Spain’s Empire Spain’s Empire and European and European

AbsolutismAbsolutism

Chapter 21, Section 1Chapter 21, Section 1

During a time of During a time of religious and religious and economic economic instability, Philip instability, Philip II rules Spain II rules Spain with a strong with a strong hand.hand.

Philip II of Spain

(1527 – 1598)

A Powerful Spanish EmpireA Powerful Spanish Empire A New Spanish RulerA New Spanish Ruler

In 1556, Philip II In 1556, Philip II begins ruling Spain begins ruling Spain and its possessionsand its possessions

Philip II’s EmpirePhilip II’s Empire Philip seizes Portugal Philip seizes Portugal

in 1580in 1580 Gold and silver from Gold and silver from

Americas make Spain Americas make Spain extremely wealthyextremely wealthy

A Powerful Spanish A Powerful Spanish EmpireEmpire

Defender of CatholicismDefender of Catholicism Philip defends Catholicism against Muslims Philip defends Catholicism against Muslims

and Protestantsand Protestants Spanish fleet helps defeat Ottomans at Spanish fleet helps defeat Ottomans at

Lepanto in 1571.Lepanto in 1571. Spanish Armada is defeated by the British in Spanish Armada is defeated by the British in

1588.1588.

Spanish ArmadaSpanish Armada

Golden Age of Spanish Golden Age of Spanish Art and LiteratureArt and Literature

El Greco and VelEl Greco and Velázquezázquez El Greco uses unusual style to convey El Greco uses unusual style to convey

religious themesreligious themes Works of Works of VelVelázquez show Spanish court lifeázquez show Spanish court life

““Portrait of an Old Man”Portrait of an Old Man”

This painting titled This painting titled “Portrait of an Old “Portrait of an Old Man” is considered a Man” is considered a self portrait by El self portrait by El Greco, circa 1595–Greco, circa 1595–1600, oil on canvas.1600, oil on canvas.

The Assumption of the The Assumption of the VirginVirgin (1577–1579, oil on (1577–1579, oil on canvas, 401 × 228 cm, canvas, 401 × 228 cm, Art Institute of Chicago) Art Institute of Chicago) was one of the nine was one of the nine paintings El Greco paintings El Greco completed for the church completed for the church of Santo Domingo el of Santo Domingo el Antiguo in Toledo, his first Antiguo in Toledo, his first commission in Spain. commission in Spain. This shows the religious This shows the religious themes of his painting. themes of his painting.

Diego Velázquez: two self Diego Velázquez: two self portraitsportraits

Las Hilanderas, c. 1657Las Hilanderas, c. 1657

the story of the mortal Arachne who dared to challenge the goddess Athena to a weaving competition and, on winning the contest, was

turned into a spider by the jealous goddess.

Don QuixoteDon Quixote In 1605, Don In 1605, Don

Quixote by Miguel Quixote by Miguel de Cervantes is de Cervantes is publishedpublished

Novel marks the Novel marks the birth of the modern birth of the modern European novel.European novel.

"Queen Elizabeth I Feeds the Dutch Cow", a satirical Flemish painting, c. 1586. The cow represents "Queen Elizabeth I Feeds the Dutch Cow", a satirical Flemish painting, c. 1586. The cow represents the Dutch provinces. King Philip II of Spain is vainly trying to ride the cow, drawing blood with his the Dutch provinces. King Philip II of Spain is vainly trying to ride the cow, drawing blood with his spurs. Queen Elizabeth is feeding it while William of Orange holds it steady by the horns. The cow is spurs. Queen Elizabeth is feeding it while William of Orange holds it steady by the horns. The cow is defecating on the Duke of Anjou, who is holding its tail - a reference to Anjou's fiasco at the "French defecating on the Duke of Anjou, who is holding its tail - a reference to Anjou's fiasco at the "French Fury" in Antwerp, three years previously Fury" in Antwerp, three years previously

The Spanish Empire The Spanish Empire WeakensWeakens

Making Spain’s Making Spain’s Enemies RichEnemies Rich Spaniards buy Spaniards buy

goods abroad, goods abroad, making Spain’s making Spain’s enemies rich.enemies rich.

Philip declares Philip declares bankruptcy three bankruptcy three times due to weak times due to weak economy.economy.

Inflation and TaxesInflation and Taxes Inflation weakens Spain’s economy.Inflation weakens Spain’s economy. Taxes on lower class prevents Taxes on lower class prevents

development of middle class.development of middle class.

The Dutch RevoltThe Dutch Revolt Protestants in the Netherlands win Protestants in the Netherlands win

independence from Spain in 1579.independence from Spain in 1579.

The Independent Dutch The Independent Dutch ProsperProsper

A Different SocietyA Different Society The Netherlands is a republic and practices The Netherlands is a republic and practices

religious toleration.religious toleration.

Dutch ArtDutch Art In the 1600s, the Netherlands becomes In the 1600s, the Netherlands becomes

center of European Artcenter of European Art Rembrandt and Vermeer are famous Dutch Rembrandt and Vermeer are famous Dutch

PaintersPainters

RembrandtRembrandt

Self portraitSelf portrait

Christ in the Storm Christ in the Storm on the Lake of on the Lake of GalileeGalilee by by Rembrandt, circa Rembrandt, circa 1633. This original 1633. This original painting was stolen painting was stolen in 1990 and was in 1990 and was never recovered.never recovered.

Paintings by VermeerPaintings by Vermeer

Vermeer painted Vermeer painted scenes from every scenes from every day life. day life.

This painting This painting MilkmaidMilkmaid, is circa , is circa 1658-1660.1658-1660.

Officer Laughing Officer Laughing With GirlWith Girl, is circa , is circa 1657-1659.1657-1659.

The Little StreetThe Little Street, is , is circa 1657-1658.circa 1657-1658.

The Independent Dutch The Independent Dutch ProsperProsper

Dutch Trading EmpireDutch Trading Empire Dutch merchants engage in world tradeDutch merchants engage in world trade Dutch have world’s largest trading fleetDutch have world’s largest trading fleet Dutch people replace Italians as Europe’s Dutch people replace Italians as Europe’s

bankersbankers

The shipyard of the Dutch East India The shipyard of the Dutch East India Company, in Amsterdam, c.1750.Company, in Amsterdam, c.1750.

Tulip ManiaTulip Mania At the peak of tulip mania, in At the peak of tulip mania, in

February 1637, some single February 1637, some single tulip bulbs sold for more than tulip bulbs sold for more than 10 times the annual income of 10 times the annual income of

a skilled craftsman.a skilled craftsman.

Absolutism in EuropeAbsolutism in Europe The Theory of AbsolutismThe Theory of Absolutism

Rulers want to be absolute monarchsRulers want to be absolute monarchs—rulers with complete power—rulers with complete power

Believe in “divine right”—idea that Believe in “divine right”—idea that monarchs represent God on earth. monarchs represent God on earth. (The idea can be derived from (The idea can be derived from Romans 13: 1-4.)

Possible Basis ofPossible Basis of“Divine Right of Kings”“Divine Right of Kings”Romans 13:1-4Romans 13:1-4

 ” ”Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. Let every person be subject to the governing authorities. For there is no authority except from God, and those For there is no authority except from God, and those that exist have been instituted by God. Therefore that exist have been instituted by God. Therefore whoever resists the authorities resists what God has whoever resists the authorities resists what God has appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. appointed, and those who resist will incur judgment. For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. For rulers are not a terror to good conduct, but to bad. Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Would you have no fear of the one who is in authority? Then do what is good, and you will receive his Then do what is good, and you will receive his approval, for he is God’s servant for your good. But if approval, for he is God’s servant for your good. But if you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the you do wrong, be afraid, for he does not bear the sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger sword in vain. For he is the servant of God, an avenger who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.”who carries out God’s wrath on the wrongdoer.”

Growing Power of Growing Power of Europe’s MonarchsEurope’s Monarchs Decline of Feudalism, rise Decline of Feudalism, rise

of cities help monarchs of cities help monarchs gain powergain power

Decline of Church authority Decline of Church authority also increases poweralso increases power

Crises Lead to Crises Lead to AbsolutismAbsolutism The 17The 17thth century is a period century is a period

of great upheavalof great upheaval Monarchs impose order by Monarchs impose order by

increasing their own power.increasing their own power.