SPANISH 4 AND AP STUDY GUIDE€¦ · LESSON—EN APUNTES (IN NOTES ... Stem-changing verbs that end...

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SPANISH 4 AND AP STUDY GUIDE

Transcript of SPANISH 4 AND AP STUDY GUIDE€¦ · LESSON—EN APUNTES (IN NOTES ... Stem-changing verbs that end...

Page 1: SPANISH 4 AND AP STUDY GUIDE€¦ · LESSON—EN APUNTES (IN NOTES ... Stem-changing verbs that end in –ar: are regular in the preterite. Stem-changing verbs that end in –ir:

SPANISH 4 AND AP STUDY GUIDE

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VOCAB LISTS

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LISTA DE

VOCABULARIO 1.1

1. cariñoso(-a)—caring

2. agresivo(-a)—aggressive

3. activo(-a)—active

4. inquieto(-a)—restless, hyper

5. artístico(-a)—artistic

6. conformista—conformist

7. Inconformista—nonconformist

8. crítico(-a)—critical

9. culto(-a)—well-studied

10. delicado(-a)—sensitive, delicate

11. diligente—diligent

12. diplomático(-a)—diplomatic

13. excéntrico(-a)—eccentric, rare, weird

14. egoísta—selfish

15. humilde—humble

16. fiel—faithful

17. amistoso(-a)—friendly

18. exigente—hard to please, demanding, high-maintenance

19. odioso(-a)—hateful

20. bondadoso(-a)—kind

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LISTA DE

VOCABULARIO 1.2

1. impulsivo(-a)—impulsive

2. indeciso(-a)—indecisive

3. ingenioso(-a)—ingenious

4. inocente—innocent

5. culpable—guilty, culpable

6. celoso(-a)—jealous

7. liberal—liberal

8. conservador(-a)—conservative

9. travieso(-a)—mischievous

10. optimista—optimistic

11. pesimista—pessimistic

12. posesivo(-a)—possessive

13. orgulloso(-a)—proud [estar], prideful [ser]

14. prudente—prudent, wise

15. rebelde—rebellious

16. reservado(-a)—reserved, quiet

17. cortés(-a)—courteous, polite

18. grosero(-a)—rude

19. sarcástico(-a)—sarcastic

20. sensible—sensitive

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VERBS: PRESENT TENSE CONJUGATION

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PRESENT TENSE CONJUGATION:

Before learning how to conjugate, you need to learn the

Personal Pronouns in Spanish:

In Spanish there are 3 types of verbs:

Verbs that end in –ar

Verbs that end in –er

Verbs that end in –ir

I We

You You all

He They

She

It

Yo Nosotros

Tú Ustedes

Él Ellos

Ella

Eso

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PRESENT TENSE CONJUGATION:

VERBOS –AR (PRESENT TENSE)

LESSON—EN APUNTES (IN NOTES…)

1.INFINITIVE: A verb—or action word—as it appears in a dictionary.

Ex. To speak To sing

In Spanish, they end in –R-, which means to do something.

Ex. Hablar cantar

2. ACTIONS IN THE PRESENT TENSE:

In English—Not a lot of change

I speak We speak

You speak You all speak

He/She/It speaks They speak

In Spanish—AR dropped and changed for each person

Yo hablo Nosotros hablamos

Tú hablas Ustedes hablan

Ellos hablan

Él/Ella habla

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Conjugando verbos (-AR)

Yo hablo

Tú hablas

Él habla

Ella

Usted

Nosotros

hablamos

Ustedes

Ellos

Ellas

hablan

hablar Make a similar chart

for 7 of the verbs:

cantar—to sing

trabajar –to work

tomar –to take

comprar –to buy

mirar—to see, watch

contestar –to answer

estudiar –to study

L

Yo hablo

Tú hablas

Él habla

Ella

Nosotros

hablamos

Ustedes

Ellos

Ellas

hablan

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Conjugando verbos (-ER)

Yo como

Tú comes

Él come

Ella

Nosotros

comemos

Ustedes

Ellos

Ellas

comen

comer Make a similar chart

for 3 of the verbs:

meter—to insert

creer–to believe

correr–to run

aprender –to learn

beber—to drink

depender –to depend

leer –to read

prender –to turn on

toser –to cough

*ver –to watch

IN NOTES.

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Conjugando verbos (-IR)

Yo escribo

Tú escribes

Él escribe

Ella

Nosotros

escribimos

Ustedes

Ellos

Ellas

escriben

escribir Make a similar chart

for 2 of the verbs:

aburrir—to bore

abrir–to open

admitir–to admit

aplaudir –to clap

confundir—to confuse

decidir–to decide

discutir–to argue

interrumpir–to interrupt

ocurrir–to occur

recibir–to receive

vivir—to live

IN NOTES.

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ACTIVITY: VERB CONJUGATION-PRESENT

INSTRUCTIONS: FORM THE PRESENT TENSE OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS:

EXAMPLE: Tú ___ hablas _____ (hablar) por celular.

1. Yo __________(ayudar) a mi profesor.

2. Ustedes ______________ (correr) en un maraton de 5k.

3. Mariana ______________ (discutir) con su novio (boyfriend).

4. Carlos y yo ____________ (bailar) en la fiesta de “Homecoming”.

5. Tú _________ (amar) la lasagna y los tacos.

6. Mis papas ____________(comer) mucho (a lot) en los Buffets.

7. Cole y sus amigos ________________ (escribir) en la clase de literatura.

Irregular verbs:

1. *estar

2. *ser

soy somos

eres son

es son

estoy estamos

estás están

está están

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IRREGULAR VERBS:

soy somos

eres son

es son

tengo tenemos

tienes tiene

tiene tienen

estoy estamos

estás están

está están

This form of

the verb is for

singular nouns

such as

animals and

objects.

This form of

the verb is for

plural nouns

such as

animals and

objects.

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PAST TENSE: PRETERIT AND IMPERFECT

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El pretérito (¿Qué pasó?)

1. El comienzo de algo (|)

Yo nací en 1983.

2. El final de algo (|)

Ella murió en 1912.

3. La duración de algo (|--|)

Tú viviste en California por

tres años.

4. Una acción completa (--|--)

Yo me levanté y desayuné.

Función Forma

-AR -ER/-IR

Yo -é -í

Tú -aste -iste

Él/Ella/Usted -ó -ió

Nosotros/as -amos -imos

Vosotros/as -asteis -isteis

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -aron -ieron

EL PRETÉRITO:

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PRETÉRITO A. To denote a completed state or an action.

|------X------|

PAST NOW

Mis padres llegaron a

la casa a las 8pm.

Vanilla Ice obtuvo la fama

(y también la perdió).

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PRETÉRITO B. To express the beginning of a past action.

|------X ------|

PAST NOW

Comenzó la Segunda Guerra

Mundial (WWII) en 1939.

“Duck Dynasty”

empezó a las 8 pm.

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PRETÉRITO C. To express the end of a

past action.

|--- X------|

PAST NOW

La serie Full House (“Casa llena”)

terminó en 1995.

Mr. Bishop Mr. Bishop

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PRETÉRITO D. To express an action or state that

occurred over a specific period of time. |------[XXX]------| PAST NOW Los moros (moors) estuvieron en España por 800 años. La carrera de Vanilla Ice duró 15 minutos en 1991.

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COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS IN PRETERIT

SER (to be)/IR (to go)

Yo FUI Tú FUISTE Él/Ella/Usted FUE Nosotros/as FUIMOS Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes FUERON

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

TENER (to have)

Yo TUVE Tú TUVISTE Él/Ella/Usted TUVO Nosotros/as TUVIMOS Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes TUVIERON

ESTAR (to be)

Yo ESTUVE Tú ESTUVISTE Él/Ella/Usted ESTUVO Nosotros/as ESTUVIMOS Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes ESTUVIERON

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SABER (to know)

Yo SUPE Tú SUPISTE Él/Ella/Usted SUPO Nosotros/as SUPIMOS Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes SUPIERON

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

HACER (to do/make)

Yo HICE Tú HICISTE Él/Ella/Usted HIZO Nosotros/as HICIMOS Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes HICIERON

QUERER (to want)

Yo QUISE Tú QUISISTE Él/Ella/Usted QUISO Nosotros/as QUISIMOS Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes QUISIERON

DECIR (to say)

Yo DIJE Tú DIJISTE Él/Ella/Usted DIJO Nosotros/as DIJIMOS Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes DIJERON

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EL PRETÉRITO: Conviertan los verbos en la forma correcta del pretérito. Acuérdense de los

acentos.

1) Él (decidir) _________________

2) Ella (adivinar) _________________

3) Nosotros (tomar) _________________

4) Tú (entrar) _________________

5) Ustedes (entrar) _________________

6) Tú (salir) _________________

7) Ella (volver) _________________

8) Yo (decidir) _________________

9) Yo (aconsejar) _________________

10) Tú (volver) _________________

*¿Por qué se usa el pretérito en la siguiente oración en el pasado?

Yo trabajé desde las siete de la mañana hasta las seis de la tarde.

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EL PRETÉRITO:

STEM-CHANGING VERBS

Stem-changing verbs that end in –ar: are regular

in the preterite.

Stem-changing verbs that end in –ir: change in

the third person singular and plural as it follows:

Sentir (ei):

sentí sentimos

sentiste sentisteis

sintió sintieron

Note that the endings are the same as those of

the regular –ir verbs.

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EL PRETÉRITO:

STEM-CHANGING VERBS

Practice conjugating other verbs like sentir (ei):

advertir (ei)

divertir (ei)

preferir (ei)

convertir (ei)

divertirse (ei) [this is reflexive]

mentir (ei)

dormir (ou)

morir (ou)

servir (ei)

pedir (ei)

medir (ei)

conseguir (ei)

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El imperfecto (Describe el pasado)

1. Describe la escena (set the

stage/scene):

Era noche. No había luz.

2. Describe una acción en progreso:

Yo comía/estaba comiendo

cereal cuando vino mi papá.

3. Describe una persona o cosa:

Era un hombre feo y asqueroso.

Tenía pelo largo y sucio.

4. Describe acciones habituales o

repetidas:

Todos los días nosotros

comprábamos helado.

Función Forma

-AR -ER/-IR

Yo -aba -ía

Tú -abas -ías

Él/Ella/Usted -aba -ía

Nosotros/as -ábamos -íamos

Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes -aban -ían

EL IMPERFECTO:

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COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS IN IMPERFECT

SER (to be) Yo ERA Tú ERAS Él/Ella/Usted ERA Nosotros/as ÉRAMOS Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes ERAN

IR (to go) Yo IBA Tú IBAS Él/Ella/Usted IBA Nosotros/as ÍBAMOS Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes IBAN

VER (to see) Yo VEÍA Tú VEÍAS Él/Ella/Usted VEÍA Nosotros/as VEÍAMOS Ellos/Ellas/Ustedes VEÍAN

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PRETERIT & IMPERFECT

IRREGULAR MEANINGS

Preterit Imperfect

--Yo pude (able to and did it) --Yo podía (able to if I wanted to)

--Yo quise (wanted to and tried) --Yo quería (wanted to [but did not

necessarily try])

--Yo conocí (met) --Yo conocía (knew/was familiar with)

--Yo supe (found out) --Yo sabía (knew)

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PR

ET

ER

IT O

R I

MP

ER

FE

CT

?

Nosotros (A. pudimos, B. podíamos) armarlo.

We were able to assemble it (if we wanted to).

26. ¿Tú (A. quisiste, B. querías) hablar con mi hermano?

You wanted (and tried) to speak with my brother?

27. Yo no (A. pude, B. podía) entregar la tarea a tiempo.

I failed to turn in the homework on time.

28. Mi abuelo (A. conocí, B. conocía) a Ricardo Montalbán cuando era niño.

My grandpa knew Ricardo Montalbán when he was a child.

29. ¿Cuándo (A. supiste, B. sabías) que estabas enamorado de mí?

When did you find out that you were in love with me?

30. Ella ya (A. supo, B. sabía) por qué yo estaba allí.

She already knew why I was there.

31. Ellos (A. conocieron, B. conocían) a Julieta Venegas una vez.

They met Julieta Venegas one time.

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FUTURE TENSE: NEAR FUTURE AND SIMPLE FUTURE

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There are 2 future tenses in Spanish, as there are in

English…

• SIMPLE FUTURE: I will…(do something)

• NEAR FUTURE: I am going to …(do something)

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The Near Future:

The near future allows you to talk about the future using the structure

“ir + infinitive”. It is the English equivalent of “I am going to…”

Conjugation of Irregula verb ‘ir’ = to go….

Person The part of ‘Ir’

I Voy

You (singular) Vas

He/she/it Va + the infinitive (a whole verb)

We Vamos (eg. comer = to eat)

You (plural) Van

They Van

EXAMPLES….

1. Voy a jugar al fútbol = I am going to play football

2. Va a jugar al fútbol = he / she is going to play football

3. Vamos a estudiar el arte = we are going to study art

4. Van a estudiar el arte = they are going to study art

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1. I’m going to write a letter._________________________________________

2. He is going to play football. ________________________________________

3. We are going to listen to music. ____________________________________

4. Are you (sing.) going to watch television? ____________________________

5. They are going to eat paella. _______________________________________

¡A practicar!

Translate the sentences into Spanish using the Near Future:

Translate the sentences into English:

1. Voy a hablar con mi profesor._______________________________________

2. Va a comprar un carro nuevo.______________________________________

3. Vamos a celebrar tu cumpleaños.____________________________________

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Simple Future:

• The simple future allows you to talk about what you will do in the future.

• This is an easy tense to remember as the same endings get added to all the

infinitives.

Person Whole verb ending in -ar-er-ir

I whole verb + -é

You (singular) whole verb + -ás

He/she/it whole verb + -á

We whole verb + -emos

You (plural) whole verb + -án

They whole verb + -án

EXAMPLES….

1. Estudiaré el chino = I will study Chinese

2. Viajará por todo el mundo = He / she will travel around the world

3. Trabajaremos con niños = We will work with children

4. Verán una película en español = They will watch a Spanish film

Estudiar = the whole verb (to study) then add the appropriate

ending

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1. I will talk to my sister. _____________________________________________

2. He will study Spanish. _____________________________________________

3. We will go to Mexico. _____________________________________________

4. Will you (singular) live in England? _______________________________

5. They will drink orange juice________________________________________

6. I will stay at home. _______________________________________

¡A practicar!

Translate the sentences into Spanish using the SIMPLE FUTURE:

So, look up the verb ‘to talk’ and add the appropriate ending

for ‘her’

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Poner = to put yo pondré = I will put

Decir = to say yo diré = I will say

haber = to be (used

with weather)

habrá = it will be

Salir = to go out yo saldré = I will go out

Hacer = to do / make

yo haré = I will do / make

poder = to be able to yo podré = I will be able to

Tener = to have yo tendré = I will have

Venir = to come yo vendré = I will come

Querer = to want/love

yo querré = I will want /

love

Saber = to know yo sabré = I will know

IRREGULAR VERBS IN THE

FUTURE TENSE:

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EL FUTURO INMEDIATO

1. I am going to play

2. You (s) are going to live

3. We are going to read

4. They are going to make

5. You (pl) are going to be

6. He is going to have

7. I am going to listen

8. We are going to write

9. They are going to study

10. You (s) are going to travel

El Futuro

Simple

11. I will play

12. You (s) will live

13. We will read

14. They will make

15. You (pl) will be

16. He will have

17. I will listen

18. We will write

19. They will study

20. You will travel

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SER VS. ESTAR

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SER VS. ESTAR

SER to describe unchanging characteristics of a person, place, or thing. For example:

Origin and nationality: She is from Spain; She is Spanish.

Date and time: Today is September 28th

Relationships: Rafael is my best friend.

Events: when an event takes place.

The four P’s:

Personality: He is fun

Physical Attributes: Susana is short.

Profession: My father is a doctor.

Possession: The blue car is mine.

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SER VS. ESTAR

ESTAR to describe the changing characteristics of a person, place, or thing. For example:

Location: Her house is on Center St. Avenue.

The cinema is near downtown.

Physical Condition:

Miss Smith is sick.

The students are seated.

The students are standing.

Mood: The teacher is happy.

My mother is excited.

The students are bored.

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SER O ESTAR

1) Diego _______ de Madrid pero ahora ______ estudiando en Salamanca.

2) El jefe _____ furioso porque su asistente _____ muy desorganizado hoy.

3) _____ nevando. Juan _____ congelado porque su ropa _____ de nilón.

4) El concierto va a _____ mañana. Los músicos _____ peruanos.

5) No puedo tomarme este café. _____ frío y la taza _____ sucia.

6) --¿Cómo _____ el secretario del presidente? --Joven y competente.

7) Paco y Ana _____ novios. Ellos _____ muy enamorados y la boda _____ en junio.

8) Mis hermanitos _____ llorando porque su perro _____ muerto.

9) El carro nuevo _____ de Luis. _____ un BMW, ¿verdad?

10) Mi hermana siempre _____ enferma.

11) Mi nueva computadora _____ una Mac. ¡ _____ rápida, elegante y azul!

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CULTURE: MEXICO

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¿Qué significan los colores?

El verde:

El blanco:

El rojo:

la sangre de los héroes

nacionales

la unidad

la esperanza

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EL PAÍS EN CIFRAS:

Área:

Población:

Capital:

Ciudades principales:

Moneda:

Idiomas:

1.972.550 km2 (761.603 millas2), casi tres veces el área de Texas.

113.271.000 personas. Estados Unidos: 315.328.750

México, D.F. 21.163.226 personas

Guadalajara, Monterrey, Ciudad Juárez, y Puebla

Peso mexicano

español (oficial), náhuatl, y otras lenguas indígenas

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MONEDA: PESO MEXICANO

¿Qué piensan, cuál es el cambio

entre el peso mexicano y el

dólar de los estados unidos?

¿Cuántos pesos por cada dólar?

Hoy el cambio es:

12.5 pesos = 1

dólar

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IDIOMAS

español

náhuatl

Nahua = Mayas (Grupo de indigenas que vivían en

Mexico, Guatemala, el Salvador y Nicaragua.

Más o menos hay 1.500.000 Nahua que hablan

Náhuatl.

Unas Palabras

Ixchel or Itzel =

QUETZALXOCHITL:

TOLTECATL:

Mayan goddess of the earth, moon, and

medicine, meaning "rainbow lady.”

Female Nahuatl name meaning

"precious flower; queen."

Nahuatl unisex name meaning

"artist."

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LOS DEPORTES

El deporte “oficial” de México es …

La Charreada o Charrería

es como un rodeo con 9

eventos.

En la foto a la izquierda, el

evento se llama “el Paso de la

Muerte”

Un charro va a brincar de su

caballo al otro caballo que no

ha sido enseñado (wild horse)

sin una silla de montar y

quedarse encima del caballo

hasta que no corcovee (buck)

más.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QogeatWgtpU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T51DuqNDivY

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OTROS DEPORTES

El fútbol es el más popular.

Béisbol

Baloncesto

Boxeo

Lucha libre

Fútbol americano

¿Cuántas copas mundiales ha ganado

México? 0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Qk24rFtas8

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CUIDADES: MÉXICO, D. F.

La Ciudad de México fundada en 1525, también se llama el D. F. o Distrito Federal.

Muchos turistas e inmigrantes vienen a la ciudad porque es el centro cultural y económico del país.

El crecimiento de la población es de los más altos del mundo.

El D. F. tiene una población mayor que las de Nueva York, Madrid o Paris.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RA24XvHkGNI

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HISTORIA:

LOS AZTECAS

Los aztecas dominaron en México del siglo XIV

hasta el siglo XVI.

Sus canales, puentes y pirámides con templos

religiosos eran muy importantes.

El imperio azteca terminó cuando llegaron los

españoles en 1519, pero la presencia azteca

sigue hoy.

La Ciudad de México está situada en la capital

azteca de Tenochtitlán, y muchos turistas van a

visitar sus ruinas.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCLV9N_Rne0

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¡DÍA DE LOS MUERTOS! Cada 2 de noviembre

los cementerios de

México se llenan de

luz, música y flores.

El Día de los

Muertos no es un

evento triste; es una

fiesta en honor a las

personas muertas.

En ese día, los

mexicanos se ríen de

la muerte, lo cual se

refleja en detalles

como las calaveras de

azúcar y el pan de

muerto – pan en

forma de huesos.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kimX-rwPmyk http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9BnPsG2T8bI&feature=related

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EL DÍA DE LOS MUERTOS

El Día de los muertos Día feriado/festivo de Estados Unidos:

Semejanzas (Similarities)

Diferencias (Differences)

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MEXICANOS CÉLEBRES…

Benito Juárez, héroe nacional Octavio Paz, poeta Elena Poniatowska,

periodista y escritora

Julio César Chávez, boxeador Frida Kahlo, pintora Café Tacvba, cantantes

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ARTES: DIEGO RIVERA Y FRIDA KAHLO

Frida Kahlo y Diego Rivera eran

artistas mexicanos muy famosos.

Casados en 1929, los dos se

interesaron en las condiciones

sociales de la gente indígena de

su país.

Puedes ver algunas de sus obras

en el Museo de Arte Moderno de la

Ciudad de México.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O_by510mI6I

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Frida Kahlo

Nació el 6 de julio de 1907.

Murió el 13 de julio de 1954.

Su padre era alemán y su madre era indígena.

Tenía tres hermanas y dos media hermanas.

Ella sufrió casi todo su vida de un accidente en 1925.

Se casó con Diego Rivera en 1929.

Ella era pintora.

Casi la mitad de sus pinturas son autorretratos.

Mucha de su obra demuestra su dolor.

Su estilo se conoce como el Neomexicanismo

Para ver algunas de sus pinturas: http://www.fridakahlo.com/selected-artwork

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYWKoMFjnbs

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LAS PINTURAS DE FRIDA KAHLO…

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DIEGO RIVERA (1886-1957)

• Nació en Guanajuato y fue criado allá hasta los 10 años cuando

fue a estudiar arte en la Ciudad de México.

• Se hizo un muralista famoso por todo el mundo entre 1922 y

1953, pintando las paredes de varios edificios.

• Estilo: impresionismo

-Formas simples, no contiene muchos detalles, con

colores vivos.

-Muchos de sus murales son a cerca de la historia de

México.

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MARIO MORENO “CANTINFLAS”

(1911-1993)

Nació en D.F., México.

Considerado como el Chaplin,

Groucho Marx y Jerry Lewis

mexicano durante la “Época Dorada.”

Conocido por sus comedias con

moralejas (morals/lessons).

Se hizo famoso en Estados Unidos

también en películas como Around

the World in 80 Days (1956) y en Pepe (1960)

junto con actores como Bing Crosby, Dean Martin y Sinatra.

Ganó varios premios (i.e., Golden Globe).

1956—Actor con el salario más grande.

cantinflar/cantinflear—’to babble’.

“La primera obligación de todo ser humano es ser feliz.

La segunda es hacerles felices a los demás.”

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jRzO6BKFgM

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IzFQCqKGvbs

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CNvJfuDYcPA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W24yaB8tyC4

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PEDRO INFANTE (1917-1957) Considerado uno de los actores/cantantes

más famosos de Latinoamérica ====================================================================

Ganó varios premios, incluyendo el premio

Ariel en 1956 (el Oscar mexicano) ====================================================================

El “Frank Sinatra” mexicano; el ídolo

mexicano ====================================================================

Murió a los 39 años estrellándose en

un avión en Mérida, Yucatán ====================================================================

Una leyenda—sus películas todavía son

muy populares por todo el mundo ====================================================================

Películas de acción, comedia, drama y

obras musicales

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U3gS30P_23Q http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCT9RLF4bb0