LIFE SKILLS

PRESENTED BY STEVEARMSTRONGROLLNO:59Department: ME

PRESENTED TO Mr.Sreelal.M Lecturer of ME COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PERUMON

SPACE ROBOTICS

GROUP 9

OUTLINES ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION OBJECTIVES HISTORY OF SPACE ROBOTICS LAWS OF ROBOTICS HOW ROBOTS WORK IN SPACE ROBOT COMPONENTS New generation Space Robots. Key Technologies used in Space Robots. Types of Space Robots. Examples of Space Robots Issues in Space Robotics Mineralogy and Robotics Recent Missions. Future Missions. ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES Future Scope of Space Robotics CONCLUSION REFERENCE QUERIES IF ANY

ABSTRACT● Robots play a vital role in exploring the hostile

environment of outer space

● Today there is lot of interest in this field and a separate branch of technology 'robotics' has emerged.

● The technology to substitute or subsidise the manned activities in space is called space robotics.

● Various applications of space robots are the inspection of a defective satellite, its repair, or the construction of a space station and supply goods to this station and its retrieval etc.

INTRODUCTION “SPACE”, the word itself

signifies something infinite.

Space travel has always been dangerous and any unexpected event can cause death.

It is here that the robots play a huge role and help mankind in his research process.

The space environment represents one of the most challenging applications of robotics.

Robotics is a field that has been magnified by its association to space research.

The most important thing to note is that the scale of success in space systems is same as that for biological systems i.e., “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”

WHAT IS SPACE ROBOTICS?

Space Robotics is the development of machines for the space environment that perform Exploration, or to Assemble/Construct, Maintain, or Service other hardware in Space.

Humans generally control space robots locally (e.g. Space Shuttle robotic arm) or from a greatdistance (e.g. Mars Exploration Rovers)

“Local” control Spacecraft Arm

Remotely controlled Space Robot “Mars Rover”

OBJECTIVES Perform tasks less expensively, sooner, and with

less risk or more delicate "touch" than with human astronauts

Go where people can’t go (within reason), and for long duration

Space is a hazardous environment & access to space is expensive

Robots don't need to return to Earth (which can be very costly)

To operate equipments at much higher precision than humans.

Cheaper on a long term basis.

ROBOTIC HISTORY

First use of the word “Robotics”

Three Laws of Robotics

The first robot “Unimate”

Laws of Robotics Asimov proposed three “Laws of Robotics”

Law 1: A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come to harm.

Law 2: A robot must obey orders given to it by human beings, except where such orders would conflict with the first law.

Law 3: A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with the first law.

How Robots Work in Space

Working principle of Space robots are based on the SPA algorithm. SPA stands for sense, plan and action. It is used in built world modules to match and worked accordingly.

FLOW CHART:

SENSING

WORLD MODELLING

PLANNING

CONTROL

EXECUTION

THE ROBOT CONTROL LOOP

Output information Move, SpeechText, Visuals Wheels LegsArms Tracks

Speech, VisionAcceleration, TemperaturePosition ,DistanceTouch, ForceMagnetic field ,LightSound ,PositionSense

Task planningPlan ClassificationLearnProcess dataPath planningMotion planning

ThinkSense

Act

A Robot is a collection of controllers, sensors, actuators; radio communication and power supply and each of them are powered by various software’s.

ROBOT COMPONENTS

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Robot Components 1. Manipulator or Rover: Main body of

robot (Links, Joints, other structural element of the

robot) 2. End Effecter: The part that is connected

to the last joint hand) of a manipulator. 3. Actuators: Muscles of the manipulators …

Converting command signals into actions 4. Sensors: To collect information about the

internal state of the robot or To communicate with the outside environment.

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SENSORS Sensors provide awareness of the environment by sensing

things.Sensors are the core of robots.It is the system that alerts the robots..

Sensing can be in different forms like- Light Sound Heat Chemicals Force Object proximity Physical orientation/position Magnetic & Electric Fields Resistance

End Effectors In robotics, an end effector is the device

at the end of a robotic arm, designed to interact with the environment.

End effectors may consist of a gripper or a tool. The gripper can be of two fingers, three fingers or even five fingers.

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Actuators… Manipulations- Degrees of freedom

independently controllable components of motion Arms

convenient method to allow full movement in 3D more often used in fixed robots due to power & weight even more difficult to control!

due to extra degrees of freedom Grippers

may be very simple (two rigid arms) to pick up objects may be complex device with fingers on end of an arm probably need feedback to control grip force

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Degrees of FreedomEach plane in which a robot can maneuver. ROTATE BASE OF ARM PIVOT BASE OF ARM BEND ELBOW WRIST UP AND DOWN WRIST LEFT AND RIGHT ROTATE WRIST

New Generation Space Robots

The new generation of system is called as probabilistic robots , which are under development and research.

The Main Working Principle of new generation robots are very simple & quick. Some bots have AI(artificial intelligence). These types of bots can make their own decision when needed.

key technologies used: Mapping and navigation One of the basic functions of a space

robot is to navigate its way cleverly through all obstacles that come in its way. Mapping and navigation comprise of three more technologies

Obstacle avoidance Mapping Path planning

Planning: It is a feature by which a robot understands the situation and decides a strategy to tackle it.

Sequencing: Selection of a particular skill set which would result in perfect execution of a plan.

Control: Performing the selected skill set to perfection.

Types of Space Robots

There are 4 basic types of robots in space and all the robots sent to space come under these types only.

Planetary Rovers:It is the most advanced form of robotics technology used in space research. They are the robots, which explore, navigate and research themselves with the least human intervention; they analyze the data collected and send the results back to earth.

IN-Orbit Operators:

They are the robots, which assist an astronaut during his space mission. For example a robot can be designed specially to refuel a shuttle thus helping the astronaut to remain in his shuttle and accomplish various tasks without any risk to their lives

Probes

A similar class of robots explores the solar system without actually physically landing anywhere. These typically use cameras and a variety of instruments to measure conditions on other planets, moons, and the sun from some distance. Most of these use solar cells to power their instruments.

Astronaut Assistance

Besides acting as explorers, space robots can also assist astronauts in manned spaceflight. One of the most notable examples is a device known as the Canadarm. Developed with funding from the Canadian Space Agency, the Candarm became a permanent fixture on many American space shuttles and the international space station

Example of Space Robots

Mars Exploration RoverTwo MER’s “spirit and opportunity” have explored opposite sides of Mars since Jan '04, traversing many kilometres each, taking over 80,000 images and 1.5 million spectra from multiple instruments.

Robot arm on Mars Exploration Rover

Example of Space Robots(conti....)RobonautRobonaut is an "astronaut-equivalent",highly dexterous robot under development that will use all the same tools, handholds, and other equipment that astronauts in space suits can use. It can be perform as an assistant in collaboration with suited astronauts.

Robonaut performing dexterous grasp

ISSUES IN SPACE ROBOTICS

There are four key issues in Space Robotics. These are:

Mobility—moving quickly and accurately between two points without putting the robots, astronauts at risk.

Manipulation—using arms and hands to contact worksite elements safely, quickly, and accurately’

Time Delay—allowing a distant human to effectively command the robot to do useful work.

Extreme Environments—operating despite intense heat or cold, ionizing radiation, hard vacuum etc

Recent Missions

Voyager 1Launched on 5 September 1977. Jupiter and Saturn flybys. It escaped from the solar system and is still transmitting useful data.

Mars express Launched on 7th June 2003

and reached Mars on 25 December 2003

Future Missions

Exomars

It will characterize the biological environment on mars, using a descent module and rover, in preparation for subsequent robotic and human exploration.

Robonaut

Robonaut is an "astronaut-equivalent“ ,highly dexterous robot under development that will use all the same tools, handholds, and other equipment that astronauts in space suits can use.

It can be perform as an assistant in

collaboration with suited astronauts.

Mineralogy and robots:

Presently humans are facing a huge challenge of exhaustion minerals due to which space exploration is being used specifically for mineralogical purposes

It allows the robot to detect rocks and get precise spectral measurements and validate the data without any human intervention.

ADVANTAGES●Perform tasks less expensively

and sooner ●less risk●Go where people cant go and for

long durations.●Space is a hazardous

environment.●Robots don't need to return to

Earth● Construction of International Space

Station.●Survey the outside of the Space Shuttle.

DISADVANTAGES

● Robots are not capable of performing task autonomously without guidance from humans.

● They require considerable human interaction to perform most scientific tasks. The creation of robots with human like cognitive abilities has not been achieved so far and it will continue to elude the scientific community for a long time.

● The abilities of robots are suitable only for simple reconnaissance or other activities in which no major difficulties are met.

●Although, robots are expendable relative to humans, but their cost can be very huge.

FUTURE SCOPE OF SPACE ROBOTICS

Future trends in Space Robotics are expected to lead to planetary rovers that can operate many days without commands, and can approach and analyze science targets from a substantial distance with only a single command.

Conclusion: We can conclude after all the research that the field of robotics

has made serious and positive inroads in the field of space exploration. The various technologies used in robots have made space research cost effective and efficient also.

It has put an end to serious problems like loss of human life and huge expenditures. Robots with near human-like qualities have led to amazing discoveries and have opened up a Pandora’s Box of knowledge and mystery.

● The only other planet besides Earth that humans have set foot on is the Moon. Robotic explorers, however, have set down on the Moon, Mars, Venus, Titan and Jupiter, as well as a few comets and asteroids. Robotic missions can travel further and faster, and can return more scientific data than missions that include humans

● Robots will continue to contribute to our understanding of the Universe in the future

REFERENCESWEBSITES www.nasa.gov/audience/foreducators/

robotics/ www.learnaboutrobots.com/space.htm www.spectrum.ieee.org/robotics/space

-robots https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

robotis_spacecraft www.google.com/images

Any Query!?

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