial administration)

3. occasionally, American flora and fauna, products. Also religious images, Spanish soldiers, Spanish missionaries

Tobacco monopoly: provinces such as the Ilocos and Cagayan Valley were required to produce certain volume of tobacco, if not they paid penalties.

Most of the provinces of Iloilo, Negros, Cebu were turned into sugar haciendas.

The slopes of Bicol were planted with abaca plant which were made into the Manila Hemp, cordage for ships.

However, Philippine agriculture and industries sufferedMany farmlands left uncultivated because

farmers were sent to work in the shipyards to build the galleons.

Many ricelands were replaced with cash crops such as tobacco, sugar, abaca.

The local textile weaving industry was abandoned because of the cheap textiles (cloths) from China and India.

Metal craft was undeveloped due to preference for metal ware from Asian countries.

4. Educating the Filipino EliteThe Spaniards established schools in each

town. These were sort of parochial schools, organized and supervised by the local Spanish priests. Boys and girls in separate classes.

They taught the 4Rs: Reading, (W)Riting, (A)Rithmetic, and most importantly Religion. Instruction was in the Philippine languages.

Spanish was only taught in select schools for rich Filipino, Mestizo, and Spanish children.

Colegios y Universidades de los Espanoles

Separate College for GirlsWhile the boys took

courses on Philosophy, Rhetorics, History, some Sciences.

The girls attended finishing schools which trained them for their proper roles as women in society: sewing, embroidery, singing, dancing, playing the piano.

Hispanized the EliteThey became Spanish in speech, dress,

manners, in their lifestyle. They felt more closer to the Spaniards than to the lower class Filipinos

They also became Spanish in sentiments. Most of the elite accepted and believed in the necessity of Spanish rule. That it was Spanish rule that gave the Filipinos civilization. That without Spanish rule, the country would fell into ruins.

5. Making the Indio [Indio is the name given for Filipinos during the Spanish period.]

From Timagua (freeman) to Subject

Under Spanish rule:Paid tributes (taxes) – eight reales (one peso) annually in money or in kind (rice, cotton cloth, gold, even chicken). In 1884, tribute was replaced by the cedula (individual tax).

The Indios also:Worked on government projects (polo or

forced labor) – each year a Filipino (18-60 yrs old) worked for 40 days. In the 19th century, shortened to 15 days. Polistas worked in groups building roads, bridges, churches, town halls, hospitals, and in shipyards for the government.

Observed the Bandala – planted crops according to the orders of the government and sells the harvest to the government too.

Thus, the arrival of the Spaniards created a new period in Philippine history:1. Spanish did not replace the local

languages, but other aspects of Filipino culture were Hispanized: food, dress, houses, economy, entertainment.

2. The formerly independent barangays (kingdoms) were united under the colony called Las Islas Felipinas under the administration of a governor-general (the Spanish king’s representative).

3. The animistic religion was replaced by Catholicism.