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CHAPTER 10: THE PHILIPPINES UNDER AMERICAN

TUTELAGE

INTRODUCTION

-US commenced in exporting her governmental system

in the Philippines

-Filipinos became immersed in the basics of good

governance and the tenets of democratic governance

-Filipino way of life changed

Under Military Government

-Americans established military government in August

1898 which lasted until 1901

-Philippines was directly under the President of US in

his capacity as Commander-in-Chief of the US armed

forces

-The powers of the US president were exercised by an

American military governor

-Major General Wesley Meritt, commander of American

forces in Manila, was the first military governor

-Major General Elwell Otis succeeded Meritt and served

until 1900

-Major General Arthur MacArthur was the last military

governor

-Accomplishments of the US military government:

Establishment of a Supreme Court composedof six Filipinos and three Americans, with

Cayetano Arellano as First Chief Justice

Organization of towns and provincialgovernments in pacified areas

Holding of elections for local officials in areasunder American control

The introduction of the American public schoolsystem and the teaching of the English

language

The First Philippine Commission

-Appointed by President Mckinley on January 20, 1899,

also known as the Schurman Commission

-Investigate condition of the islands and make

recommendations

-Headed by Dr. Jacob Schurman together with Admiral

George Dewey, Major General Elwell Otis, CharlesDenby and Dean C. Worcester

-Reported to Mckinley on January 31, 1900 with the

following recommendations:

The US should remain in the Philippines sincethe country was not yet ready for

independence

The military government should be abolishedand replaced by a civil government in areas

firmly under American control

A territorial government had to be establishedin the country, with a bicameral legislature

Autonomous governments on the provinciaand municipal levels had to be organized

There was a need to protect the civil rights ofthe people and promote their welfare

The American public elementary school systemhad to be introduced in the country

The Second Philippine Commission

-Created by President Mckinley on March 16, 1900 to

facilitate the implementation of Schurmans

recommendations

-Popularly known as Taft Commission headed by

William Howard Taft with the following members

Dean C. Worcester, Luke E. Wright, Henry C. Ide and

Bernard Moses

-Tasked to establish a civil government in the country

and train the Filipinos in self-government

-Commission was guided by the Instructions preparedby Elihu Root, the Secretary of War

-The government should be designed for the

happiness, peace, and prosperity of the people of the

Philippine Islands

-Commission commenced its work on June 3, 1900

-First law enacted, allocated $1 million for the

construction and repair of roads and bridges

-August 1902 Legislated more than 400 laws dealing

with the organization of government bureaus,

establishment of local governments, creation of the

civil service and the organization of the public schoo

system in the archipelago

The Establishment of American Civil Government

-March 2, 1901 Military government ceased to exist

when the US Congress enacted the Army

Appropriations Act, this law implemented the Spoone

Amendment

-Spooner Amendment:

Written by Senator Jon Spooner of Wisconsin All military, civil and judicial powers needed to

govern the Philippines, until otherwise

provided by Congress shall be vested in suchperson or persons as the President of the

United States would direct.

Removed from the US president the finaauthority to govern the Philippines

This power was to be exercised by the USCongress through the President

-Civil government was established and was inaugurated

on July 4, 1901 with Judge William H. Taft as the first

civil governor.

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-The title was changed to Governor-General in 1905

since Taft was also the head of Philippine Commission

which was the law-making body

-William H. Taft:

Well-loved governor who did his best topromote the welfare of the Filipinos

Policy of The Philippines for the Filipinos Many of the foundations of a stable and

democratic government were laid Purchased 410,000 acres of friar lands which

were resold to the landless Filipino tenants on

easy installment terms

Constantino asserts that it was not anendorsement of Philippine Independence but

good business

Improvements on the standards of living andeducation of Filipinos would create a taste for

American products resulting in a potential

market for American products

-Tafts successors were equally able men: Luke E. Wright (1904-1906) Henry Ide (1906) James Smith (1906-1909) W. Cameron Forbes (1909-1913)

The Philippine Bill of 1902

-Also known as Cooper Act enacted on July 1, 1902,

considered as the next step in the institutionalization of

civil government in the Philippines

-It is the first organic law for the Philippines enacted by

the US congress and named after its sponsor, US

Representative Henry A. Cooper of Wisconsin

-The following are its salient provisions:

A bill of rights for the Filipino people Appointment of two Filipino resident

commissioners to represent the country in the

US congress without voting rights

Establishment of the Philippine Assembly to beelected by the Filipinos two years after the

publication of a census and only after peace

had been restored completely in the country

Exercise of executive power by the civilgovernor who would have several executivedepartments

Conservation of natural resources for theFilipinos

Period of Suppressed Nationalism

-American civil government suppressed the spirit of

Filipino nationalism

-El Nuevo Dia which was edited by Sergio Osmea was

suspended.

-Other newspapers advocating Filipino nationalist

sentiments:

El Rencimento Rafael Palma El Grito del Pueblo Pascual H. Poblete

-Plays reflecting nationalist sentiments:

Walang Sugat Severino Reyes Malaya Tomas Remigio Tanikalang Ginto Juan Abad Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas Aurelio Tolentino

-Sedition Law was passed by the Philippine

Commission which declared treasonable the advocacy

of independence during the Fil-Am War.

-Flag Law was passed six years after which prohibited

the public display of the Filipino flag

Emergence of Political Parties

-Federal Party

First political party in the Philippines foundedon December 1900 by a group of pro-American

Filipinos Headed by Trinidad H. Pardo de Tavera Basic platform of making the Philippines a state

of the US

Changed its name to the Progressive Party orPartido Progresista

-Partido Nacionalista

Came into being when Henry Ide lifted the banfor political parties advocating separation from

the US in 1906

Formed out of the union of PartidoIndependista Immediata and UnionNacionalista

Merged to have a better chance of fighting thewell-organized Partido Progresista

The Philippine Assembly

-Elections of Philippine Assembly

Set on July 30, 1907 after the conditions of thePhilippine Bill of 1902 were satisfied which are

complete restoration of peace in the country

and publication of a census in the Philippine

population

A census was undertaken on March 2, 1903 andthe results were published in 1905

-This gave the people opportunity to express their

sentiments

-80 seats in the First Philippine Assembly

59 from Partido Nacionalista 16 from Partido Progresista 5 independent candidates

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-Partido Nacionalista advocate immediate, absolute

and complete independence from the US which the

Filipino people supported

-October 16, 1907

Formal inauguration of the First PhilippineAssembly at the Grand Opera House

Sergio Osmea was elected as speaker Manuel L. Quezon was selected as Majority

Floor Leader-First legislation was the Gabaldon Act, which allocated

P1 million for the establishment of barrio schools

throughout the Philippines

-The Philippine Assembly served as the lower house of

Philippine Legislature while the Philippine Commission

was its upper house

These 2 were not harmonious since PhilippineAssembly was pro-Filipino and Philippine

Commission was pro-American

The conflict ended when the PhilippineCommission was abolished by the Jones Law of1916 and replaced by an all-Filipino Philippine

Senate

Resident Commissioners

-As provided by the Philippine Bill of 1902, the Filipinos

are represented in the US congress by two resident

commissioners

-Pablo Ocampo and Benito Legarda were elected as

first resident commissioners by the Philippine

Assembly

-They could relay the concerns of the Filipino people,

and speak for or against any bill affecting the Filipinosbut had no voting rights

Filipinization of Government

-Pro-American Filipinos were designated to high

positions

-By 1908, four Filipinos were able to have seats at the

Philippine Commission.

-Gregorio Araneta

became the Secretary of Finance and Justice inthe same year

first Filipino to head an executive department-Filipinization was evident at local government levels,

townspeople elected their town president, vice

president and councilor

-By 1907, the provincial governor and three-man

provincial board were elected directly by the people

-Francis Burton Harrison

Appointed by President Woodrow Wilson asgovernor-general

Served from 1913-1921

-Rafael Palma, Jaime C. De Veyra, Victorino Mapa

Vicente Ilustre, and Vicente Singson Encarnacion were

appointed to the Philippine Commission

-He worked for the replacement of American

employees in government service. At the end of his

term there were only 641 Americans left in the civi

service against the 2,623 when he assumed his post

-According to Agoncillo Filipinization involved only

those who belonged to the national and local elite

The Jones Law of 1916

-Also known as the Philippine Autonomy Act,

sponsored by William Atkinson Jones of Virginia

-This act was signed by President Wilson on August 29,

1916

-Documented the American promise to grant the

country its independence as soon as a stable

government could be established

-Defined the structure of government, the powers and

duties of government officials and provided for a bill of

rights for the people

-Executive power was vested in the governor-genera

whose appointment by the US President was subject to

the approval of the US Senate.

-The governor-general was given the power to appoint

the members of his cabinet, who shall all be Filipinos.

-Only the Secretary of Instruction in the cabinet had to

be an American

-Under the Philippine Autonomy Act, legislative powe

was fully given to the Filipinos. This created the

Philippine Legislature composed of:

Philippine Senate as upper chamber House of Representatives as lower chamber Elected directly by Filipino people

-Judicial power of government was vested in the

Supreme Court composed of:

A Filipino chief justice Filipino and American associate justices Judges of the lower courts, notably the courts

of first instance and justice of peace courts

Members of the Philippine Supreme Court areappointed by the US President

The Philippine Legislature

-October 3, 1916

Elections were held for the new law-makingbody of the country

Nacionalista Party against Progresista Party Majority of the winners came fron Nacionalista

Party, thus they dominated both chambers of

the Philippine Legislature

-Formally inaugurated 13 days later

Manuel L. Quezon elected as Senate President

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Sergio Osmea elected as Speaker of theHouse of Representatives

-Council of State

Established on October 16, 1918 by Governor-general Francis Burton Harris to ensure a good

working relationship between the executive

and legislative branches

Purpose is to advise the governor-general onmatters of national significance

Consisted of all presiding officers of thePhilippine Senate and House of

Representatives and cabinet secretaries of the

governor-general

Chair of this body is the governor-general Dominated by Filipinos

The Wood-Forbes Mission

-President Wilson succeeded by Warren G. Harding

-Harding sent the Wood-Forbes Mission to the country

Major General Leonard Wood and W. CameronForbes

-May 4, 1921

Arrival in Manila, and started to obtain vitalinformation for President Harding

-After four months of investigation, they

recommended the deferring the granting of Philippine

independence due to:

poor financial state of the country bankruptcy of the Philippine National Bank instability of government

-Filipino leaders were displeased

The Administration of Leonard Wood

-Leonard Wood

Replaced Burton as governor-general onOctober 5, 1921

Antagonized the Philippine Legislature due tohis disapproval of 16 bills it passed and felt that

they are getting stripped off autonomy that

they enjoyed

-Members of the Council of State resigned en masswhich became known as the Cabinet Crisis of 1923

-Wood was not moved, and continued to govern the

country without the cooperation of Philippine

Legislature

-He abolished the Board of Control in 1926, a body

responsible for voting stocks in government

corporations whose members were the governor-

general, President of the Philippine Senate and

Speaker of the House of Representatives

-Opposing political parties pledged to work together to

work for the independence of the Philippines

-National Supreme Council was established in 1926

-Wood died on August 7, 1927 while on vacation in US

Restoration of Filipino Cooperation

-Three Republican governor-generals took turns in

governing the country

Henry I. Stimson (1928-1929) Dwight F. Davis (1929-1932) Theodore Roosevelt Jr. (1932-1933)

-They blended Harrisons liberalism and Woods

conservatism

Educational Developments

-Filipinos experienced social progress due to the

Americans giving priority to the education of people

-The Philippine public school system was established by

virtue of Act No. 74 enacted by Taft Commission in

January 1901. Provided free primary education and

establishment of school for training Filipino

Teachers

Compulsory teaching of English Recruitment of trained teachers in the US Abolition of compulsory religious instruction

-First American teachers, known as Thomasites arrived

in Manila on August 23, 1901, on board the ship

Thomas. They taught the Filipino the English language

and American way of life

-Education became a privilege both for the rich and the

poor

-UP was established in 1908 by the virtue of Act No

1870

-Establishment of Private Higher Education Institutions

was stimulated during this period

Siliman University in Negros Oriental (1901) Centro Escolar University, founded by Librada

Avelino in 1907

Philippine Womens University founded byFrancisca T. Benitez in 1919

-Filipino pensionados are promising Filipino students

whose education in US was shouldered by thePhilippine government

Religious Developments

-Introduction of Protestantism

Americans tried to win the people to their faithby good examples and friendly persuasion

Notable sects are the Presbyterians (1899)Baptists (1900), Disciples of Christ (1905), and

Methodist Episcopalians (1908)

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Aside the propagating of faith, they carriedhumanitarian work as evidenced by

establishment of schools, hospitals and

churches

Very few embraced Protestantism-The Rise of the Philippine Independent Church

Also known as Aglipayan Church and IglesiaFilipina Independiente

Established in Manila on August 3, 1902 byIsabelo de los Reyes, founder of the Union

Obrera Democratica (Democratic Labor Union),

the first labor union in the Philippines

Offshoot of the secularization controversy inthe Philippines

Isabelo de los Reyes wanted a Filipino Churchindependent from Rome

This Church would still follow the CatholicChurch but would not acknowledge the Pope

In a meeting with Union Obrera Democratica,he proposed the Iglesia Filipina Independiente

Gregorio Aglipay is its Supreme Bishop Gregorio Aglipay was a well-known priest, he

was designated by Aguinaldo as Military Vicar

General of the Revolutionary Army in October

1898.

Aglipay rejected the Philippine IndependentChurch as this was tantamount to schism from

Rome

After his conference with the Jesuits, hechanged his minds and accepted de los Reyes

designation as the Pontifex Maximus orSupreme Bishop on October 17, 1902

He was consecrated as the Supreme Bishop ofthe PIC on January 18, 1903 by the bishops of

Isabela, Cagayan, Pangasinan, Abra, Nueva

Ecija, and Cavite

Economic Development

-Agricultural

Production of sugar, coconut and abaca waspromoted, these were the leading exports

Modern farm machinery and other farmequipment

More land areas because of more irrigationsystems

Americans controlled major agricultural export-Free trade between the US and the Philippines

Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act in 1909 all Philippineexports except rice van freely enter US ports

Underwood-Simmons Tariff Act of 1913 fulltrade was established

Philippines neglected cultivation of other crops

Improvements in Transportation and

Communication

-Transportation

Roads and bridges were constructed Motor vehicles were introduced in 1903 and the

airplane was introduced in 1911

Commercial airport operation started in 1930 With opening of more ports, inter-island

shipping boomed

-Communication

Telephone system in Manila, Cebu, Iloilo andother major cities

Telegraphic services improved withintroduction of wireless telegraphy

1935 start of operations of broadcastingstations

Promotion of Social Welfare

-Victims of natural calamities were provided reliefgoods by both private and American government

organizations

-Mental hospitals, correctional for juvenile delinquents

a school for deaf and blind, peericulture centers, clinics

and hospitals were established

American Influences on the Filipino Culture

-Propagation of the English language

Medium of instruction Language used business and communication in

government

-Prominent Filipino writers

Fernando Maramag Clemencia Joven Zoilo Galang Carlos P. Romulo Marcelo de Gracia Concepcion Jose Garcia Villa NVM Gonzales Francisco Icasiano Trinidad Subido Tarrosa Juan C. Laya

-Newspapers in English

The Independent founded by Vicente Sottocame out in 1915

The Philippine Herald The Tribune founded by Alejandro Roces Sr

in 1925

-Filipinos learned from the Americans:

Principles and concepts of equality Due process of law Human rights

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Political party system Suffrage and elections Separation of powers Civil service Merit and spoil system in government

-Holidays:

Halloween Fourth of July Thanksgiving Day Valentines Day Christmas

-American influence:

Food Style of clothing Music Recreation Sports

Negative Consequences of American Occupation

-Colonial or stateside mentality among the Filipinos Filipinos preferred imported products more

than local

Death of Philippine local industries-Lost sense of values

Success is in terms of material possessions-Good customs and traditions were discarded

Kissing hand of elders Praying of Angelus

-Native literature declined

Filipinos opted to read works of Americanauthors

Zarzuela was forgotten Movies made them learn gangsterism, juvenile

delinquency, illicit love affairs, betrayal,

racketeering, graft and corruption