Space Systems and

Space Solar Architectures

Paul Jaffe

paul.jaffe@nrl.navy.mil

Overview

• Getting to Orbit

• Characteristics of Space Systems

• Space Solar Architectures

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Sputnik I

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Source: https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153410main_Rockets_History.pdf

4 Source: https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/originals/54/01/73/5401739266a7bd0459f5028c9ba1a6f0.jpg

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Source: http://i.imgur.com/z2eHvRI.png

Selected U.S. Rockets, Operational and Proposed

How Hard is Rocket Science Actually? • Search youtube for “rocket disasters”

• Getting out of Earth’s gravity well requires a lot of energy

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Source: John Mankins, “The Case for Space Solar Power”

Arthur C. Clarke’s Concept, 1945

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"I'm often asked why I didn't try to patent the idea of communications satellites. My answer is always, 'A patent is really a license to be sued.' “

– Arthur C. Clarke

Source: http://ottawa-rasc.ca/articles/earl_mike/Satellite_Tracking/Dishes/03_Clarke_Belt.jpg

Types of Orbits

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Source: http://www.cpi.com/capabilities/ssa/ssa1.jpg

LEO – Low Earth Orbit MEO – Medium Earth Orbit GEO – Geosynchronous Earth Orbit HEO – Highly Eccentric Orbit

Types of Orbits

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Source: https://image.slidesharecdn.com/satellite-131128151942-phpapp02/95/satellite-sys-13-638.jpg?cb=1385652033

Overview

• Getting to Orbit

• Characteristics of Space Systems

• Space Solar Architectures

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Elements of a Typical Space System

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Source: http://www.gatewayforindia.com/technology/satellite_files/image002.gif

Types of Resident Space Objects (RSOs)

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Source: Matthew P. Wilkins, Avi Pfeffer, Paul W. Schumacher, Moriba K. Jah, "Towards an Artificial Space Object Taxonomy," presented at 2013 AMOS (Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance) Technical Conference, 10-13 Sep, Maui, HI.

Types of Resident Space Objects (RSOs)

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Source: Matthew P. Wilkins, Avi Pfeffer, Paul W. Schumacher, Moriba K. Jah, "Towards an Artificial Space Object Taxonomy," presented at 2013 AMOS (Advanced Maui Optical and Space Surveillance) Technical Conference, 10-13 Sep, Maui, HI.

NASA Earth Imaging Satellites

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Source: https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/m015-029.jpg

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Source: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/misc_missions/dmsp_diagram.gif

Designing a Space Mission

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Source: Spaced Mission Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition, James R. Wertz and Wiley J. Larson, editors

Spacecraft Bus Subsystems

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Source: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/misc_missions/dmsp_diagram.gif

Source: Spaced Mission Analysis and Design, 3rd Edition, James R. Wertz and Wiley J. Larson, editors

Anatomy of a Satellite - DMSP

• Defense Meteorological Satellite Program

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Source: https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/misc_missions/dmsp_diagram.gif

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Source: http://www.redorbit.com/media/uploads/2004/10/9_d593ada2464ef3a23ef9c8f00e2a7df02.jpg

Anatomy of a Satellite - Iridium

• Low-Earth Orbit satellite telephone & data constellation

• 77 in orbit (66 with 6 spares)

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Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Iridium_Coverage_Animation.gif

Iridium Constellation Coverage

Anatomy of a Satellite - LADEE • Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer

• Orbited moon before being crashed into it 2014-04-18

• Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three laws that describe the motion of planets around the sun:

• Planets move around the sun in elliptic orbits. The sun is in one of the two foci of the orbit.

• A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.

• The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

• Johannes Kepler found these laws, between 1609 and 1619.

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Source: http://spaceflight101.com/ladee/spacecraft-overview/

LADEE Functional Block Diagram

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Source: http://104.131.251.97/ladee/wp-content/uploads/sites/27/2015/08/2832244_orig.jpg

Overview

• Getting to Orbit

• Characteristics of Space Systems

• Space Solar Architectures

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The Two Functions a Solar Power Satellite Would Need to Perform

• Energy Collection: • Photovoltaics (PV)

• Solar thermal (Heat Engine)

• Sun-pumped lasers

• Power Transmission: • Microwave

• Laser

• Reflection

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NASA/DOE SPS Reference System, circa 1978

Peter Glaser GEO concept, circa 1968

Various SSP Conceptual Designs

Perpendicular to Orbital Plane, circa 1973

Krafft Ehricke Soletta Space Mirrors, circa 1978

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Various SSP Conceptual Designs

NASA Reference Design, circa 1981

Aerospace Corp. Laser Concept, circa 2002

NASA/DOE Microwave sandwich concept, circa 1980

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Various SSP Conceptual Designs

SolarDisc, circa 1997

SunTower, circa 1997 JAXA modular laser, circa 2008

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Sun-Pumped Laser

Modular Symmetrical Concentrator, circa 2007

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Video: https://youtu.be/en_796av4O4?t=4m2s

Modular Symmetrical Concentrator

Modular Symmetrical Concentrator, circa 2007

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Video: https://youtu.be/BoxXlF9mepU

Various SSP Conceptual Designs

EADS Astrium laser concept, circa 2011

Tin Can SPS, circa 2014 Image © 2014 Peter J. Schubert, used with permission

SPS-ALPHA, circa 2013

Solaren, circa 2010 30

Various SSP Conceptual Designs

Image © 2014 Peter J. Schubert, used with permission

Hyland Power Star, circa 2014

(Or conducting tether)

Dickinson Laser to High-Altitude Platform to Microwave, circa 2013

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SolarHigh, circa 2012

Thermal Engine Space Solar Concept

Image © 2014 Peter J. Schubert, used with permission

Team Sunflower Thermal Power Satellite1, circa 2015

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Video: https://youtu.be/q-Lrj35HcbQ

1Image from Online Journal of Space Communication, Issue No. 18, http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/

Sun Synchronous Orbit Concentrating Photovoltaics Space Solar Concept

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Video: https://youtu.be/m9vDP7pglVU?t=1m

Multi-Rotary Joint Space Solar

China Academy of Space Technology (CAST) Multi-Rotary Joints SPS1, circa 2015

1Image from Online Journal of Space Communication, Issue No. 18, http://spacejournal.ohio.edu/ Image © 2014 Peter J. Schubert, used with permission

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Video: https://youtu.be/XhgJwnpYRGc

Conclusion

• A solar power satellite will need subsystems to address the same functions that most “normal” satellites contend with today, such as commanding and telemetry, attitude control, and others

• There’s no shortage of different Space Solar implementation concepts

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Backup

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Getting to Space: How?

• Rockets

• What sort of fuel did the first rockets use?

• Gunpowder

• Taoist alchemists searching for immortality discovered gunpowder and its property of propulsion

• An early example: the ti lao shu (ground rat), a firework made from a bamboo tube filled with gunpowder that shot about in all directions on the floor

• During the Sung dynasty (A.D. 960-1279), the first known use of the military rocket occurred in 1232 when the Chinese used fei huo tsiang (flying fire lances) against Mongols besieging the city of Kai-fung-fu

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Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/co

mmons/5/5e/Chinese_rocket.png

Source: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/the-history-of-rocket-science-4078981/#ipiMbl8AHUfPJk9S.99

The Legend of Wan Hu, The First Space Traveler?

“With the help of many assistants, a Chinese official named Wan-Hu assembled a rocket- powered flying chair. Attached to the chair were two large kites, and fixed to the kites 47 fire-arrow rockets.

On the day of the flight, Wan-Hu sat himself on the chair and gave the command to light the rockets. In a moment, there was a tremendous roar accompanied by billowing clouds of smoke. When the smoke cleared, Wan-Hu and his flying chair were gone. No one knows for sure what happened to Wan-Hu…” Adapted from: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/TRC/Rockets/history_of_rockets.html

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Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/Wan_Hu_large.png

Source: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/TRC/Rockets/IMAGES/History3A.gif

Where Did Wan Hu Go? An Improbable Outcome & Digression Into Pareidolia

• Pareidolia (/pærᵻˈdoʊliə/ parr-i-DOH-lee-ə) is a psychological phenomenon involving a stimulus (an image or a sound) wherein the mind perceives a familiar pattern of something where none exists. (Wikipedia)

• Some say Wan Hu can be seen sitting in his chair on the moon, reading a book in an effort to learn how to return to Earth

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Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Man_In_The_Moon2.png

How Do Rockets Work?

• Newton’s 3rd Law:

• All forces between two objects exist in equal magnitude and opposite direction: if one object A exerts a force FA on a second object B, then B simultaneously exerts a force FB on A, and the two forces are equal in magnitude and opposite in direction: FA = −FB

• ”Every action has an equal and opposite reaction”

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Source: https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-

12/rocket/TRCRocket/IMAGES/rocket3.gif

The Contribution of Culture

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Source: https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153410main_Rockets_History.pdf

Tsiolkovski and the Rocket Equation

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Source: https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153410main_Rockets_History.pdf

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiolkovsky_rocket_equation

Goddard and Liquid-fueled Rockets

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Source: https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153410main_Rockets_History.pdf

Adapting the V2 for Space Access

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Source: https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/153410main_Rockets_History.pdf

A Key Part of Space Systems: Getting to Space

• Is getting to space always required?

• No

• “On 24 July 1954, James H. Trexler, an engineer in the Radio Countermeasures Branch at the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL), spoke carefully into a microphone at the laboratory's Stump Neck radio antenna facility in Maryland. Two and a half seconds later, his words speeded back to him at Stump Neck, after traveling 500,000 miles via an Earth-Moon circuit.1 For the first time ever, the sound of a human voice had been transmitted beyond the ionosphere and returned to Earth.”

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The first image to be transmitted using the moon as a communications relay. More at: https://www.nrl.navy.mil/accomplishments/systems/moon-relay/ Source: https://www.nrl.navy.mil/content_images/moon_bounce.jpg

1st Satellite Voice Comms Link Tx Antenna

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Source: NRL report 8300 Evolution of Radio-Electronics and Contributions of the NRL, Louis Gebhard, 1979. http://www.dtic.mil/get-tr-doc/pdf?AD=ADA084225

More on “Moon Bounce” or Earth-Moon-Earth (EME)

• “In order to undertake lunar communication studies, the NRL built what was then the world's largest parabolic antenna in the summer of 1951. The dish covered over an entire acre (67 by 80 meters; 220 by 263 ft) and had been cut into the earth by road-building machinery at Stump Neck, Maryland. The one-megawatt transmitter operated at 198 MHz (1.5 meters). The NRL first used the Moon as a relay in a radio communication circuit on 21 October 1951. After sending the first voice transmission via the Moon on 24 July 1954, the NRL demonstrated transcontinental satellite teleprinter communication from Washington, DC, to San Diego, CA, at 301 MHz (1 meter) on 29 November 1955 and transoceanic satellite communication, from Washington, DC, to Wahiawa, Oahu, Hawaii, on 23 January 1956.” – from https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4218/ch1.htm

• Today, motivated amateur radio operators routinely bounce transmissions (voice, television, data) off the moon

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Notes: Amateur Radio antenna array used for Earth–Moon–Earth communication on 144 MHz. Location Kilafors in Middle Sweden. Owner Sverker Hedberg, SM3PWM. Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%E2%80%93Moon%E2%80%93Earth_communication#/media/File:SM3PWM_EME_Antenna.jpg

Orbits

• Kepler's laws of planetary motion are three laws that describe the motion of planets around the sun:

• Planets move around the sun in elliptic orbits. The sun is in one of the two foci of the orbit.

• A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time.

• The square of the orbital period of a planet is proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit.

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The 6 Keplerian Orbital Elements The main two elements that define the shape and size of the

ellipse:

• Eccentricity (e)—shape of the ellipse, describing how much it is elongated compared to a circle (not marked in diagram).

• Semimajor axis (a)—the sum of the periapsis and apoapsis distances divided by two. For circular orbits, the semimajor axis is the distance between the centers of the bodies, not the distance of the bodies from the center of mass.

Two elements define the orientation of the orbital plane in which the ellipse is embedded:

• Inclination (i)—vertical tilt of the ellipse with respect to the reference plane, measured at the ascending node (where the orbit passes upward through the reference plane, the green angle i in the diagram). Tilt angle is measured perpendicular to line of intersection between orbital plane and reference plane. Any three points on an ellipse will define the ellipse orbital plane. The plane and the ellipse are both two-dimensional objects defined in three-dimensional space.

• Longitude of the ascending node (☊ or Ω)—horizontally orients the ascending node of the ellipse (where the orbit passes upward through the reference plane) with respect to the reference frame's vernal point (the green angle Ω in the diagram).

And finally:

• Argument of periapsis (ω) defines the orientation of the ellipse in the orbital plane, as an angle measured from the ascending node to the periapsis (the closest point the satellite object comes to the primary object around which it orbits, the blue angle ω in the diagram).

• True anomaly (ν, θ, or f) at epoch (M0) defines the position of the orbiting body along the ellipse at a specific time (the "epoch“)

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_elements

Orbital Elements visualized: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QZrYaKwZwhI

How Far Are We Trying to Go?

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• How far is LEO?

• GEO?

• The moon?

What’s in Space Right Now?

• http://stuffin.space/

• http://www.heavens-above.com/ • Learn when to look for satellites in the sky

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Source: http://stuffin.space/

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Textbook, and a Website

http://solarsystem.nasa.gov/basics/

Anatomy of a Satellite - SwissCube

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Source: https://directory.eoportal.org/documents/163813/1977251/SwissCube_Auto

10.jpeg

TET-1 (Technology Experiment Carrier-1)

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Source: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Clemens_Kaiser2/publication/228953201/figure/fig4/AS:300817287532547@1448731838256/Figure-10-Components-of-the-TET-Satellite-Bus.png

Figure from Rogers & Spirnak Patent

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SOLAREN – APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

SOLAREN – APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE 56 July 13, 2016

GARY SPIRNAK – PRESIDENT & CEO DR. JIM ROGERS – CHIEF ENGINEER

COST COMPETITIVE SPACE SOLAR

SOLAREN – APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

SOLAREN – APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

Chart courtesy of Solaren

SOLAREN – APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

SOLAREN – APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

Solaren Background

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Next Steps – Prove Solaren’s Design is Cost Competitive

• Solaren Developed its Innovative SSP Design over the Last Decade

• Ultra-lightweight Patented Design Enables Cost Competitive Electricity – Patented Formation Flying Design Dramatically Reduces Structural Mass – Ultra-lightweight Solar Concentrators Reduce Solar Power Generation Mass – Ultra-lightweight RF Antenna Packaged and Deployed in a Single Launch – Super High Efficiency Payloads Launched with Existing LVs – No Space Construction – Large Elements Built on the Ground & Deployed in Space

• Solaren SSP Certified as RPS Solar Resource by State of California

• Signed World’s 1st Power Contract for Space Solar Electricity

• Solaren SSP Financing – Large Private Equity Deal (2009 – 2012) Derailed by the Banking Crisis – New Financing Path (2016) – Equity, Loans, Grants & Development Contacts

Chart courtesy of Solaren

SOLAREN – APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

SOLAREN – APPROVED FOR PUBLIC RELEASE

An Operational 250 MW SSP Plant within the Decade

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Solaren SSP – World Changing Clean Power Generation

• Multi-$B SSP Development Program will Validate Solaren’s Design 1. $60M Demo & Design Phase (2017) 2. SSP Subsystems Development and Test 3. SSP Plant System Development, Test and Operations 4. 250 MW SSP Pilot Plant Fabrication, Launch, Checkout and Operations

• Signing New Power Purchase Agreement with Major Utility in 2017 • Synergistic Solaren / USG Co-Development Opportunities Exist

Chart courtesy of Solaren

An Essential Book for Spacecraft Design and Engineering

Various SSP Conceptual Designs

EADS Astrium laser concept, circa 2011

SolarHigh, circa 2012 Tin Can SPS, circa 2014 Image © 2014 Peter J. Schubert, used with permission

SPS-ALPHA, circa 2013

Solaren, circa 2010

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