Grammar BookCarmen Shockey

Table of Contents1. Preterite2. Imperfect3. Por/Para4. Possessive Adjectives and Pronouns5. Usted/Ustedes command6. Present Subjuntives7. Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence8. Subjunctive with Verbs of Emotion9. Subjunctive with Verbs of Doubt, Disbelief, and

Denial10. Subjunctive with Conjunctions

Preterite Verbs

-ar -er/-ir

-é -í

-aste -iste

-é -ió

-amos -imos

-aron -ieron

El Pretérito

Snake Verbs

-car, -gar, -zar

Spock Verbs

Trigger Words

Comenzar-Comencé

-Comenzaste

-Comenzó

-Comenzamos

-Comenzaron

Jugar-Jugue

Jugaste

Jugó

Jugamos

jugaron

Tocar-Toque

-Tocaste

-Toco

-Tocamos

-Tocaron

Irregular Form

Estar Estuve-

Poder Pud-

Poner Pus-

Quera Quis-

Saber Sup-

Tener Tuv-

Venir Vin-

Conducir Conduj-

Producir Produj-

Traducir Traduj-

ir y ser (I was)

fui Fuimos

Fuiste

Fue Fueron

Dormir (I slept)

dormí Dormimos

dormiste

durmío Durmieron

Imperfect You can use the imperfect in the following: -to speak about background events in the story -to talk about something you do as a matter of

habit -to speak bout how old someone is -to say what time it is

-ar -er -ir

Cantar Tener Salir

Cantaba Tenia Salia

Cantabas Tenias Salias

Cantaba Tenia Salia

Cantabamos Teniamos Saliamos

cantabais Teniais Saliais

Cantaban Tenian Salian

ser Ir ver

Era Iba Veia

Eras Ibas Veias

Era Iba Veia

Eramos Ibamos Veiamos

Erais Ibais Veiais

Eran Iban Veian

Possessive Pronouns/Adjectives

All possessive adjectives agree in gender and number with the nouns they describe.

Also, they have a long form which is more expressive. You this use, for example, when you are talking about a special friend.

Used to describe something of yours, of mine, of his/hers, etc.

Definite article is omitted if long adjective follows SER.

EX: Juan es un amigo mio.

Long Form- Singular

Long Form Plural

Mio(a) Nuestro(a)

Tuyo(a) Vuestro(a)

Suyo(a) Suyo(a)

Long Form- Singular

Long Form Plural

Mios(a) Nuestros(as)

Tuyos(a) Vuestros(as)

Suyos(a) Suyos(as)

Por and Para

Usted/Ustedes Commands1. Put in the “yo” form2. Drop the “o” and change to opposite vowel (ar→e, er/ir

→a)3. Affirmative or negative? -Affirmative- attach the pronoun to affirmative command -negative-pronouns go in front of the negative verb -negatives are formed the same as affirmative but with “no” infront -for affirmitive usted or ustedes command you replace –ar verbs with e/en and –er/ir with a/anEX: Limpiar→Limpio→Limpie

Present SubjunctivesCharacteristics -2 clauses -special verbs - “que” -two different subjectsEX: Es necesario que lo arregles y es importante que sucudas los muebles tambien.

Special Verbs

Es bueno que

Es malo que

Es necesito que

Es mejor que

Es importante que

Es urgente que

Subjunctive with Verbs of Will and Influence

When using verbs of will and influence, you still need all the factors

However, you use verbs that will and influence the subject

A direct pronouns is always used before the verb of will and influence.

EX: Te aconsejo que tu hagas tu cama.

Verbs Translation

Aconsejar To advise

Importar To be important

Insistir(en) To insist on

Mandar To order

Prohibir To prohibit

Recomender (e:ie) To recommend

Rogar(o:ue) To beg, plead

Sugerir(e:ie) To suggest

Subjunctive with Verbs of Emotion When feelings of emotion, such

as hope or fear, are used in the main cause of a sentence, the subjunctive is used in the subordinate clause.

EX: Nos alegramos de que te gusten las flores

The infinitive is used when there is no change in subject from the first verb to the second

EX: Temo llegar tarde. The verb ojalar is always followed

by subjunctive and que is optional.

EX: Ojala te mueras.

Verbs

Alegrarse

Soprender

Ojalar

Sentir(e:ie)

Temer

Es triste

Subjunctive with Verbs of Doubt, Disbelief, and denial

The subjunctive is used in a sentence where there are two subjects and the main clause shows negation or uncertainty

EX: Dudo que tengas un telefono celular.

You use the indicative when there is no doubt or uncertainty

EX: Creo que tiene un razon. The word quizas and tal vez are

followed by the subjunctive because they suggest doubt.

EX: Quizas hagas sol manana.

Subjunctive Indicative

Dudar No dudar

Negar(e:ie) No negar

Es imposible Creer

Es improbable Estar seguro

No es cierto Es cierto

Subjunctive with Conjunctions Subjunctive is used with conjunctions when a sentence

provides a) a hypothetical situationb)uncertainty about an actionc)Unfulfilled condition When there are usually gerunds, the verb is replaced

with a subjunctive When using conjunctions from the third column, only

use subjunctive if the main clause uses a future action or command.

Use the indicative if the main clause expresses a habitual action or a past action

Always Subjunctive

A menos que

Antes de que

Con tal de que

En caso de que

Para que

Sin que

Preposition>infinitive

Antes de

para

sin

Both

Cuando

Despues de que

En cuanto

Hasta que

Tan pronto como