Space, Time and Space-Time. Where, When and How should we use them? Considerations for...
-
Upload
keithmay -
Category
Technology
-
view
175 -
download
0
description
Transcript of Space, Time and Space-Time. Where, When and How should we use them? Considerations for...
Space, Time and Space-Time. Where, When and How should we use them? Considerations for archaeological
research questions involving spatio-temporal phenomena and the conceptual relationships between them.
by
Keith May @Keith_May
Incorporating work by
Paul Cripps, Prof Doug Tudhope, Ceri Binding Faculty of Advanced Technology
University of South Wales
Archaeology Data in 4 Dimensions
X, Y, Z, Time
Segontium Section Is a 2D representation of 4D Events
With thanks
to Mortimer Wheeler
Archaeological Biographies of 'sites'
• Megalithic sites with continuity to NE, BA, IA, RM, Med, and Current periods
• Difference between spatio-temporal continuity of archaeological features and the distinct 'biography' of events that took place at certain periods in the past within certain spatial boundaries represented by the remains of those features that we find in the present
La Hougue Bie - Jersey
CC0 Wikipedia
Simplified Conceptual Model for Interoperability between archaeological records
FindsContexts
are deposited in
Stratigraphic
Units
Groups Samples
are taken from
Phases
Dates/ TimespansPeriods
are within
Took Place at
Spatial Coordinates
are within
Identifies
Identifies
Identifies
date
date
Investigations
dateSpatio-Temporal Relations
Research Objectives
Inform
Places
Harris Matrix example• Model common ‘core’ of Archaeological processes
• Principle archaeological concepts modelled as CRM entities & relationships
• Limited degree of minute detail
• Matrix holds stratigraphic relationships
• N.B. Distinguishing positive Deposits from negative Cuts
Stratigraphic relationships are spatio-temporal
• Musvario stratigraphy - based on interpreting the spatio- temporal sequencing of the order that the mosaic tiles 'must' have been placed in the design
• Stratigraphic relations seen in alterations to a brick wall or floor - n.b. it is not strictly following 'Law of superimposition'
Physical and Stratigraphic Relationships
crmeh:EHE0007.Context
crmeh:EHE1001ContextEvent
Below, Above,
Same As
crm:P7 Took Place at
crm:E53.Place crm:E5.Event
rdfs:subClassOf
BondedWith, ButtedBy,
Butts, Jointed
ConsistsOf, CutBy,
DividedInto, DivisionOf,
FillOf, PartOf, Within
Physical relationships Stratigraphic relationships
crm:E63.BeginningofExistence
rdfs:subClassOf
crm:P7 Took Place at
CRMarchaeo:A4.Stratigraphic Genesis Event
Contains, Cut By, Cuts,
Filled By
Negative Contexts E.g. Cut
Positive Contexts E.g. Deposits, Walls, etc
rdfs:subClassOf
Spatial data items identified from STELLAR Linked Data preparations
• Context – Context_location
• Sample -Sample Location
• Finds – some precise geo data present in many recording systems, & finds are directly related to the context they derive from which does have spatial attributes.
• Group – Group_location – this will be more challenging as it gets its spatial information from several contexts
• Investigation – investigation_location
• Phase – None directly present but spatial extents can be shown by relationships to Group info
• Research Objectives – Broad Place names e.g. Explore the extent of the Mesolithic remains at Starr Carr, Yorkshire
CRMEH_FINDSfind_id
find_note
find_type
find_type_uri
find_material
find_material_uri
within_context_id
production_period
within_investigation_id
language
CRMEH_CONTEXTScontext_id
context_note
context_type
context_type_uri
context_period
context_location
within_context_id
within_group_id
within_investigation_id
strat_lower_id
strat_equal_id
language
CRMEH_INVESTIGATION_PROJECTS
investigation_id
investigation_description
investigation_type
investigation_type_uri
investigation_timespan
Investigation_location
CRMEH_SAMPLES
sample_id
sample_note
sample_type
sample_type_uri
within_context_id
within_group_id
within_investigation_id
language
CRMEH_SAMPLES_MEASUREMENTS
sample_id
measurement_type
measurement_type_uri
measurement_unit
measurement_unit_id
measurement_unit_uri
measurement_value
CRMEH_GROUPS
group_id
group_note
group_type
group_type_uri
group_location
group_period
within_group_id
within_investigation_id
language
CRMEH_OBJECTIVES
objective_id
objective_note
investigation_id
project_design
addressed_by_id
shape_subprogramme
nhpp
CRMEH_PHASE
phase_id
phase_name
phase_type
phase_note
preliminary_eyear/lyear
Linked Data Templates
• Context – Context_location
• Sample - Sample location
• Group - Group location
• ?Phase - derived from Group
• Investigation Location
Semantic Technologies - STELLAR Template fields from CRM-EH
• Stratigraphic relationships too
Other Historic Environment geo-spatial data.
• Geophysics Raster plots – georeference
• CAD drawings – e.g. Building elevations
• Lidar and 3d point cloud ?time values
• Marine remote sensing data? Sonar? 3D point clouds
• Photography - raster georeference e.g. Aerial photos
Region Connection Calculus - Spatial Relationship Axioms
• disconnected (DC)
• externally connected (EC)
• equal (EQ)
• partially overlapping (PO)
• tangential proper part (TPP)
• tangential proper part inverse (TPPi)
• non-tangential proper part (NTPP)
• non-tangential proper part inverse (NTPPi)
What about the Temporal?
• Can use combinations of Dates & Periods
• Issue - Periods are Spatio-temporal e.g. "Roman"
• Allen operators - temporal relationships
• CIDOC CRM Allen operators
• How to visualize Continuity better?
Allen Temporal Operators & Stratigraphic relations
• P120: occurs before (occurs after)
• P114: is equal in time to
• P115: finishes (is finished by)
• P116: starts (is started by)
• P117: occurs during (includes)
• P118: overlaps in time with (is overlapped in time by)
• P119: meets in time with (is met in time by)
Stratigraphically means "Directly" Below/Before Above/After
But not necessarily Meets in time
Continuity of Existence of Archaeological Features G. Lucas
• Absolute or Relative Chronologies
• Excavation data deals in Relative Chronology e.g. Stratigraphy
• Then tries to hang the Relative chronology on an Absolute Chronological 'hook'
Hypothetical Stratigraphic Sequence represented as Spatio-Temporal Events
With thanks to Paul Cripps
Spatio-Temporal Relationships Stratigraphy & Events
• CRM Events represent Spatio-temporal archaeological phenomena
• Phases reflect Spatio-temporal relationships in archaeological record
• Stratigraphically above/after & below/before ?
• Space-Time volumes
Conceptual Reference Model is also a
Conceptual Reference MatrixBut do we need a new way to visualise all the complexity of those relationships ? Over and above Harris Matrix which are working tools which are not easily published and archived? A section drawing is one way Plans and a plan matrix is another But need to incorporate the semantic complexity of all the spatio-temporal information within those records
STAR project cross-searching & Browse Interface
Internet Archaeology Vol 30 http://intarch.ac.uk/journal/issue30/tudhope_index.html
Conclusions & Challenges
• Need to consider more explicit ways of expressing spatio-temporal relations within archaeological records
• Need new ways to visualise the complexity of the spatio-temporal relations
• Semantic technologies offer some possibilities, but currently it is simpler for Temporal relations than Spatial....
• but can also help in conceptualising the Spatio-Temporal
Gavin Lucas. "The Archaeology of Time" CIDOC CRM. http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr/ Tudhope, May, Binding, Vlachidis. "Connecting Archaeological Data and Grey Literature via Semantic Cross Search" - Internet Archaeology Vol 30
Contact: [email protected]
@Keith_May
References