Spain

ARCHAEOSTAMPS – S –

Th: Aqueduct

Text: Segovia la ciudad del acueducto

City: Segovia

ESP_19370823

CONMEMORATIVE

10,00 €

Aqueduct of Segovia

1939 Perforation: 11 ñ

Technique: Unwmk

Designer:

Printer: Oliva de Vilanova, Barcelona

Sheet: ** ∘

NI-01. 5 P Black

NI-02. 5 P Dk blue

NI-03. 5 P Red

The Aqueduct of Segovia (or more precisely, the aqueduct bridge) is one of the most significant and best-preserved monuments left by the Romans on the Iberian Peninsula. It is the foremost symbol of Segovia, as evidenced by its presence on the city's coat of arms.The aqueduct transports waters from Fuente Fría river, situated in the nearby mountains some 17 kilometers (10.6 miles) from the city in a region known as La Acebeda. It runs another 15 kilometers (9.3 miles) before arriving in the city. The water is first gathered in a tank known as El Caserón (or Big House), and is then led through a channel to a second tower known as the Casa de Aguas (or Waterhouse). There it is naturally decanted and sand settles out before the water continues its route. Next the water travels 728 meters (0.45 miles) on a one-percent grade until it is high upon the Postigo, a rocky outcropping on which the old city center, the Segovia Alcázar, was built. Then, at Plaza de Díaz Sanz (Díaz Sanz Square), the structure makes an abrupt turn and heads toward Plaza Azoguejo (Azoguejo Square). It is there the monument begins to display its full splendor. At its tallest, the aqueduct reaches a height of 28.5 meters (93.5 ft), including nearly 6 meters (19.7 ft) of foundation. There are both single and double arches supported by pillars. From the point the aqueduct enters the city until it reaches Plaza de Díaz Sanz, it boasts 75 single arches and 44 double arches (or 88 arches when counted individually), followed by four single arches, totalling 167 arches in all.The construction of the aqueduct follows the principles laid out by Vitruvius as he describes in his De Architectura published in the mid-first century.

Aqueduct of Segovia

1944 Perforation: 9 ½ x 10 ½

Technique: Litho Unwmk

Designer:

Printer: Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre

Sheet: ** ∘

21. 40 c Dull brown 1.500.000 2,50 € 0,45 €

Theme: National Archaeological Congress

City: Almería

Text: I Congreso Arqueológico Nacional

ESP_19490418 CONMEMORATIVE 1,50 €

Theme: Ancient ship

City: Tortosa (Tarragona)

Text: Exposición Filatélica


Theme: Aqueduct

City: Segovia

Text: Exposición filatélica


Roman wheel

1960, 19 Sep Perforation: 12 ½


Designer: P. Rahikainen


Sheet: 75 ** ∘

26. 1 P Sl green & ol bis 3.500.000 0,90 € 0,20 €

27. 5 P Choc & salmon 3.500.000 0,90 € 0,60 €

Tower of Hercules

1963 Perforation: 12 ¾ x 12 ½

Technique: Photo Unwmk

Designer:


Sheet: 50 ** ∘

33. 5 P Multicolor 4.000.000 0,45 € 0,35 €

The Tower of Hercules (Galician and Spanish: Torre de Hércules) is an ancient Roman lighthouse on a peninsula about 2.4 kilometers (1.5 miles) from the centre of A Coruña, Galicia, in north-western Spain. The structure is 55 metres (180 ft) tall and overlooks the North Atlantic coast of Spain. It is almost 1900 years old, was rehabilitated in 1791, and is the oldest Roman lighthouse still used as a lighthouse.The Tower of Hercules is a National Monument of Spain and since 27 June 2009[2] is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site.The tower remains a sentinel from days long past. It is known to have existed by the 2nd century, built or perhaps rebuilt under Trajan, perhaps on foundations and just possibly following a design that was Phoenician in origin. It is thought to be modeled after the Pharos Lighthouse of Alexandria. At its base is preserved the cornerstone with the inscription MARTI AUG.SACR C.SEVIVS LUPUS ARCHTECTUS AEMINIENSIS LVSITANVS.EX.VO, permitting the original lighthouse tower to be ascribed to the architect Gaius Sevius Lupus, from Aeminium (present-day Coimbra, Portugal) in the former province of Lusitania, as an ex voto dedicated to Mars. The tower has been in constant use since the 2nd century and considered to be the oldest existing lighthouse in the world. Originally it was constructed with an ascending ramp encircling its sides, for oxen to bring cartloads of wood to keep the light fueled at night.The earliest surviving mention of the lighthouse at Brigantium is by Paulus Orosius in Historiae adversum Paganos written ca 415 – 417:Secundus angulus circium intendit, ubi Brigantia Gallaeciae civitas sita altissimum farum et inter pauca memorandi operis ad speculam Britanniae erigit” ("At the second angle of the circuit [circumnavigating Hispania], where the Gallaecian city of Brigantia is sited, a very tall lighthouse is erected among a few commemorative works, for looking towards Britannia.")

Aqueduct of Segovia

1965 Perforation: 12 ¾ x 12 ½


Designer:


Sheet: 50 ** ∘

34. 5 P Multicolor 4.000.000 0,45 € 0,35 €

Seneca St. Damasus

Personalities

1966, 26 Feb. 12 ¾ x 12 ½ ñ

Tech: Unwmk

Designer:

Printer: F.N.M.T.

Sheet: 25 ** ∘

35. 25 P Yel grn & dk grn 5.000.000 1,75 € 0,20 €

36. 50 P Sky bl & gray bl 5.000.000 0,50 € 0,50 €

Lucius Annaeus Seneca (often known simply as Seneca, or Seneca the Younger) (c. 4 BC – AD 65) was a Roman Stoic philosopher, statesman, dramatist, and in one work humorist, of the Silver Age of Latin literature. He was tutor and later advisor to emperor Nero. He was later forced to commit suicide for complicity in the Pisonian conspiracy to assassinate this last of the Julio-Claudian emperors; however, he may have been innocentHe was the second son of Helvia and Lucius Annaeus Seneca the wealthy rhetorician known as Seneca the Elder. Griffin says that it is probable that the Annaei came from Etruria or the "area further east towards Illyria." There is no way of knowing when the family came to Spain.Seneca's older brother, Gallio, became proconsul in the Roman province of Achaea. His younger brother Annaeus Mela's son was Marcus Annaeus Lucanus.At Rome he was trained in rhetoric and was introduced to Hellenized Stoic philosophy by Attalus

1


and Sotion. Seneca's own writings describe his poor health. At some stage he was nursed by his aunt; as she was in Egypt from 16 to 31 AD, he must have at least visited and perhaps lived for a period in Hellenistic Egypt.Seneca and his aunt returned to Rome in 31, and she helped him in his campaign for his first magistracy.Caligula began his first year as emperor in 38, and there was a severe conflict between him and Seneca; the emperor is said to have spared his life only because he expected Seneca's natural life to be near its end.In 41, Claudius succeeded Caligula, and then, at the behest of his third wife Valeria Messalina, banished Seneca to Corsica on a charge of adultery with Julia Livilla. Seneca spent his exile in philosophical and natural study (a life counseled by Roman Stoic thought) and wrote the Consolations, fulfilling a request for the text made by his sons for the sake of posterity. In 49, Claudius' fourth wife Agrippina the Younger had Seneca recalled to Rome to tutor her son Nero, then 12 years old; on Claudius' death in 54, she secured Nero's recognition as emperor, rather than Claudius' son Britannicus.From 54 to 62, Seneca acted as Nero's advisor, together with the praetorian prefect Sextus Afranius Burrus. Seneca's influence was said to be especially strong in the first year.[5] Many historians consider Nero's early rule with Seneca and Burrus to be quite competent. However, over time, Seneca and Burrus lost their influence over Nero. In 59 they had reluctantly agreed to Agrippina's murder, and afterward Seneca wrote a dishonest exculpation of Nero to the Senate. With the death of Burrus in 62 and accusations of embezzlement, Seneca retired and devoted his time again to study and writing.In 65, Seneca was caught up in the aftermath of a plot to kill Nero. Although it is unlikely that he conspired, he was ordered by Nero to kill himself.

Pope Saint Damasus I was Pope from 366 to 384. He was born around 305,[1] probably near the city of Idanha-a-Velha (in Lusitania, Hispania), in what is present-day Portugal, or near the city of Castelo Branco (also in Lusitania, now Central Portugal), then part of the Western Roman Empire. His life coincided with the rise of Constantine I and the reunion and redivision of the Western and Eastern Roman Empires as well as what is sometimes known as the Constantinian shift, associated with the widespread legitimization of Christianity and the later adoption of Christianity as the religion of the Roman state.Damasus is known to have been raised in the service of the Basilica of San Lorenzo fuori le Mura in Rome, and following the death of Pope Liberius, he succeeded to the Papacy amidst factional violence. A group of Damasus' supporters, previously loyal to the Antipope Felix II, attacked and killed rivals loyal to Liberius' deacon Ursinus, in a riot that required the intervention of Emperor Valentinian I to quell.Damasus faced accusations of murder and adultery (despite having not been married[2]) in his early years as pope. The neutrality of these claims have come into question with some suggesting that the accusations were motivated by the schismatic conflict with the supporters of Arianism. His personal problems were contrasted with his religious accomplishments, which included restoring Saint Lawrence outside the Walls, appointing Jerome as his personal secretary and encouraging his Vulgate translation of the bible, and presiding over the Council of Rome in 382, which set down the canon of scripture. He also did much to encourage the veneration of the martyrs.

Theme: Roman arch of Bará (Tarragona)

City: BarcelonaTarragona

Text: Congreso Luso Español para el Progreso de las Ciencias



City: Mahón (Baleares)

Text: Congreso Arqueológico Nacional


Theme: Aqueduct

City: Segovia



Roman arch and statue

Ancient plower, sacred trench

Roman coins

Cáceres, Colonia Norba Caesarina / Castra Caecilia

1967, 31 Oct. Perforation: 13 Technique: Photo

Unwmk Designer:

Print: F.N.M.T. Sheet: 75 ** ∘

51. 1,50 P Multicolor 10.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

52. 3,50 P Multicolor 10.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

53. 6,00 P Multicolor 10.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

Cáceres as a city was founded as Castra Caecilia by Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius and started to gain importance as a strategic city under Roman occupation, and remains found in the city sug -gest that it was a thriving center as early as 25 BC. Some remains of the first city walls built by the Romans in the 3rd and 4th centuries still exist, including one gateway, the Arco del Cristo.

Roman fortress and seal L VII GF

Roman legionary Pintaius

Coins of Galba from Clunia

León, Castra legio VII

1968, 15 Jun. Perforation: 12 ¾ Technique: Photo

Unwmk Designer:


54. 1,00 P Multicolor 8.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

55. 1,50 P Multicolor 8.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

56. 3,50 P Multicolor 8.000.000 0,25 € 0,25 €

León was founded in the 1st century BC by the Roman legion Legio VI Victrix. In 68 AD Legio VII Gemina created a permanent military camp, which was the origin of a later city. Its modern name is derived from the city's Latin name Legio, which itself derives from the Roman legion recruited from the Iberians by Galba. The legion established the site of the city to protect the territory from the Astures and Cantabrians, and to secure the transport of gold extracted in the province, espe -cially in Las Médulas. Tacitus calls the legion Galbiana, to distinguish it from the old Legio VII Claudia, but this appellation is not found on any inscriptions. It appears to have received the appe-llation of Gemina on account of its amalgamation by Vespasian with one of the German legions, not improbably the Legio I Germanica. Its full name was Legio VII Gemina Felix. After serving in Pannonia, and in the civil wars, it was settled by Vespasian in Hispania Tarraconensis, to supply the place of the Legio VI Victrix and Legio X Gemina, two of the three legions ordinarily stationed in the province, but which had been withdrawn to Germany.That its regular winter quarters, under later emperors, were at León, we learn from the Itinerary, Ptolemy, and the Notitiae Imperii, as well as from a few inscriptions; but there are numerous ins-criptions to prove that a strong detachment of it was stationed at Tarraco (modern Tarragona), the chief city of the province.

2


Roman chariot (biga)

1971, 1 Jun. Perforation: 13


Designer:


Sheet: 75 ** ∘

58. 10 P Red & yel grn 0,20 € 0,20 €

Th: Hercules Tower

Text: XVI Congreso Nac. / de los Skal Clubs / 2-9 mayo 1972

City: La Coruña

ESP_19720502

CONMEMORATIVE

2,50 €

Th: Hercules Tower

Text: III Exposicion filatelica / Palacio municipal / 12-20 Agosto 1972

City: La Coruña

ESP_19720731

CONMEMORATIVE

2,50 €

Theme: Ancient coin

City: Madrid

Text: Asociación Fiscal Internacional / XXVI Congreso


Rape of Europe, roman mosaic from Mérida, Emerita Augusta

1973, 30 Apr. Perforation: 13 x 12 ½


Designer:


Sheet: 100 ** ∘

59. 2 P Multicolor 10.000.000 0,45 € 0,20 €

It was founded in the year 25 BC, with the name of Emerita Augusta (meaning the bachelors – dis-charged soldiers – of the army of Augustus, who founded the city; the name Mérida is an evolution of this) by order of Emperor Augustus, to protect a pass and a bridge over the Guadiana river. Two veteran legions were the former settlers: Ⅴ Alaudae and Ⅹ Gemina. The city became the capital of Lusitania province, and one of the most important cities in the Roman empire. Mérida preserves more important ancient Roman monuments than any other city in Spain (including a triumphal arch of the age of Trajan); because of this, the "Archaeological Ensemble of Mérida" is a World Herita-ge site.

Theme: Ancient coin

City: Barcelona

Text: Instituto Intnal Hacienda Pública / XXIX Congreso



City: Huelva

Text: XIII Congreso Arqueológico Nacional


PS01 Roman arch in Cáceres, Colonia Norba Caesarina / Castra Caecilia

1974, 21 Jun.

Print: F.N.M.T.

5 P

** ∘

2,00 € 2,00 €

Th: Aqueduct

Text: Bimilenario / del acuducto / de Segovia – España - 1974

City: Segovia

ESP_19740622

CONMEMORATIVE

2,50 €

Aqueduct from Segovia

1974, 25 Jun. Perforation: 12 ¼ x 13 ¾

Technique: Engraved Unwmk

Designer:


Sheet: 25 ** ∘

62. 1 P Brown & black 10.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

Alcantara bridge over Tajo river



Designer:


Sheet: 25 ** ∘

63. 2 P Gray grn & sepia 10.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

The Alcántara Bridge (aka Puente Trajan at Alcantara) is a Roman stone arch bridge built over the Tagus River at Alcántara, Spain between 104 and 106 by an order of the Roman Emperor Trajan in 98. It bears the inscription Pontem perpetui mansurum in saecula on the archway over the cen -tral pier. Was built between the years 105 and 106 by architect Cayo Lulio Lacer

Marco Valerio Martial



Designer:


Sheet: 25 ** ∘

64. 3 P Lt & dk brown 10.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

Marcus Valerius Martialis (known in English as Martial) (March 1, between 38 and 41 AD - betwe-en 102 and 104 AD), was a Latin poet from Hispania (the Iberian Peninsula) best known for his twelve books of Epigrams, published in Rome between AD 86 and 103, during the reigns of the emperors Domitian, Nerva and Trajan. In these short, witty poems he cheerfully satirises city life and the scandalous activities of his acquaintances, and romanticises his provincial upbringing. He wrote a total of 1,561, of which 1,235 are in elegiac couplets. He is considered to be the creator of the modern epigram.

Triumphal arch from Bará, Tarragona



Designer:


Sheet: 25 ** ∘

3


65. 4 P Green & indigo 10.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

Theater, Mérida, Emerita Augusta



Designer:


Sheet: 25 ** ∘

66. 5 P Gray bl & choc 10.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

Bhisop Ossius, preaching



Designer:


Sheet: 25 ** ∘

67. 7 P Gray grn & lilac 10.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

Hosius of Corduba (c. 257 - 359), also known as Osius or Ossius, was a bishop of Córdoba and one of the prominent advocates of what became Catholic Christianity in the Arian controversy which divided the 4th century early Christian Church.He was probably born in Roman Corduba in Hispania, although a passage in Zosimus has someti-mes been conjectured as the writer's belief that Hosius was a native of Egypt.Elected the see of Córdoba before the end of the 3rd century, he narrowly escaped martyrdom in the persecution of Maximian (303-305). In 305 or 306 he attended the council of Illiberis or Elvira (his name appearing second in the list of those present), and upheld its severe canons concerning such points of discipline as the treatment of those who had abjured their faith during the recent persecutions and questions concerning clerical marriage.In 313 he appears at the court of Constantine, being expressly mentioned by name in a constitu -tion directed by the emperor to Caecilianus of Carthage in that year. In 323 he was the bearer and possibly the writer of Constantine's letter to Bishop Alexander of Alexandria and Arius his deacon, bidding them cease disturbing the peace of the church; and, on the failure of the negotiations in Egypt, it was doubtless with the active concurrence of Hosius that the Council of Nicaea was con -vened in 325. He certainly took part in its proceedings, and was one of the large number of confes -sors present; that he presided is a very doubtful assertion, as also that he was the principal author of the Nicene Creed. Still he powerfully influenced the judgment of the emperor against the party of Arius.After a period of quiet life in his own diocese, Hosius presided in 343 at the fruitless synod of Sar -dica, which showed itself so hostile to Arianism; there and afterwards he spoke and wrote in favour of AthanasiusThe prestige given to the orthodox cause by the support of the venerable Hosius led the Arians to bring pressure to bear upon Constantius II, who had him summoned to Milan where he declined to condemn Athanasius nor to extend communion to Arians. He so impressed the emperor that he was authorized to return home. More Arian pressure led to Constantius writing a letter demanding whether he alone was going to remain obstinate. In reply, Hosius sent his courageous letter of pro -test against imperial interference in Church affairs (353), preserved by Athanasius (Historia Ariano-rum, 42-45) which led to Hosius' exile in 355 to Sirmium, in Pannonia (in modern Serbia). From his exile he wrote to Constantius II his only extant composition, a letter not unjustly characterized by the French historian Sebastian Tillemont as displaying gravity, dignity, gentleness, wisdom, gene-rosity and in fact all the qualities of a great soul and a great bishop.Subjected to continual pressure from the Arians the old man, who was near his hundredth year, was weak enough to sign the formula adopted by the third Council of Sirmium in 357, which invol -ved communion with the Arians but not the condemnation of Athanasius. He was then permitted to return to his diocese, where he died in 359.

Tribunal arch, forum of Talavera, Augustobriga



Designer:


Sheet: 25 ** ∘

68. 8 P Dk brown & green 10.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

Trajan



Designer:


Sheet: 25 ** ∘

69. 8 P Br red lil & cl 10.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

Theme: Aqueduct

City: Segovia

Text: Expo filca Bimilenario Acueducto


Theme: Tower of Hercules

City: La Coruña

Text: Centro de Iniciativas y Turismo / XXXIX Asamblea


La Aliseda treasure (Tartessos)

1975, 4 Abr. Perforation: 13 ¼


Designer:


Sheet: 1 of 4 ** ∘

71. 50 P Dark carmine & gray 1.000.000 2,00 € 2,00 €

The discoveries published by Schulten in 1922 first drew attention to Tartessos and shifted its study from classical philologists and antiquarians, to investigations based on archaeology, though attempts at localizing a capital for what was conceived as a complicated culture in the nature of a centrally-controlled kingdom ancestral to Spain were inconclusively debated. Subsequent discove-ries were widely reported: in September 1923 archaeologists discovered a Phoenician necropolis in which human remains were unearthed and stones found with illegible characters. It may have been colonized by the Phoenicians for trade because of its richness in metals.A later generation turned instead to identifying and localizing "orientalizing" features of the Tartes-sian material culture within the broader Mediterranean horizon of an "Orientalizing period" recogni -zable in the Aegean and Etruria.J.M. Luzón was the first to identify Tartessos securely with modern Huelva, based on discoveries made in the preceding decades. Since the discovery in September 1958 of a rich gold treasure at El Carambolo, three km west of Seville and at La Joya, Huelva,archaeological surveys have been integrated with philological and literary surveys and the broader picture of the Iron Age in the Medi-terranean basin to provide a more informed view of Tartessic culture on the ground, concentrated in western Andalusia, Extremadura and in southern Portugal from the Algarve to the Vinalopó Ri -ver in Alicante.

Th: Tarraco

Text: Visite tarragona / Bimilenario / Tarraco imperial

City: Tarragona

ESP_19750724

CONMEMORATIVE

Th: Lucus Augusti

Text: Bimilenario ciudad de Lugo / Sacramental y amurallada / Camino de Santiago / 25 a.C. 1975

City: Lugo

ESP_19750925

CONMEMORATIVE

Theme: Lucus Augusti

City: Lugo

Text: Bimilenario fundación de la ciudad

ESP_19751028 CONMEMORATIVE

Th: Venus of Badalona Baetulo

Text: Badalona. Fiestas de primavera / X anivº inauguracion / Museo Municipal 1-23 Mayo 76

City: Badalona

ESP_19760414

CONMEMORATIVE

4


Theme: Venus from Badalona Baetulo

City: Badalona (Barcelona)

Text: X Exposición Filatélica


Coins of Caesar Augusta Map of roman camp

Mosaic of Orpheus

Zaragoza, Caesar Augusta

1976, 26 May. Perforation: 13 Technique: Engraved

Unwmk Designer:


74. 3 P Multicolor 6.000.000 1,90 € 0,20 €

75. 7 P Multicolor 6.000.000 1,00 € 0,30 €

76. 25 P Multicolor 6.000.000 0,50 € 0,20 €

Theme: Ancient coin from Caesaraugusta

City: Zaragoza

Text: Bimilenario de Zaragoza

ESP_19760526 FDC

Theme: Ancient coin from Caesaraugusta

City: Zaragoza


ESP_19760526A CONMEMORATIVE

Th: Julio Cesar

Text: Teatro romana de merida / Representación / de / Julio Cesar / del 16 al 20 de junio de 1976

City: Mérida (BA)

ESP_19760612

CONMEMORATIVE

Theme: Roman amphora

City: Melilla

Text: Exposición Filatelica


Mosaic of Batitales Walls Military coin

Lugo, Lucus Augusti

1976, 22 Sep. Perforation: 13 Technique: Engraved

Unwmk Designer:


77. 3 P Multicolor 6.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

78. 7 P Multicolor 6.000.000 0,25 € 0,20 €

79. 25 P Multicolor 6.000.000 0,45 € 0,20 €

Conquered by Paulus Fabius Maximus and called Lucus Augusti (noted as Λο κος Α γούστον byῦ ὐ Ptolemy, ii. 6. § 24) in 13 BC on the positioning of a Roman military camp, while the Roman Empi-re completed the conquest, in the North, of the Iberian Peninsula. Situated in what was the Roman province of Hispania Tarraconensis, it was the chief town of the tribe of the Capori. Though small it was the most important Roman town in what became Gallaecia during the Roman period, the seat of a conventus, one of three in Gallaecia, and later became one of the two capitals of Gallaecia, and gave its name to the Callaïci Lucenses. It was centrally situated in a large gold mining region, which during the Roman period was very active. The Conventus Lucensis, according to Pliny, be-gan at the river Navilubio, and contained 16 peoples; besides the Celtici and Lebuni. Though these tribes were not powerful, and their names "barbarous" to Roman ears, there were among them 166,000 freemen (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4, iv. 20. s. 34). The city stood on one of the upper branches of the Minius (modern Minho), on the road from Bracara to Asturica (Itin. Ant. pp. 424, 430), and had some famous baths, near from the bridge across the Minho.

Theme: Lucus Augusti

City: Lugo

Text: Bimilenario de Lugo

ESP_19760922 FDC

Roman aqueduct in Almuñecar, Sexi Firmum Iu-lium

1977, 24 Jun. Perforation: 13


Designer:


Sheet: 25 ** ∘

80. 2 P Sepia & slate 8.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

The Romans came to Southern Spain at the time of the Second Punic War between Rome and Carthage in 218 BC as part of the process of subduing the Phoenician settlements along the co-ast. During 700 years of Roman colonial rule the town and its industry prospered and in 49 BC the municipality (one of 20 cities in Spain honoured at that time) was given the title Firmium Julium Sexi in recognition of the town's loyalty to Rome.Major evidence of the fish salting and curing industry was uncovered during excavations in the 1970's and 80's in the extensive Majuelo Botanical Gardens. This revealed the great extent of the rebuilding and modernising of the industry under Roman influence. A segment of the site has been carefully conserved, giving some idea of the size of this industry. This industry required not only large quantities of fish and sea salt, produced in many places along the coast, but also a constant supply of fresh running water.For this the Romans built in the first century AD four miles of water conduit in the valleys of the Rio Seco and the Rio Verde including five significant aqueducts. All, remarkably, are still standing and four of them are still in use after 2,000 years - adapted by the Moors over the centuries to serve the needs of crop irrigation. The Roman water supply also served the town and recent excavations in the town centre have uncovered the fifth aqueduct and the Roman baths.

Th: Roman wall of Lucus Augusti

Text: XV Congreso nacional / de / arqueología / 28 sept – 1 oct 1977

City: Lugo

ESP_19770928

CONMEMORATIVE

5


Theme: Roman wall of Lucus Augusti / XV National Archaeological Congress

City: Lugo

Text: Exposición Filatélica Nacional 77


PS02 Alegory of Hispania

1978, 6 Jun.

Print: F.N.M.T.

8 P

** ∘

Theme: Ancient coin

City: Vigo (Pontevedra)

Text: Exposición Fca. Y Numismática


Sun gate of Tihuanaco / Roman arch Medinacelli

1980, 3 Oct. Perforation: 13


Designer:


Sheet: 1 of 4+2 labels ** ∘

85. 25 P Multicolored 4.740.944 0,30 € 0,30 €

It is the only instance of a monumental arch composed by three gates in Hispania: a curious thing if we consider that these archs were often built in the Roman world. It shows a good state of pre-servation though hard weather of its geographic settlement did spoil its decoration. It was built at the top of a hill over Jalon river valley being almost 1.200 m. high in a very cold, rainy, windy, snowy area. Effect tried on this place was surprising people and showing greatness and power of Rome. Time has wasted ashlars, patterns and cornices, just leaving signs of past. Northern and Eastern sides, close to the village and mountain are better preserved, but southern and eastern si-des looking to the valley are really spoilt. Anyway lower part, specially basement, is worse preser-ved: many ashlars have been restored. Since it has almost totally lost its inscription surrounding the monument, written with golden letters, datation of the building has been difficult. At a first sight scholars thought that Trajanus Emperor constructed it, but later investigations concluded that it was built at Domitian age, at the end of 1st century. The arch was a part of the wall that gave the village shelter surrounding the top of the mountain .It is built with Opus Quadratum of a different size, placed at a linear or -rarely- perpendi -cular way. Over them decorative elements were carved. Dimensions of the whole are 13,20 m. long, 2,10 m. wide and 9 m. high.

PS03 Iberian coin

1981, 10 Aug.

Print: F.N.M.T.

20 P

** ∘

1,00 € 1,00 €

Theme: Roman galley

City: Tarragona

Text: Marenostrum Expo Filca


Th: Ancient musician

Text: Festival de / Sagunto / Musica y teatro / de 1 al 8 de agosto

City: Valencia

ESP_19820730

CONMEMORATIVE

Th: Punic wars

Text: Sagvntvm / 2.200 / aniversario / de su destrucción

City: Sagunto (Valencia)

ESP_19820802

CONMEMORATIVE

During the 5th century BC, the Celtiberians built a walled settlement on the hill overseeing the plain; a stretch of cyclopean limestone slabs from the former temple of Diana survives, close to the modern church of Santa Maria, but the settlement site is still older. The city traded with Greek and Phoenician coastal colonies, and under their influence, minted its own coins. During this period the city was known as Arse (Ripollès i Alegre 2002). By 219 BC Saguntum was a large and commer-cially prosperous town, which sided with the local Greek colonists and Rome against Carthage, and drew Hannibal's first assault, his siege of Saguntum, the opening move of the Second Punic War. After a harsh resistance of several months, related by the Roman historian Livy, Saguntum was captured in 219 by the armies of Hannibal.Hispania was not meekly pacified and Romanized, as the Iberian career of Quintus Sertorius ma-kes clear. Saguntum minted coins under his protection, and continued to house a mint when, as Roman Saguntum, it was rebuilt and flourished with the rank of municipium. This later prosperity lasted most of the empire through, and is attested by inscriptions and ruins (notably a theater, de -molished by Napoleon's marshal Louis Gabriel Suchet, who also destroyed the Roman tower of Hercules)

Theme: Tanit godess, from Iberian settlement Puigcastellar

City: Sta Coloma de Gramanet

Text: XVII Expo. Filca


Theme: Scipions tower and coins

City: Tarragona

Text: 2200 aniversari vinguda dels romans a Tarragona / 1º expo numismatica ibero-romana


The monument known as "the tower of the Scipiones" is built along the Via Augusta, about eight kilometers east of Tarraco. It is not really the tomb of the Roman generals, although they were de -feated and killed in Spain (in 212 BCE). In fact, the monument dates back to the first half of the first century CE. It was well visible from the coast and must have been really impressive, espe-cially since it was, back then, taller than today.

It consists of a base, on which a tower was erected. In the lower part of the tower, two human figu -res can be discerned, which were in the Middle Ages identified with the Roman commanders. In fact, they represent Atis, an oriental god related to the funeral cult.

Th: Scipions tower and coins

Text: 2200 aniversari vinguda dels/ romans a / Tarragona / 1º expo numismatica ibero-romana

City: Tarragona

ESP_19830117

CONMEMORATIVE


City: La Coruña

Text: XLVIII Congreso Nacional de Urología


6


Theme: Martos / Colonia Augusta Gemella Tuccitana

City: Martos (Jaen)

Text: Colonia Augusta Gemella Tuccitana / Martos / Bimilernario


Theme: Ancient coin

City: Cadiz

Text: Exp numismática aula militar de cultura


Roman cart

1983, 8 Oct. Perforation: 13 x 12 ½

Technique: Litho and Eng Unwmk

Designer:


Sheet: 8+4 labels ** ∘

88. 16 P Multicolored 12.000.000 0,35 € 0,30 €

Theme: Martos / Colonia Augusta Gemella Tuccitana

City: Martos (Jaen)

Text: Bimilenario de la Fundación / Colonia Augusta Gemella Tvcci


Theme: Torredonjimeno / Colonia Augusta Gemella Tuccitana

City: Torredonjimeno (Jaen)

Text: Bimilenario de la Fundación / Colonia Augusta Gemella Tvcci


Theme: Roman wall from Tarragona, Tarraco

City: Tarragona

Text: VII Congreso nacional Amecru / Medicos de Cruz Roja


Th: Itálica / Colonia Aelia Augusta Italica

Text: Festivales de Italica / Jvlio 1984

City: Sevilla

ESP_19840614

CONMEMORATIVE

Mosaic of Roman Quadriga from Barcino

Fighters

Greek and Roman art

1984, 27 Jul. Perforation: 13 ¼


Designer:

Myron's Discobulus


Sheet: 80 ** ∘

89. 1 P Multicolored 5.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

90. 2 P Multicolored 5.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

91. 5 P Multicolored 5.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

92. 8 P Multicolored 5.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

Egeria pilgrim

1984, 26 Sep Perforation: 12 ¾ x 13 ¼


Designer:


Sheet: 100 ** ∘

93. 40 P Multicolored 4.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

Egeria or Aetheria was a Gallaeci or Gallic woman who made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land about 381–384. She wrote an account of her journey in a long letter to a circle of women at home which survives in fragmentary form in a later copy. This may have been the first formal writing by a wo -manMuch of the surviving information about Egeria comes from a letter written by a 7th century a Gali-cian monk named Valerius. He praises Egeria and identifies her as a nun, perhaps because she addresses her account to her "sorores" (Latin for "sisters") at home. However, others (including Hagith Sivan, 1988) have pointed out that during Egeria's time it was common to address fellow lay Christians as "sisters" and "brothers." Valerius may also have believed her to be a nun becau-se she went on such a pilgrimage, although lay women of the time are known to have engaged in such religious tourism.Those who suggest that Egeria was not a monastic claim that there is much to suggest that she was not a nun, including: her freedom to make such a long pilgrimage and to change plans as it suited her, the high cost of her pilgrimage, her level of education, and her subject matter which fo-cused on the sights and not miracles like letters we have by monks at that time. Realistically, ho-wever, considering social constraints on women at the time, these points make it equally likely that she was a nun, since such social freedoms were not as available to middle-class women within th-eir households, and such lone pilgrimages were rare among lay women at the time and miracles may well have been recorded in other parts of the texts. Ignored by those who argue that Egeria was a layperson is the fact that she spent over three years and was in no rush to return home, which would indicate that she was not middle-class, but either financially self-sufficient alone, or more possibly a monastic such as a gyrovague, or "wandering monastic" as described in the rule of St Benedict, who travels from monastery to monastery.Egeria wrote down her observations in a letter now called Itinerarium Egeriae, or the Travels of Egeria. It is sometimes also called Peregrinatio Aetheriae (the Pilgrimage of Aetheria) or Peregri-natio ad Loca Sancta (Pilgrimage to the Holy Lands) or some other combination. The middle part of Egeria's writing survived and was copied in the Codex Aretinus, which was written at Monte Cassino in the eleventh century, while the beginning and end are lost. This Codex Aretinus was discovered in 1884 by the Italian scholar Gian Francesco Gamurrini, who found the manuscript in a monastic library in Arezzo. Egeria describes the monks, many holy places and geographical points in her travels and even the early details of the liturgical practices of the church at Jerusa-lem.

Theme: Ruins of Numantia and coin

City: Soria

Text: 5ª Exposición filatélica y numismática


Numantia (Numancia in Spanish) is the name of an ancient Celtiberian settlement, whose remains are located 7 km north of the city of Soria, on a hill known as Cerro de la Muela in the municipality of Garray.In the year 153 B.C. occurred the first serious conflict with Rome: Numantia let in some fugitives from the city of Segeda, who belonged to another Celtiberian tribe called the Bellos. The leader of the Bellos, Carus of Segeda, managed to defeat a Roman army commanded by the consul Quin-tus Fulvius Nobilior. The Romans, who brought a small number of war elephants, besieged Nu-mantia unsuccessfully.After 20 years of hostilities, in the year 133 BC the Roman Senate gave Scipio Aemilianus Africa-nus the task of destroying Numantia. He laid siege to the city, erecting a nine kilometre fence sup-ported by towers, moats, impaling rods and so on. After 13 months of siege, the Numantians deci-ded to burn the city and die free rather than live and be slaves.

Th: August from Prima Porta

Text: I Congres de l'advocacia catalana

City: Tarragona

ESP_19851001

CONMEMORATIVE

7


Theme: August from Prima Porta

City: Tarragona

Text: I Congres de l'advocacia catalana


Theme: Ruins of Numantia and coin

City: Nules

Text: Exposición filatélica Semana filatélica juvenil


Theme: Aqueduct of Segovia

City: Segovia

Text: I Exposición Filatelia Temática / Hispano / luso - francesa


Theme: Bimillenary of Astorga, Asturica Augusta

City: Astorga (León)

Text: Exposición filatélica / Bimilenario Astorga


The foundation of Asturica Augusta is closely linked to the organization of the Astur land underta-ken by Augustus, once the conquest wars of the Hispanic North-west have finished.Its proximity to the mine areas turned it into the administrative and civil centre of the land control, where the state machinery of the region is established, and, therefore, home of the Legacy and of the prosecutor for Asturia y Gallaecia, posts in close relation with the gold extractions which were centralized in the city until they were transported to Rome. The epigraphic and archaeological re-mains found in the city until this moment recount the complexity and the cosmopolitism which the Astur society reached during the first three centuries of its existence.Astorga, therefore, has a strong urban character from its origins which has kept throughout twenty-one centuries,holding the commercial and cultural capital status of a wide geographical area which includes several regions.

Theme: Medusa ¿?

City: Hospitalet del Llobrega (Barcelona)

Text: Exposición filatélica y numismática / Hosfinum 86


Seneca

1986, 15 Oct. Perforation: 13 x 13 ½


Designer:


Sheet: 60 ** ∘

95. 12 P Multicolored 4.000.000 0,20 € 0,20 €

National Museum of Roman Art

1987, 4 may. Perforation: 14 x 13 ½

Technique: Litho & Engr Unwmk

Designer:


Sheet: 80 ** ∘

97. 48 P Multicolored 4.000.000 0,50 € 0,20 €

Th: Troman wall fo Lugo, Lucus Augusti

Text: Feria de Lugo / Lugo / 3-12 Octubre / 1987

City: Lugo

ESP_19871003

CONMEMORATIVE

Th: Tower of Hercules

Text: Expamer '87 / Exposicón / Filatélica / La Coruña

City: Barcelona

ESP_19870907

CONMEMORATIVE


City: La Coruña

Text: Espamer '87 / Primer día de circulación / La Coruña

ESP_19871002 FDC

Tower of HerculesESP_19871012A

Forum of Tala-vera, Augusto-brigaESP_19871012C

Triumphal arch from BaráESP_19871012D

Theme: City: La Coruña / Almeria / Cáceres / Tarragona

Text: CONMEMORATIVE 3,00 €

Theme: August of Prima Porta and Tarraco walls

City: Tarragona

Text: 2200 Anys de romanitzacio


PS04 Tarraco walls

1988, 28 Oct.

Print: F.N.M.T.

20 P

** ∘

Aquedeuct of Segovia

1989, 5 Dec. Perforation: 13 x 12 ½


Designer:


Sheet: 30 ** ∘

101. 20 P Multicolored 3.000.000 0,25 € 0,20 €


City: La Coruña

Text: Expo Filca / Sociedade Filatelica / Trinta Aniversario


8


Theme: Roman mauseoleum of Centcelles

City: Constanti (Tarragona)

Text: Recuperació Mauseoleu Constantiná Centcelles


In spite of the many researchs made on this archaeological whole of a Roman villa, conclusions are never clear. Many phases of Roman occupation have been documented on it, from 1st to 4th. century. This building belongs to the latter one, called "Paleochristian".Complete building of the villa is ca. 90 m. long. It is basically composed by two big rooms. At both ends there are termae. Only one is finished-. The first from both chambers has a rectangular lobed plan -with big semicircular cuts at both sides-. It was the main chamber at the villa. It was covered by a dome not preserved today.From this one there was an access to a second chamber with a circular plan, today it is the mau-soleum. It has four semicircular niches and keeps its original dome, an isolated case on the Penin-sula. This is the chamber that gave prestige to the whole. On the walls, before the cornice, there are two windows with a conical section to make illumination better. Indeed, it has outstanding wall paintings and polichrome mosaics well preserved. There are hunting scenes, the years' seasons... but the most outstanding deal with Bible writings -Daniel and the Lions, the Good Shepherd, Noe's Arch resurrection of Lazar-. These are the eldest Christian representations on Roman buildings never known. After the building construction it was adapted to be a mausoleum: a crypt was built for its sarcophagus and a subcrypt for isolating it from underground humidity, as it was made at Roman tradition of mausolea-temples.Facture of mausoleum -walls and dome- is made of brick. It has been later modified at some parts with little ashlars.Exterior part, at the main façade, showed a portico that completed all the rooms.Possibility that mausoleum were the tomb of Constanc -Constantius-, son of Emperor Constanti-nus the Great -died at 350- or even of Constantinus himself, has been considered, but it is sure that beginning of constructing is prior to it. Anyway the person to whom the mausoleum was devo-ted belonged to a high level political, social or religious class.

Theme: Roman toy doll from Tarraco

City: Tarragona

Text: Any hernandez Sanahuja / Expo Filatelica Tarragona



City: La Coruña

Text: Expo Filca – Europa sin fronteras / Sociedade Filatelica de A Coruña



City: La Coruña

Text: I Exposición monográfica / Telefonica '93


Theme: Phoenician sarcofagus

City: Cadiz

Text: IV Congreso Internacional de Esturios Púnicos y Fenicios


Phoenician sarcophagus found in Cadiz, now in the Archaeological Museum of Cádiz. The sar-cophagus is thought to have been designed and paid for by a Phoenician merchant and made in Greece

Theme: Roman mosaic

City: Petrer (Alicante)

Text: XI Exposición Filatélica y Numismatica / Mosacico romano / - Petrer -


Theme: Roman sculpture

City: Jumilla

Text: V Exposición / de Arqueologia / Jumilla


Theme: Godess Tanit from Puig dels Molins

City: Ibiza

Text: Vexpo Ibiza '94


Augusta Emerita

1994, 8 Sep. Perforation: 13


Designer:


Sheet: 12 ** ∘

102. 55 P Lake, brn & buff 2.500.000 0,70 € 0,20 €

Th: Augusta Emerita

Text: Bienes culturales y naturales / Patrimonio mundial / de la Humanidad

City: Madrid

ESP_19940908

FDC

Theme: Roman galley

City: Tarragona

Text: Expo Fil / XIV Marenostrum – 94 /


Theme: Astures

City: Gijón

Text: Astures / Pveblos y cvltvras / en la frontera / del Imperio romano


Th: Astures

Text: Astures / Pveblos y cvltvras / en la frontera / del Imperio romano

City: Gijón

ESP_19950316

CONMEMORATIVE

The Astures were the original Indo-European inhabitants of the northwest area of Hispania that now comprises almost the entire modern autonomous community of Asturias and the modern provinces León, and northern Zamora (all in Spain), and east of Trás os Montes in Portugal. From the Roman point-of-view, expressed in the brief remarks of the historians Florus, epitomising Livy, and Orosius, there were two different factions within the Astures, following the natural division made by the alpine karst mountains of the Picos de Europa: Transmontani (located in the modern Asturias, "beyond"— this is, north of— the Picos de Europa) and Cismontani (located on the "near" side, in the modern area of León). The Transmontani tribes were mainly located between the Navia River and the central massif of the Picos de Europa; the Cismontani surrounded Asturi-ca Augusta, the main Astur town in Roman times, and the Astura river.Some of the known transmontani Astur peoples are: Lugones, Pesicos, Cilurnigos, Vincianos and Viromenicos. Known cismontani tribes are: Lancienses, Orniacos and Supertios.

9


Theme: Cilurnigos' inscription

City: Gijón (Asturias)

Text: XXXIX Feria internacional de muestras de Asturias


MEDUGENUS . CESAR ONIS . SIBI . ET . F . RUT ILIO . ANNORVM . XV . EX. GENTTE . CILUR NIGORVM

Theme: Roman coin from Asturica Augusta ESCANEAR MASTASELLO

City: Astorga (León)

Text:


Theme: God Bacus

City: Salvatierra de Miño (Pontevedra)

Text: Festa do viño do Condado


Cabezo de Azaila, Roman temple

1996, 20 Sep Perforation: 13 ¾


Designer:


Sheet: 50 ** ∘

106. 30 P Multicolored 2.500.000 0,45 € 0,20 €

Theme: Cabezo de Azaila, Roman temple

City: Azaila (Teruel)

Text: Cabezo de Azaila

ESP_19960920C FDC

Azaila belongs to the Bajo Martín region, in the province of Teruel. Nearby, you can find the Cabe-zo de Alcalá archaeological site, which was discovered in the late 19th century. Thanks to the ex-tensive excavation work carried out at the site, many artefacts have been recovered and it can be said to be the most important Iberian settlement in Aragón. Its origins date back to the 9th century B.C. , during the Bronze Age. The settlement fell into decline during the Roman civil wars, betwe-en 80 and 76 B.C. when it was razed to the ground by the Pompeian army. The site is considered an area of special Cultural Interest and is a must if you want to better un -derstand the history of the Pre-Roman settlements and the Romanization of Hispania. Visitors can walk up and down the streets, seeing its buildings and houses, the town walls, the bridge over the moat, the baths, the water tank and the necropolis. There is a Visitors’ Centre dedicated to the study of the archaeological heritage of this impressive site. The Centre is situated in the village of Azaila, just over a kilometre from the archaeological site. There are three floors which have information panels and many photographs. In glass showcases you can see replicas of the objects found at the site. The originals are currently kept in the Natio-nal Archaeological Museum in Madrid. You can see plates and cups, some pieces of metal and the remains of some of the sculptures that decorated the temple. Thanks to all this material, we can le -arn about the way of life of the inhabitants of Azaila throughout its long history.

Theme: Bimillenary of Elche / Ancient coin

City: Elche (Alicante)

Text: Bimilanerio de Elche

ESP_19970724 FDC

Theme: Tower of Heracles

City: La Coruña

Text: Feria y Exposición Filatélica Centenario del 98


Theme: Godess fortuna. Statue from the roman villa of Vilauba, Camos

City: Banyoles (Gerona)

Text: LXV aniversari del museu arqueologic comarcal · mostra filatelica i numismatica · el mon romá


Theme: Aqueduct of Pineda del Mar

City: Pineda del Mar (Barcelona)

Text: Expofil 2000 / Pineda Romana


Pineda de Mar is a municipality in the comarca of the Maresme in Catalonia, Spain. It is situated on the coast between Calella and Santa Susanna. Four arches survive of a Roman aqueduct (called Cal Cua) over the Pineda river.

Las Medulas, roman gold mine

2000, 21 Sep Perforation: 13 x 12 ¾


Designer:


Sheet: 12 ** ∘

108. 35 P Multicolored 1.500.000 0,45 € 0,20 €

Las Médulas, located near the town of Ponferrada in the region of El Bierzo (León province, Casti -le and León, Spain), used to be the most important gold mine in the Roman Empire. Las Médulas Cultural Landscape is listed by the UNESCO as one of the World Heritage Sites.The spectacular landscape of Las Médulas resulted from the Ruina Montium, a Roman mining technique described by Pliny the Elder in 77 AD consisted of undermining the mountain with large quantities of water supplied by at least seven long aqueducts tapping the rivers in the nearby mountains. Since Pliny was a Procurator in the region in 74 AD, it is highly likely that he saw mining operations for himself, and his text reads like an eye-witness report. He also describes the methods used to wash the ores using smaller streams on riffle tables to enable the heavy gold particles to be collected. Detailed discussion of the methods of underground mining follows, once the alluvial placer deposits had been exhausted and the mother lode sought and discovered. Many such deep mines have been found in the mountains around Las Medulas. Mining would start with the building of aqueducts and tanks above the mineral veins, and a method called hushing used to expose the veins under the overburden.Pliny also stated that 20,000 Roman pounds of gold were extracted each year. The exploitation, involving 60,000 free workers, brought 5,000,000 Roman pounds (1,650,000 kg) in 250 years.

Th: Las Médulas

Text: Paisaje aurífero romano / del / Bierzo / ¡Visítalo! / Las Médulas / Patrimonio de la Humanidad

City: Ponferrada (León)

ESP_20000901

CONMEMORATIVE

Theme: Las Médulas

City: Ponferrada (León)

Text: Las Médulas / Patrimonio de la Humanidad

ESP_20000921 FDC

Phoenicians

Celts and Iberians Tartessos Lady of Elche

10


Roman Hispania Carthage Viriathus

Aqueduct of Segovia Numantine resistance Vandals, Suebi & Alans

History of Spain

2000, 22 Sep. Perforation: 13 ½ Technique:

Unwmk Designer: Guillermo & Rey

Print: Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre

Sheet: 12 ** ∘

109. 20 P Multicolor 2.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

110. 20 P Multicolor 2.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

111. 20 P Multicolor 2.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

112. 20 P Multicolor 2.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

113. 20 P Multicolor 2.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

114. 20 P Multicolor 2.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

115. 20 P Multicolor 2.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

116. 20 P Multicolor 2.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

117. 20 P Multicolor 2.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

118. 20 P Multicolor 2.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

119. 20 P Multicolor 2.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

120. 20 P Multicolor 2.000.000 0,30 € 0,20 €

ALTAMIRA

ESP_200010A

ATAPUERCA

ESP_200010BPHOENICIANS

ESP_200011A

CELTS AND IBERIANS

ESP_200012A

TARTESSOS

ESP_200011B

LADY OF ELCHE

ESP_200012B

ROMAN HISPANIA

ESP_200101ACARTHAGE

ESP_200101B

VIRIATHUS

ESP_200102A

AQUEDUCT OF SEGOVIA

ESP_200103A

NUMANTINE RESISTANCE

ESP_200102B

VANDALS, SUEBI & ALANS

ESP_200103B

Theme: History of Spain City: Diverse

Text: Exposición Itinerante / Comisión Juventud / Historia de España

CONMEMORATIVE 3,00 €

Theme: Roman wall of Lucus Augusti

City: Lugo

Text: Muralla / patrimonio / de la / humanidad / ya


Roman walls of Lugo, Lucus Augusti

2001, 30 Nov Perforation: 13 ¼

Technique: Unwmk

Designer:


Sheet: 12 ** ∘

122. 400,25

P€

Multicolored 1.200.000 0,45 € 0,20 €

Theme: Roman walls of Lugo, Lucus Augusti

City: Lugo

Text: Patrimonio Mundial / da / Humanidade / Lugo

ESP_20011130D FDC

Tarragona, Tarraco

2001, 30 Nov Perforation: 13 ¼

Technique: Unwmk

Designer:


Sheet: 12 ** ∘

123. 400,25

P€

Multicolored 1.200.000 0,45 € 0,20 €

Theme: Tarragona, Tarraco

City: Tarragona

Text: Patrimoni Mundial / de la Humanitat / Tarragona

ESP_20011130E FDC

Arch of BaraESP_20011203

Scipions TowerESP_20011204

El Medol, roman querryESP_20011205

ESP_20011206

Theme: Tarraco

AqueductESP_20011207 ESP_20011208

City: Tarragona

Text: filamoder-01 Tarraco / Emi-sión Patrimonio de la Humanidad / Palau / Firal / Congressos / Tarrago-na / V Exposición nacional / España y Portugal / Filatelia Moderna

CONMEMORATIVE

Theme: Betica roman province / Almuñecar, Sexi Firmum Iulium

City: Almuñecar (Granada)

Text: Clausura exposición / Vias / Romanas / de la betica / Puente /de / Cotobro / Bimilenario / romano de / Almuñecar (Granada)


Theme: Roman Mausoleum of Centcelles

City: Tarragona

Text: Constati / Centcelles / Patrimoni de la Humanitat


11


Theme: Roman pottery decoration, Calagurris Nassica Iulia

City: Calahorra

Text: Alfar Romano "La Maja" Siglo I / VI Forum filatélico y numismático / Ciudad de calahorra


Rome conquered the town in 187 BC and brought it to its highest point of importance as an admi-nistrative centre for surrounding regions.Calahorra supported Quintus Sertorius in his war against Pompey, whom the city resisted suc-cessfully since 76 BC. It was only taken four years later by Pompey's legate Lucius Afranius, after a lot of inhabitants had died from starvation and there had occurred cannibalism.Julius Caesar and Augustus Caesar gave the city (then named Calagurris) numerous distinctions, converted it into a municipality, and developed its city planning, economy, and politics. Its archeo -logical remains show that it had a circus, baths, an amphitheatre, and other services found in large cities. It minted money and served as a justice administration centre.Quintilian, well known for his descriptions of the culture of that time, was born in Calahorra, and the Parador in the city is named after him. It has Roman ruins in the grounds.

Roman theatre in Zaragoza, Caesaraugusta

2003, 5 May. Perforation: 13 ¾

Technique: Unwmk

Designer:


Sheet: 50 ** ∘

125. 1,85 € Multicolored 1.000.000

Theme: Roman theatre in Zaragoza, Caesaraugusta

City: Zaragoza

Text: Teatro romano de Zaragoza

ESP_20030505 FDC

Th: Roman theatre in Zaragoza, Caesaraugusta

Text: Teatro romano de Zaragoza

City: Madrid

ESP_20030505

FDC

Theme: Cantabrian wars / P. Carisivs coin

City: Los Corrales de Buelna (Cantabria)

Text: Fiesta Guerras Cántabras / Declaradas de interés turístico regional


According to the Roman historian Dio Cassius, the tactics of the Cantabri and Astures were of guerrilla warfare, avoiding direct attacks on the Roman forces because of their inferior numbers. Their better knowledge of the difficult and mountainous terrain allowed them to conduct quick sur-prise strikes with ranged weapons, with ambushes followed by quick retreats, causing great dama-ge to the Roman columns and supply lines.According to what remains from representations on coins and steles, the Cantabri were skilled in light arms. Lucan referred to this when he wrote, Cantaber exiguis et longis Teutonus armis (The Cantabrian with his short weapons and the Teuton with his long ones). They went equipped with small swords, daggers, small spears or javelins, lances, round or oval shields of wood, and leather chest protection. They also used a weapon like the Iberian falcata, and the bipinnis, a type of dou-ble-headed axe particular to the peoples of Northern Hispania. There is no proof of their use of ar-chery or slings, although it is quite probable that they knew and used them.The Cantabri were able at the time to ride horses, as reflected in the fact that some of their cavalry tactics would be adopted by the Roman army. Examples include the 'circulus cantabricus', a semi-circular formation, and the 'cantabricus impetus', a massive frontal attack against enemy lines with the goal of breaching them, as described by Flavius Arrianus.


City: La Coruña

Text: Expofil "La Torre de Hercules" / Pro declaración Patrimonio de la Humanidad


Theme: "Thoracata" bronze statue

City: Chiclana de la Frontera (Cádiz)

Text: Expo Fil Arqueología Romana de Chiclana de la Frontera


Theme: Battle of Munda

City: Montilla

Text: MML Aniversario / de / la / Batalla / de / Munda


The Battle of Munda took place on March 17, 45 BC in the plains of Munda, modern southern Spain. This was the last battle of Julius Caesar's civil war against the republican armies of the Op -timate leaders. After this victory, and the deaths of Titus Labienus and Gnaeus Pompeius (Pom -pey's oldest son), Caesar was free to return to Rome and govern as dictator.His subsequent assassination began the process that eventually would lead to the end of the Ro-man Republic with the reign of his great-nephew and adopted heir, Augustus (Octavius), as the first Roman Emperor.

Theme: Augusta Emerita

City: Mérida (Badajoz)

Text: I Exposición Internacional / cece / de sellos de valor variable


Alcantara Bridge in Cáceres province

2006, 14 Sep. 12 ¾ x 12 ¼

Tech: Unwmk

Designer:

Printer:

Sheet: 20+20 ** ∘

129. 0,57 € Multicolored 600.000

Joint issue with Portugal

Theme: Alcantara Bridge in Cáceres province

City: Alcántara (Cáceres)

Text: Puente romano de Alcántara / Donde el arte se vé vencido por si propio objeto

ESP_20060914 FDC

Th: Alcantara bridge

Text: Puentes / Ibéricos / Emisión conjunta / España-Portugal

City: Madrid

ESP_20060914

FDC

Theme: Forum of Tarraco

City: Tarragona

Text: XXVI Marenostrum / Sofinuta / Forum Romá / Tarragona Patrimoni Mundial


Theme: Thermae from Gijón (Asturias) Gigia

City: Gijón

Text: Termas romanas de Gijón / XV jornadas filatélicas


12


Theme: Iberian coin of Kalakoricos & roman bust from Calagurris

City: Calahorra

Text: X Forum filatélico y numismático · Ciudad de Calahorra


La Olmeda, roman villa

2007, 8 Mar. Perforation: 13 ¾

Technique: Unwmk

Designer:


Sheet: 50 ** ∘

130. 0,30 € Multicolored 1.000.000

Theme: La Olmeda, roman villa

City: Palencia

Text: Arqueología / Mosaico de la villa romana de La Olmeda

ESP_20070308A FDC

In the municipality of Pedrosa de la Vega, near the town of Saldaña is located the Roman villa of La Olmeda, whose archaeological vestiges evidence the splendour of its past. It is a grand manor of the end of the roman time that must have been the residence of an illustrious aristocrat due to the quality and richness of the remaining mosaics. According to the existing foundations in the vi-lla, all the rooms were situated around a central yard and besides the excellent distribution of the rooms the most important remains are the beautiful mosaics covering several hundred square me-ters of the floor. In this farm of the IV and V centuries, the mosaics are a wonderful sight gathering figurative, geometric and botanical elements. Amongst all, the most important is the one depicted in the stamp, featuring the story of the discovery of Achilles by Ulysses in the gynoecium at Lyco-medes in the island of Skiros. The stamp depicts a fragment of the whole piece.

Thermae from Gijón (Asturias) Gigia


Technique: Unwmk

Designer:


Sheet: 50 ** ∘

131. 0,30 € Multicolored 1.000.000

Theme: Thermae from Gijón (Asturias) Gigia


Text: Arqueología / Presentación / Termas de Campo Valdés

ESP_20070308B FDC

Th: Archaeology

Text: Arqueologia / Termas romanas de Campo / Valdés, Gijón (Asturias) / Mosaico de la villa romana / de La Olmeda (Palencia)

City: Madrid

ESP_20070308C

FDC

Theme: Archeological excavations of “Monte Facho”

City: Cangas del Morrazo (Pontevedra)

Text: Cangas / O Deus / Berobreo / Excavacions / arqueoloxicas / Donon - Hio


Theme: Roman site of Labitosa

City: Graus (huesca)

Text: Poblado romano de Labitosa / XVII Exposición / Filatélica y numismática / La Puebla del Castro (Huesca)


Theme: Forum of Tarraco

City: Tarragona

Text: XXVII Exposició Marenostrum / Sofinuta / Forum Provincial segle I d.C. /


Theme: Roman villa of Veranes


Text: XXI Jornadas Filatélicas / Villa romana / de Veranes, Gijón


Theme: Ossius

City: Córdoba

Text: Exfilandalus 2007 / 1750 Aniversario / del nacimiento / de Osio


Apep I funerary vase


Technique: Unwmk

Designer: SPR-MSH.COM


Sheet: 50 ** ∘

135. 0,31 € Multicolored 1.000.000

Theme: Apepi I funerary vase

City: Almuñecar

Text: Arqueologia / Vaso de Apofis I / Antigua Sexi

ESP_20080303 FDC

The Apep I funerary vase is the most important piece of the Museum of Almuñecar, in the Phoeni-cian necropolis of Laurita in the San Cristobal hill of this seaside village. This vase, made of mar-ble, is the only one that exists in the Mediterranean and has one of the oldest texts written on it kept in Spain. This Egyptian piece, made at the end of the XVII B.C. probably arrived here with the Phoenicians towards the end of the VIII century B.C. It belonged to pharaoh Apep I according to the hieroglyphic writing at the top of the vase. The Laurita necropolis, the first primitive Punic rese-arched in Spain, was discovered in February 1963 on occasion of the building of an apartment block.

Apepi (also Ipepi; Egyptian language ipp(i)) or Apophis (Greek Άποφις; regnal names Neb-Khe-pesh-Re, A-Qenen-Re and A-User-Re) was a ruler of Lower Egypt during the fifteenth dynasty and the end of the Second Intermediate Period that was dominated by this foreign dynasty of rulers ca -lled the Hyksos. According to the Turin Canon of Kings, he ruled over the northern portion of Egypt for forty years, [2] and would have ruled during the early half of the 1500s (BCE) if he outlived his southern rival, Kamose, but not Ahmose I. [3] Although his reign only entailed northern Egypt, Ape-pi was dominant over most of Egypt during the early portion of his reign, and traded peacefully with the native, Theban Seventeenth dynasty to the south. [3]While he may have exerted suzerainty over Upper Egypt during the beginning of his reign, the se-venteenth dynasty eventually assumed control over this region, and the Hyksos were driven out of Egypt no more than fifteen years after his death.

Th: Archaeology

Text: Arqueologia / Vaso de Apofis I. Antigua Sexi / Almuñecar / Bicha de Balazote / Albacete

City: Madrid

ESP_20080303

FDC

13


Theme:

City: Calahorra

Text: Mercaforum / grupo Paso Viviente


Th: Roman villa of Veranes

Text: Villa romana de Veranes, Gijón. Siglo IV d.C. / Reconstrucción hipotética – Fachada Sur


ESP_20080901

CONMEMORATIVE

Theme: Earky Christian basilica and necropolis of Tarraco

City: Tarragona

Text: XXVIII Exposició Marenostrum / Sofinuta / Fragment altar basilica neocrópolis paleocristiana. Segle V d.C.


Oceanus mosaic from the roman villa of Carranque (Toledo)

2009, 10 Feb. Perforation: 13 ¾

Technique: Unwmk



Sheet: 50 ** ∘

136. 0,70 € Multicolored 450.000

Theme: Oceanus mosaic from the roman villa of Maternus in Carranque (Toledo)

City: Carranque

Text: Parque arqueológico de Carranque (Toledo) / Arqueología

ESP_20090210A FDC

Mosaic from the house of Mithraeum Au-gusta Emerita

2009, 10 Feb. Perforation: 13 ¾

Technique: Unwmk



Sheet: 50 ** ∘

136. 0,70 € Multicolored 450.000

The House of Mithraeum is a Roman family house dating back to the 1st Century or beginning of the 2nd A.C. In one of its rooms lies the cosmic mosaic, perhaps one of the best kept from the Ro-man times. It represents the philosophical concept of the world and the forces of nature that rule it. It is divided into three parts representing the sky, the earth and the sea. In the upper part, finished off with a semicircle, are depicted the figures of Saeculum, Caelum, Chaos, Polum, Tronitum, Ocassus and Oriens. This latter is depicted in the stamp. Oriens is the Sun that appears in the mo-saic with its chariot drawn by four white horses. It represents a young man with its head crowned with rays made up of golden tesseras.Temples of Mithras are sunk below ground, windowless, and very distinctive. In cities, the base-ment of an apartment block might be converted; elsewhere they might be excavated and vaulted over, or converted from a natural cave. Mithraic temples are common in the empire; although very unevenly distributed, with considerable numbers found in Rome, Ostia, Numidia, Dalmatia, Britain and along the Rhine/Danube frontier; while being much less common in Greece, Egypt, and Syria [62] . Mithriac rituals being secret, Mithraism could only be practiced within a Mithraeum [63]; and consequently it may be safely concluded that areas without Mithraea were also without Mithraists. More than 420 Mithraic sites have now been identified [64]. By their nature Mithraea tend to survi -ve when other forms of religious structures do not; and consequently the relative prevalence of Mithraism in the population may well tend to be over-estimated. For the most part, Mithraea tend to be small, externally undistinguished, and cheaply constructed; the cult generally preferring to create a new centre rather than expand an existing one. The Mithraeum represented the cave in which Mithras carried and then killed the bull; and where stone vaulting could not be afforded, the effect would be imitated with lath and plaster. They are commonly located close to springs or stre-ams; fresh water appears to have been required for some Mithraic rituals, and a basin is often in -

corporated into the structure [65] . There is usually a narthax or ante-chamber at the entrance, and often other ancillary rooms for storage and the preparation of food. The term mithraeum is modern; in Italy inscriptions usually call it a spelaeum; outside Italy it is referred to as templum.In their basic form, Mithraea were entirely different from the temples and shrines of other cults. In standard pattern Roman religious precincts, the temple building functioned as a house for the God; who was intended to be able to view through the opened doors and columnar portico, sacrificial worship being offered on an altar set in an open courtyard; potentially accessible not only to initia -tes of the cult, but also to colitores or non-initiated worshippers [66]. Mithraea were the antithesis of this [67]; being entirely inward-focussed with altars set within the building, and with no sacred precinct, or indeed any provision for worshippers other than initates.

Theme: Augusta Emerita

City: Mérida

Text: Arqueologia / Mosaico de la casa del Mitreo

ESP_20090210B FDC

Th: Mosaics from Merida & Carranque

Text: Parque arqeuológico / Carranque (Toledo) / Mosaico de la casa del Mitreo / Mérida

City: Madrid

ESP_20090210C

FDC

14

Spain

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