National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Space Technology

Mission Directorate

Maryland Space

Business Roundtable

Presented by:

Mr. Stephen Jurczyk

Associate Administrator, STMD

September 2015

www.nasa.gov/spacetech

• Enables a new class of NASA missions

beyond low Earth Orbit.

• Delivers innovative solutions that

dramatically improve technological

capabilities for NASA and the Nation.

• Develops technologies and capabilities that

make NASA’s missions more affordable and

more reliable.

• Invests in the economy by creating markets

and spurring innovation for traditional and

emerging aerospace business.

• Engages the brightest minds from

academia in solving NASA’s tough

technological challenges.

Value to NASA Value to the Nation Who:The NASA Workforce

Academia

Small Businesses

The Broader Aerospace

Enterprise

Addresses National Needs

A generation of studies and reports (40+

since 1980) document the need for

regular investment in new,

transformative space technologies.

Space Technology…

…. an Investment for the Future

2

Guiding Principles of the

Space Technology Programs

• Adhere to a Stakeholder Based Investment Strategy: NASA Strategic Plan; NASA Space Tech Roadmaps / NRC Report; NASA Mission Directorate / Commercial advocacy

• Invest in a Comprehensive Portfolio: Covers low to high TRL; Grants & Fellowships; SBIR & prize competitions; prototype developments & technology demonstrations

• Advance Transformative and Crosscutting Technologies: Enabling or broadly applicable technologies with direct infusion into future missions

• Develop Partnerships to Leverage Resources: Partnerships with Mission Directorates and OGAs to leverage limited funding and establish customer advocacy; Public – Private Partnerships to provide NASA resources and support to U.S. commercial aerospace interests

• Select Using Merit Based Competition: Research, innovation and technology maturation, open to academia, industry, NASA centers and OGAs

• Execute with Lean Structured Projects: Clear start and end dates, defined budgets and schedules, established milestones, lean development, and project level authority and accountability.

• Infuse Rapidly or Terminate Promptly: Operate with a sense of urgency; Rapid cadence of tech maturation; informed risk tolerance to implement / infuse quickly or terminate

• Place NASA at technology’s forefront – refreshes Agency’s workforce: Results in new inventions, enables new capabilities and creates a pipeline of NASA and national innovators, and refreshes the agencies technical capabilities / workforce

3

14

Permits more

capable science

and future human

missions to terrestrial

bodies. Includes,

hypersonic and

supersonic

aerodynamic

decelerators, next-

gen TPS materials,

retro-propulsion,

instrumentation

and modeling.

Application:

Returning research

from ISS and other

assets from space

Human exploration

missions beyond low

earth orbit will

require highly

reliable technologies

(e.g. reclaiming

water reuse of trash,

air revitalization) to

minimize resupply

requirements and

increase

independence from

earth.

Application:

Mining Industry and

other closed

environments

Substantially

increase available

bandwidth and

data rates for near

earth and deep

space, currently

limited by power

and frequency

allocation limits.

Assure robust and

reliable

interconnected

space network

Application:

More bandwidth for

Commercial and

OGA Satellites

Create improvements

in thrust levels,

specific power, and

alternatives to

traditional chemical

propulsion systems

for destination-

agnostic, deep space

exploration spacecraft

systems.

Application:

Improved

Affordability for

Commercial and

OGA Satellites

Allows for more

capable science

and human

exploration

missions; enables

more precise entry

trajectories for

inserting into

orbits around

planets and

bodies like Mars,

Europa, and Titan.

Application:

Next Generation

GPS and launch

vehicles

Targets large

decreases in

structural mass for

launch vehicles

and spacecraft

materials using

nanotechnology,

composites and in

space

manufacturing

capabilities

Application:

Industrial Materials

and Composites

for large

transportation

structures

Extends our reach

by helping us

remotely explore

planetary bodies,

manage in-space

assets and support

in-space operations

by enhancing the

efficacy of our

operations.

Application:

Human safe

Robotics for

industrial use,

Disaster Response,

and Autonomous

Operations

Allows for significant

gains in science

capabilities

including:

coronagraph

technology to

characterize exo-

planets, advances in

surface materials

and better control

systems for large

space optics.

Application:

Industrial Materials,

Earth Observation

High

Performance

Space

Propulsion

High

Bandwidth

Space Optical

Comm

Advanced

Life Support

& Resource

Utilization

Entry

Descent and

Landing

Systems

Space

Robotic

Systems

Lightweight

Space

Structures

Deep Space

Navigation

Space

Observatory

Systems

Space Technology focus investments in 8 thrust areas that are key to

future NASA missions and enhance national space capabilities.

Enabling Future Exploration Missions

5

Space Technology

Research Grants

Office of the

Associate Administrator

Space Technology Portfolio

6

Transformative & Crosscutting Technology Breakthroughs

Pioneering Concepts/DevelopingInnovation Community

Creating Markets & Growing Innovation Economy

Technology

Demonstration Missions bridges the gap

between early proof-of-concept tests and the final infusion of cost-effective, revolutionary technologies into successful NASA, government

and commercial space missions.

Small Spacecraft Technology Programdevelops and demonstrates new capabilities employing the unique features of small spacecraft for science, exploration and space

operations.

Game Changing Development seeks to

identify and rapidly mature innovative/high impact capabilities and technologies that may lead to entirely new approaches for the Agency’s broad array of future space

missions.

NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC) nurtures

visionary ideas that could transform future NASA missions with the creation of breakthroughs—radically better or entirely new aerospace concepts–while engaging America’s innovators and entrepreneurs as

partners in the journey.

Space Technology Research Grants seek to

accelerate the development of “push” technologies to support future space science and exploration needs through innovative efforts with high risk/high payoff while developing the next generation of innovators through grants and fellowships.

Center Innovation Fundstimulates and encourages creativity and innovation within the NASA Centers by addressing the technology needs of the Agency and the Nation. Funds are invested to each NASA Center to support emerging technologies and creative initiatives that leverage Center talent and

capabilities.

Centennial Challenges directly engages nontraditional sources advancing technologies of value to NASA’s missions and to the aerospace community. The program offers challenges set up as competitions that award prize money to the individuals or teams that achieve a specified

technology challenge.

Flight Opportunitiesfacilitates the progress of space technologies toward flight readiness status through testing in space-relevant environments. The program fosters development of the commercial reusable suborbital

transportation industry.

Small Business

Innovation Research (SBIR) and Small Business Technology Transfer (STTR) Programs

provide an opportunity for small, high technology companies and research institutions to develop key technologies addressing the Agency’s needs and developing

the Nation’s innovation economy.6

Organizational Update

7

STMD FY 2016 PBR ($)

8

Actuals IOP PBRFY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020

OC

T Agency Technology & Innovation 31 31 33 33 33 33 33

SBIR and STTR 175 191 201 213 213 213 214

Space Technology Research & Development 370 374 491 490 500 511 522

Early Stage Portfolio 45 47 73 75 75 75 75

Centennial Challenges 1 4 5 5 5 5 5

Flight Opportunities 10 10 15 15 15 15 15

Small Spacecraft 17 19 19 17 17 17 17

Game Changing Development 118 126 170 179 180 184 191

Technology Demonstration Missions 180 167 210 199 208 216 219

Space Technology Total 576 596 725 736 747 758 769

Budget Authority ($M) PPBE16

Sp

ace

Te

ch M

issi

on

Dir

ect

ora

te

$0

$100

$200

$300

$400

$500

$600

$700

$800

$900

$1,000

FY 2012 FY 2013 FY 2014 FY 2015 FY 2016 FY 2017 FY 2018 FY 2019 FY 2020

Enacted / Planned

PBR

STMD Successes To Date

Solar Array Development

and Testing

JPL H6 with magnetic shielding

GRC 300M with magnetic shielding

Advanced Thrusters

and Electronics

Development

Composite Cryo Propellant

Tank Testing

Creating New Markets and

Spurring Innovation while

Engaging the Brightest Minds

Entry, Descent and

Landing TechnologyEVA Suit and ECLS

Technologies

Utilizing ISS as a

Technology Testbed

9

NIAC funds early studies of visionary,

novel, long term concepts - aerospace

architectures, systems, or missions

and inspires new technology

development across many scientific

disciplines with high potential for

breakthroughs.

Very early concepts: Technology

Readiness Level 1-2 or early 3; 10+

years focus

Phase I: up to $100K, ~9 months to 1

year, for concept definition and initial

analysis in a mission context.

Phase II: up to $500K, ~2 years for

further development of the most

promising Phase I concepts,

comparative mission analysis,

pathways forward.

GOAL:

36%

15%

44%

5%

NASA

Industry

Academia

Other

www.nasa.gov/niac

2014-2015: Organizational Breakdown

20

14

–2

01

5

NIA

C F

EL

LO

WS

39 Total Proposals Selected

& Funded (2014-2015 Ph I & Ph II)

14 = NASA Funded Studies

25 = NON-NASA Funded

Studies

14 = GOV’T Funded Studies

25 = NON- GOV’T Funded

Studies

2014 Ph I = 12

2014 Ph II = 5

2015 Ph I = 15

2015 Ph II = 7

FY 2016-17:

• NASA will initiate new Phase I NIAC awards

• Further develop the most promising concepts for

NIAC Phase II studies

Upcoming FY 2016:

• Will award limited Phase I NIAC awards

• Will select promising NIAC Phase I concepts for

NIAC Phase II studies

NASA INNOVATIVE

ADVANCED CONCEPTS

2014-15 Funding to 14

U.S. States

NIAC FELLOW Chris Walker, University of Arizona

• Highly aspheric, fast optics, star tracker, inertial guidance system

• High rate data link to Earth, strong spectral signature for H2O

• Mounted internal hardware on inflatable structure

• Extreme deformability

• Spectrochip II: Qualcomm

SCOPE:

SUPPORTS 2 STUDY PHASES:

Robotic Assembly + Additive Manufacturing

NIAC FELLOW ROBERT HOYT,

Tethers Unlimited

Mobile robot, radically different way of deploying

large space systems on orbit

Carbon Fiber Trusselator• h performance per cost

• h packing efficiency

• h launch savings

• h resolution

• h power

• h sensitivity

• h bandwidth

• With a very small amount of material, it can

make incredibly large structures on orbit

LBR: Adaptive Optics

To fly in 2018-19 from Antarctica

13

1 61

2

3

2

22

31

1

1

1

NASA Innovative Advanced Concepts (NIAC)

Partnering with Universities to

Solve the Nation’s Challenges

Program # awards# University-led

awardsUpcoming Opportunities

Space Technology

Research Grants295 295

• Early Career Faculty

• Early Stage Innovations

• NASA Space Technology Research Fellowships

NIAC 93 26• NIAC Phase I

• NIAC Phase II

Game Changing

Technology Dev37 14

Various topics released as Appendices to

SpaceTech-REDDI

Small Spacecraft

Technology22 13

Smallsat Technology Partnerships – new in 2013 – annual

opportunities beginning in 2015

Flight Opportunities 117 50

Tech advancement utilizing suborbital flight

opportunities – NRA to U.S. Universities,

non-profits and industry are planned.

STTR 192181 w/ univ

partners

Annual STTR solicitation

Centennial

Challenges

4 Challenges

(2 university-

run)

40 teams (9 univ-

led, 1 univ-led

winner)

• One or more challenges annually

• Challenge competitions with a procurement track to

fund university teams via grants

U.S. Universities have been very successful in responding to STMD’s competitive solicitations• STMD-funded university space technology research spans the entire roadmap space

• More than 130 U.S. universities have led (or are STTR partners on) more than 550 awards since 2011

• In addition, there are many other partnerships with other universities, NASA Centers and commercial contractors

Annually

Annually

Twice

Annually

Annually

11

Multi Agency Priorities and National Initiatives

Space Synthetic Biology ($2M/yr for 3 years)− Investment will focus on the development of a "biomembrane"

− Syn-bio enabled, lipid-based membrane will be engineered to remove contaminants,

self-repair, and have extended lifetimes far beyond the state-of-the-art membranes

− First-ever demonstration of a self-repairing synthetic membrane

National Nanotechnology Initiative ($4M)− Nanomanufacturing: carbon nanotube structural materials and carbon nanotube

reinforced composite overwrapped pressure vessel elements, lightweight carbon

nanotube/aerogel wires and cables

− Ultra lightweight Core for Efficient Load Bearing Structures

− Upcoming Early Stage Innovation Award for Topic

Computationally Guided Structural Nanomaterials Design

Materials Genome Initiative ($1-2M)− Engaged in the National MG Initiative

− NASA investments leverage collaborations with Oak Ridge National Lab and The Ohio

State University

− NASA MGI project is helping the Space Launch System with data uncertainty for

RS-25 AM components

− STRG Early Stage Innovations 2014 Computations Materials Technology Effort

National Robotics Initiative ($3M)– NASA will continue to support NRI Grants. Each grantee is assigned a NASA center

group or lab to work with for remainder of research

– Future plans for supporting a Robotics Challenge and further advance autonomous

operations and telerobotics

– Releasing RFI seeking partners for effort in robotic mining

12

Composite Overwrapped

Pressure Vessel

Centennial Challenges

ACCOMPLISHMENTS

Sample Return Robot Challenge demonstrates robots that can locate and retrieve samples

from a wide and varied terrain without human control or terrestrial navigation aids.

• In the 2014 challenge, West Virginia University accomplished Level I and was

awarded $5,000.

• In 2015, 27 teams are registered to compete June 9-12, 2015.

Cube Quest Communications and Propulsion Challenge will demonstrate communication

and propulsion technologies relevant to trans-lunar space exploration.

• Registration opened Nov. 24, 2014. Six teams registered as of May 2015.

• Competitor summit held at Ames Research Center with 150+ participants.

Mars Ascent Vehicle Challenge demonstrates the ability to autonomously recover, load,

and launch a simulated Mars sample cache.

• Competition held April 7-11, 2015

• North Carolina State Univ awarded $25,000 for 1st Place and Tarleton State Univ

awarded $15,000 for second place.

FY 2016-17 PLANS

• Announce and open new challenges focused on additive manufacturing and humanoid

robotics.

• Additional topics being reviewed for potential challenges include: tissue engineering,

airship technology, planetary sample cache rendezvous and capture, and technologies

to enable future exploration of Europa and Venus.

Goal: Engage non-traditional participants such as makers, non-government funded

entities, and educational institutions to achieve the nation’s challenging technology goals.

How: Offers competitive challenges that award prize money to the individuals or teams

that achieve the specified technology requirements.

Flight Opportunities

Highlights: FY2015

• UP Aerospace Corporation successfully launched SpaceLoft-9 (SL-9) with four payloads in October 2014 from the New Mexico Spaceport; SL-10 flight planned for Oct 2015

• Masten Space Systems completed in December 2014 a flight campaign for a JPL landing technology that could be considered for use in Mars 2020 mission.

• World View flew PAMSS and a cosmic ray calorimeter developed by Gannon U. on their Tycho-20 high-altitude balloon (March 2015)

• Near Space Corporation (NSC) flew Airborne Systems Guided Parafoil twice to an altitude of about 60,000 ft; autonomous steering/landing within 33m (12km range) -70m (46km range) from programmed impact point (Aug 6 and Aug 8)

• Conducted three parabolic flight campaigns on NASA C9 and is on track to conduct three more campaigns before the end of Calendar Year 2015

• Program has engaged emerging commercial space companies through an Announcement of Collaborative Opportunity (Topics 1&5) released on 21 June 2015

• Program expects to on-ramp at least one new flight provider before the end of Calendar Year 2015

Budget:• FY2015: $10M

• Total funding FY2012-FY2015: $40M

Goals:• Matures technologies by providing affordable

access to space environments

• Facilitates the development of the commercial reusable suborbital transportation industry

Flights:• Four companies on contract to provide integration

and flight services aboard commercial reusable sub-orbital vehicles (Masten, UP Aerospace, Virgin, and World View)

• Uses suborbital/parabolic flights to carry payloads in reduced gravity and near the boundary of space

Payloads:• FY11-FY14:Unfunded payloads selected though

Announcements of Flight Opportunities (AFO)

• FY14-FY15:SpaceTech REDDI NRA to make funds available for purchase of commercial flights

• Collaborating with Science Mission Directorate (e.g., USIP) and other NASA programs to make space available for technologies appropriate for the available platforms within the program

Plans for FY 2016 to FY 2017• Program plans to release technology payload solicitations semi-annually• Program plans to solicit internal payloads requiring flights from NASA programs• With increasing demand for flights, the program will support additional flights on suborbital

reusable platforms, conducting one or more flights every month

Small Spacecraft Technology Upcoming Flight Demonstrations

2015 2016

EDSN2012 Oct 29, 2015

Dec 3, 2015Nodes

Oct 8, 2015 & Jan 2016

Jan 2016

Oct 14, 2015

OCSD2013

2013

2013

CPOD

ISARA Jan 2016

MaraiaEDSN: Edison Demonstration of Smallsat NetworksISARA: Integrated Solar Array and Reflectarray AntennaOCSD: Optical Communications and Sensor DemonstrationCPOD: Cubesat Proximity Operations Demonstration

2014

2014

A B&C

FLIGHT HARDWARE

EDSNNodes

CPODOCSD

Maraia

A low-cost cubesat swarm for distributed science observations

STARTDATE

EDSN with enhanced communication capabilities

Laser communications, formation flight, and propulsion

Autonomous rendezvous and docking

High band-width communications

Suborbital test of a small re-entry capsule

LAUNCH

ISARAEngineering Unit

Technology Investment:

Green Propellant Infusion Mission

16

Technology Investment:

Deep Space Atomic Clock

1717

Spacecraft

Disturbance

Isolation

Point-

Ahead

Mirror

Flight Laser

Transceiver Electronics

& Control

Laser

Transmitter

Photon-

Counting

Camera

Technology Investment:

Optical Space Communication

Laser Communication Relay

Demonstration

Solar Arrays

Power Processing Units (PPUs)

Thrusters

Propellant Feed System &

Storage Tanks

Technology Investment: High Power Solar Electric Propulsion

SEP Applications

SEP

“Space Tugboat”

19

Technology Investment:

Entry, Descent, and Landing

20Low Density Supersonic Decelerator

Inflatable (THOR) or Mechanically Deployable

(ADEPT) Entry Systems

Supersonic Retro Propulsion

20

Computer Modeling and Data

Instrumentation

3-D, multi-layer preform weaving

technology for thermal protection

LDSD Testing Videos

21

Rocket Sled PDV2 SSRS, Feb. 18, 2015

SFDT2 High Altitude Supersonic FlightSFDT2 High Resolution Deployments

SFDT 2 Damage Progression

22

Technology Investment:

Advanced Life Support and

In-Situ Resource Utilization

23

Alternate Water Processor Advanced Oxygen Recovery

Portable Life

Support

System

Integrated

Test

Variable Oxygen

Regulator 3.0Mars Oxygen ISRU

Experiment (MOXIE)

Mars 2020 Rover

Life Support aboard ISS

23

Technology Investment: Advanced Launch Systems

24

Additive Manufacturing for

combustion chambers and nozzles Composite Cryotank and dry

structures

Composites for upper

stageNanotechnologyeCryo for upper stage

nano fiber electrode carbon nano fiber array

24

Advancing Deep Space Capabilities:

Progress through Missions

25

Mars Science Laboratory (MSL)Entry Descent and Landing

56

Mars 2020In-situ resource utilization (ISRU):

Discovery 2014 Deep-space optical communications

and Thermal Protection Systems

Asteroid Redirect MissionIn Space Propulsion System

Orion EM-1Thermal Protection

System

Key Milestones in 2015-16

Green Propellant: demonstrates propellant formula, thrusters, and

integrated propulsion system, for higher performing, safe

alternative to highly toxic hydrazine. (Launch STP-2 NET 9/2016)

Deep Space Atomic New space clock improving navigational

accuracy for deep space (Launch STP-2 NET 9/2016)

Purchasing major subsystems for Solar Electric Propulsion and

Laser Communications demonstrations

Small Spacecraft Technology: Planning seven cubesat/smallsat

technology demonstration flights over the next five months.

Establishing Public-Private Partnerships

– Released Tipping Point and Announcement of Collaborative

Opportunity solicitations with awards in FY16.

26

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Technology Drives Exploration

#NASATech #321Techoff

27

Space Technology Drive Exploration

28

• BACK UP SLIDES

29

Advancing Deep Space Capabilities:

Progress through Missions

30

Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) – First-ever comprehensive entry, descent, and landing (EDL) measurements on

flight through Martian atmosphere in 2012 landing

– Understanding the Martian environment: measurements of water, atmosphere,

and radiation

Mars 2020– In-situ resource utilization (ISRU): Demonstrate oxygen conversion on Mars 2020

– Continue EDL measurements on landing and include first-ever measurements on

backshell

Discovery 2014 – Thermal protection system (TPS): New class of materials (woven TPS) in

development for Venus entry in Discovery 14 Opportunity

– Deep-space optical communications: First-ever demonstration of high-

bandwidth communications from deep-space

Orion EM-1– Thermal Protection System: Variant of woven TPS will be flown on EM-1 mission

as the compression pads.

Asteroid Redirect Mission – In-space propulsion and power: high-power solar electric propulsion

demonstration

– Possible demonstration of high-power solar arrays on ISS56

STMD Investments to Advance Future Capabilities

of Space Launch System (SLS) & Orion

Composite cryogenic propellant tanks (CCPT) and Composite

Evolvable Upper Stage (CEUS), develops composite technologies

for SLS upgrades

Evolvable Cryogenics (eCryo) develops advanced cryogenic

propellant management technologies, and high capacity

cryocoolers for SLS future missions

Additive manufacturing of upper stage injectors, combustion

chambers and nozzles for potential SLS upgrades

Phase change material heat exchangers for Orion in lunar orbit

3D Woven ablative TPS for Orion heat shield compression pads

Advanced oxygen recovery for Orion upgrades

31

STMD Investments to Advance

Human Exploration

High Powered SEP – cargo & logistics transportation to Mars

Small Fission Power / Stirling Cycle – Mars surface power

HIAD / ADEPT – deployable entry systems for large downmass

LDSD – supersonic aerodynamic decelerators & supersonic

retro-propulsion for the descent of large landed mass at Mars

Woven TPS – more efficient & flexible TPS materials for entry

Closed loop air & water recovery – reduced consumables

Mars atmospheric ISRU (oxygen) – life support and ascent

vehicle oxidizer

Humanoid robotics – enhanced exploration / reduced crew load

Optical communications – high bandwidth communications

32

Entry, Descent, & Landing

– MEDLI, MEDLI2 & Entry Systems Modeling – Mars EDL systems design

– Woven TPS (HEEET) – Venus, Mars & Outer Planets

– Low Density Supersonic Decelerator (LDSD) – Increased mass to Mars surface

– Adaptable, Deployable Entry Placement Technology (ADEPT) – deployable heat

shields for Venus and Mars provides much lower entry loads

Propulsion & Power

– Green Propellant Infusion Mission (GPIM)- alternative to hydrazine

– Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) – enabling new science missions

– Small Fission – power for outer planet missions

Communication & Navigation

– Deep Space Optical Comm. (DSOC) & Laser Communication Relay Demo

(LCRD) – up to 10x data return for planetary and near-Earth missions

– NICER/SEXTANT & Deep Space Atomic Clock (DSAC) – Highly accurate

deep space navigation, higher duty cycle for DSN data return

Instruments, Sensors, & Thermal

– High Performance Spaceflight Computing – broadly applicable to science

missions

– AFTA / WFIRST Coronagraph – to perform direct observations of exoplanets and

determining their atmospheric content

Advancing Science

Mission Capabilities

33

STMD Investments to Advance

Outer Planetary Exploration

Technologies in FY 2015-2016 Deep Space Optical Communications

Deep Space Atomic Clock

High Performance Space Computing

Small Nuclear Fission / Sterling Power (kilo-power)

Woven TPS for aerocapture and outer-planetary entry

Europa Ice Penetration Challenge

Enabling Outer Planet ExplorationTechnology investments in power (solar and nuclear), radiation protection,

sensing, landing, navigation, and communications could enable a broad set of

small missions to compelling planetary science targets

STMD is developing TPS and deep space communication technologiesfor infusion in SMD’s Discovery 2014 Announcement

3434

Structures and Materials– Composite Exploration Upper Stage (CEUS) – Composite

structures for improved launch vehicle performance

– Manufacturing–Materials, Nanotechnology and Manf. Processes

Propulsion & Power– Green Propellant Infusion Mission – improved spacecraft

performance & reduced toxicity and ground processing costs

– Solar Electric Propulsion (SEP) – enabling increased power,

reduced mass and longer life for commercial communication

satellites

Communication & Navigation– LCRD – replacing RF based gateway links with optical links and

reduce RF spectrum utilization on commercial satellites

– Deep Space Atomic Clock – improved timing for next generation

GPS satellites

Instruments, Sensors, & Robotics– High Performance Spaceflight Computing – for more capable

radiation hard avionics for commercial communication satellites

– Human Robotic Systems (R5) – to perform environmentally

hazardous tasks and operate within terrestrial settings

STMD- Aerospace Industry

Alignment Examples

35