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Soybean rust management using fungicides in central area of Santa Fe Province (Argentina)
in crop season 2004/2005.Antonio Ivancovich
INTA –National Institute of Agricultural TechnologyPergamino - Province of Buenos Aires -Argentina
Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Pesca y AlimentaciónInstituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria
Soybean in Argentina
Production
32.0 Millions of Tn
Argentina2003 / 2004
14.3 Millions of Hectares
35.3 Millions of Acres
Average Yield
2200 Kg/Hectare
32.7 Bushels/Acre
Argentina2004 / 2005
Millions of Hectares
Millions of Acres
Average Yield
Kg/Hectare
Bushels/Acre
Production
Millions of Tn
Soybean Production in Argentina (tn)
• 1965/70 21.860• 1975/79 1.756.000• 1995/96 12.600.000• 1997/98 18.800.000• 1999/00 20.600.000• 2000/01 24.000.000• 2001/02 30.000.000• 2002/03 36.000.000• 2003/04 32.000.000• 2004/05 3?.000.000
Soybean YieldAverage 19701624 Kg/Hectare24.1 Bushel/Acre
Average 20032.200 Kg/Hectare32.7 Bushel/Acre
Average 2004Kg/HectareBushel/Acre
4 %Northeast
91% of the soybeanproduction of Argentina is concentrated in the so called Pampa Húmeda (Humid Pampa)
5% Northwest
Región Pampeana
NOA
NEA
Región Pampeana
NOA
NEA
Argentina:
8 – 10 % = 3.000.000 Tn.= …$?
World yield losses due to soybean diseases
10-15%
Soybean Diseases in Argentina
Sclerotinia Stem Rot Sclerotinia sclerotiorumSudden Death Syndrome Fusarium solani
f.sp. glycinesStem Canker Phomopsis phaseoli
var. meridionalis
Soybean Diseases in Argentina
Brown Stem Rot Phialophora gregata
Phytophthora Rot Phytophthora sojae
Charcoal Rot Macrophomina phaseolina
Sclerotium Blight Sclerotium rolfsii
Anthracnose Colletotrichum truncatum
Rhizoctonia Blight Rhizoctonia solani
Late-Season Soybean Diseases
Brown Spot Septoria glycines
Cercospora Blight andLeaf Spot
Cercospora kikuchii
Frogeye Leaf Spot Cercospora sojina
SOYBEAN RUSTIN ARGENTINA
NATIONAL PROJECT OF SOYBEAN RUSTINTA ARGENTINA
(National Institute for Agricultural Technology)
PARTICIPANTSPlant PathologistsProvinces
• Buenos Aires - Córdoba• Entre Ríos - Corrientes• Chaco – La Pampa
Collaborators
• INTAProvinces
• Misiones - Chaco• Corrientes - Formosa• Santa Fe – Córdoba• Entre Ríos – Buenos
Aires• Salta - Tucumán
Collaborators
INTAProvinces
• Salta• Tucumán• Entre Ríos• Santa Fe• Córdoba
Objectives of the Project
• 1- To survey soybean rust caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi (Asian form) andPhakopsora meibomiae (American form), in Argentina.
• 2- To review available information on rustaround the world and in Argentina.
Objectives of the Project
• 3- To develop tolerant and resistant cultivars.
• 4- To develop a soybean rust managementsystem to reduce the disease incidence.
A – On soybean crops-Farmer plots-Field trials and National Network of SoybeanCultivar Evaluation.
B- On alternative hosts of Soybean Rust.
1- Surveys for soybean rust detectionObjective: Detection of soybean rust
RESULTS
A- Soybean Rust detection in Argentina2003: Only in two fields in the northeast
region.2004: In most of the soybean producing
provinces.2005: In all of the soybean producing
provinces.
Molecular studies (PCR) carried out by Eduardo Guillin from INTAallowed the identification of(Phakopsora pachyrhizi) in all thesoybean samples.
RESULTS
RESULTSb- On Alternative Hosts
2003, 2004 and 2005: Soybean rust wasdetected on Kudzu only in the province ofMisiones.
2005: Soybean rust was detected on volunteersoybean plants collected in the main soybeanregion of Argentina, during and after the winter.
2- Information on Soybean Rust
Objectives- To share the information available on soybean rustand its management strategies.
- To train researchers and extensionists in the fieldand laboratory diagnose of soybean rust.
RESULTS
2- Information on Soybean Rust
- Workshops were carried out around the soybeanproduction area of Argentina.
- Public and private researchers and extensionistswere trained in field and laboratory diagnose ofsoybean rust.
3- Genetic BreedingObjective-To develop tolerant and resistant cultivars.
Activities- Tolerant cultivars were identified under natural
infection conditions on the field.
4- Cultural ManagementObjective-To develop a soybean rust management system
to reduce the disease incidence.
Activities-Fungicide field trials. Published in:www.inta.gov.ar/pergamino/novedades.htm
-Cultural management trials (planting date, typeof cultivars, et.)
Symptoms on soybean leaf
Symptoms on soybean leaf
Symptoms on soybean leaf
Symptoms on Kudzu
Symptoms on Kudzu
Cajanus - Cajanus cajan (with rust))
Cajanus - Cajanus cajan (without rust))
Kudzu - Pueraria lobata with rust)
Kudzu - Pueraria lobata without rust
Mucuna - Styzolobium niveum (with rust)
Mucuna – Styzolobium niveum (without rust)
Specific determination of Phakopsora spp. In the Northeast region of Argentina1 and 2: Soybean (RECSO-INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones)3: Cajanus (Cajanus cajanus) (INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones)4: Mucuna (Styzolobium niveum ) (INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones)5- Kudzu (Pueraria lobata) (INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones)6: Soybean (Gobernador Virasoro, Corrientes)7: Phakposora pachyrhizi (lab. Dr. Frederick); 8: P. meibomiae (lab. Dr. Frederick); 9: Blank (no DNA).
Ppa1,2 and Pme1,2 are specificmarkers for P. pachyrhizi and P. meibomiae, respectively.All the samples showed bandssimilar to the primers Ppa1,2. These results indicate thepresence of Asian rust in thesoybean and the alternativehost samples from theprovinces of Misiones andCorrientes.
Ppa1,2 Primer Pair
Ppm1,2 Primer Pair
Urediniosore of Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Urediniospores of Phakopsora pachyrhizi
INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones
INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones – Breeding for soybean rust
INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)
INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)
INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)
INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)
INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)
Symptoms of Downy Mildew on soybean
INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)
INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)
INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones –Recso (Trial Net)
Urediniosores of Phakopsora pachyrhizi
Urediniosores of Phakopsora pachyrhizi
INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones – Rust on Kudzu
INTA Cerro Azul, Misiones – Rust on Kudzu
Roya de la Soja
Roya de la Soja
Severidad 80%
Síntomas de roya en Kudzu
Pústula
Pústula
Roya de la Soja (vista de pústulas bajo lupa de mesa)
Pústula
Urediniosporas
Roya de la Soja
Urediniosporas
Roya de la Soja
Roya de la Soja
Urediniosporas
Situación de la roya de la sojaen la Argentina durante el
ciclo 2004-2005
Soybean Rust in Argentina - 2003
Provinceof Misiones
Province of Corrientes
Soybean Rust in Argentina - 2004
Source: SINAVIMO
Distribución roya de la sojaAcumulado a Abril de 2005
Source: Sinavimo
Soybean Rust in Argentina - 2005
-Low severity of SR in the main soybean regionof Argentina was favored by early planting andthe use of varieties of group III and IV.Both situations allowed the escape of thesoybean to the favorable weather conditions forSR.
Distribución roya de la sojaAcumulado a Diciembre de 2004
Soybean Rust in Argentina – December 2004
Source: Sinavimo
Distribución roya de la sojaAcumulado a Enero de 2005Soybean Rust in Argentina – January 2005
Source: Sinavimo
Source: Sinavimo
Soybean Rust in Argentina – February 2005
Distribución roya de la sojaAcumulado a Marzo de 2005
Source: Sinavimo
Soybean Rust in Argentina – March 2005
Distribución roya de la sojaAcumulado a Abril de 2005
Source: Sinavimo
Soybean Rust in Argentina – April 2005
R410%
R1/R21%
R711%
R531%
R639%
R81%
R37%
Otros81%
Phenological stages of soybean at thetime of SR detection (in percentage)
Source: Sinavimo
273
196
8 8 94
diciembre enero febrero marzo abril mayo
meses
cant
idad
den
unci
as re
cibi
das
Distribución de las denuncias de roya de la soja
Source: Sinavimo
Date of SR detection in Argentina – 2004/2005
December January February March April May
2004 2005
Num
bero
fSR
det
ectio
ns
Province December January February March April May TOTALBuenos Aires 10 35 1 46Córdoba 13 52 1 66Corrientes 6 2 7 4 2 21Chaco 1 1 1 24 2 29Entre Ríos 124 10 134Formosa 4 4Jujuy 2 2La Pampa 3 3Misiones 1 1Salta 11 26 37Santa Fe 1 1 109 30 141Santiago del Estero 5 1 6
Tucumán 1 7 8
SR detection during December 2004 – May 2005
Souvce: Sinavimo
• During the 2004-2005 soybean season SR was detected in all the soybean regions of Argentina, but in the south areaof province of Buenos Aires.
• Since usually the causal agent of SR can not overwinter in most part of the main soybean region of Argentina theactual source of inoculum for the country is southern Braziland Paraguay.
• The incidence and severity of SR in Argentina will dependon the favorable weather conditions for the disease in both, Argentina and southern Brazil.
• During 2003-2004 the weather conditonswere favorable for SR in Brazil andParaguay but were unfavorable in Argentina.
• During 2004-2005 the weather conditonswere favorable for SR in Argentina butunfavorable in Brazil and Paraguay.
• La aplicación de fungicidas foliares apenas se detecten los primeros síntomas se constituye en una herramienta factible de ser utilizada para minimizar los daños causados por la roya.
• Si las condiciones favorables para la enfermedad persisten durante un tiempo prolongado pueden ser necesarias varias aplicaciones.
• Diversos fungicidas han sido mencionados como efectivos. Entre estos se encuentran los triazoles, de acción curativa, como cyproconazole, difenoconazole, epoxiconazole, tebuconazole, etc., las estrobilurinas, de acción preventiva, como azoxistrobina, pyraclostrobin, y trifloxystrobin, y las mezclas de estrobilurinas con triazoles.
Aplicaciones preventivas cuando se detecta la enfermedad en lotes cercanos
Ventajas: Mayor disponibilidad de equipos de aplicación de fungicidas. Si el cultivo está en estadío R3 avanzado o en R4, puede evitarse una segunda aplicación, si el cultivar es de grupo III o IV corto.
Aplicaciones preventivas cuando se detecta la enfermedad en el lote en consideración
Ventajas: Si el cultivo está en estadío R3 avanzado o en R4, puede evitarse una segunda aplicación, si el cultivar es de grupo III o IV corto.
Desventajas: Si la detección no es temprana y los síntomas son avanzados pierde eficiencia la aplicación del fungicida.
Manejo integrado de la roya de la soja en la Argentina
• -Monitoreo intensivo de la enfermedad durante el período reproductivo del cultivo de soja.
• -Diagnóstico temprano de la enfermedad. • -Uso de variedades de buen comportamiento frente la enfermedad.• -Uso racional de fungicidas preventivos y/o curativos.• -Eliminación de hospedantes alternativos y plantas guachas de
soja.• -Siembras tempranas y/o de grupos cortos que permitan el escape
del cultivo a las condiciones ambientales favorables para la enfermedad.
• -DIVERSIFICACION: Fechas de siembra, tipo de cultivar (grupos).
Diagnóstico rápido de roya de la sojaMétodo de las “tiritas” (Opción 1)
Se coloca la hoja a analizar en una bolsita especial y se le agrega una solución buffer
Se macera el tejido con unpalillo de madera
Se vierte el líquido obtenido en un microtubo (Eppendorf)
Diagnóstico rápido de roya de la sojaMétodo de las “tiritas” (Opción 2)
Se extrae un disco del tejido foliar a analizar con la tapita delmicrotubo (Eppendorf) y se coloca dentro del mismo.
Se agrega la solución buffer y se macera el tejido con un palillo de madera. Finalmente se coloca la tirita en el microtubo.
A los 20 minutos se hace la lectura, donde la línea roja superior (A) (control) indica que el método funciona y la línea roja inferior (B) indica que la reacción es positiva para roya de la soja.Resultado: Muestras 4 y 6 positivas y muestra 1 negativa.
(A)
B
Fungicide evaluation for soybean rust control in Argentina.Antonio Ivancovich (1), Eduardo Zini (2), Grisela Botta (1) andMiguel Mendez (2)(1) INTA Pergamino, Argentina (2) INTA El Sombrerito–Corrientes, Argentina.
Results published in: www.inta.gov.ar/pergamino/novedades.htm
OBJECTIVEEvaluation of fungicides to control soybean rust caused by Phakopsorapachyrhizi, under field conditions in Argentina.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Location of the field trial: Colonia Liebig, province of Corrientes, Argentina.GPS S27° 50' 56,2'‘ W: 55° 53' 11,4''
Randomized block design with three replications.
Plots were 4 rows, 20 meters long.
MATERIALS AND METHODSDates of fungicide application: March 18 (R3) and April 25 (R6).
Tejeet 8002. Double flat fan nozzles.
180 lts of water/hectare.
45 pounds (psi).
-Evaluation of disease severity: Percentage of leaves withsymptoms at R3, R6 and R7 growth stage (Fehr`s scale)
(0 – 100%).
Treatments Brand name/Company Dosecc/ha
Growth stage(*)
Tryfloxistrobin + Cyproconazole
Sphere/Bayer
300 R 3
Tryfloxistrobin + Cyproconazole
Sphere/Bayer
300 R 3 + R 6
Myclobutanil Rally/Dow 500 R 3
Myclobutanil Rally/Dow 500 R 3 + R6
Fenbuconazole Indar/Dow 500 R 3
Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole
Opera/Basf 500 R 3
Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole
Opera/Basf 500 R 3 + R6
Pyraclostrobin +Epoxiconazole + +Epoxiconazole Carbendazim
Opera/Basf+
Duett/Basf
500 +300
R 3
Pyraclostrobin +Epoxiconazole + +Epoxiconazole Carbendazim
Opera/Basf+
Duett/Basf
500 +300
R 3 + R6
NS126 + MKH 913 Summit Agro 565 +375
R 3
NS126 + MKH 913 Summit Agro 565 +375
R 3 + R6
NS126 + MKH 913 Summit Agro 750 +500
R 3
NS126 + MKH 913 Summit Agro 750 +500
R 3 + R6
*Fehr Scale
Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes - Argentina
Treatments Brand name/Company Dose cc/ha Growth stage(*)
A -1677 SC Crompton Dosis 1 R 3
A -1677 SC Crompton Dosis 1 R 3 +R6
A -1677 SC Crompton Dosis 2 R 3
Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole
Amistar Extra +Nimbus/Syngenta
300 + 1000 R3
Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole
Amistar Extra +Nimbus/Syngenta
300 + 1000 R3 + R6
Tebuconazole Genbra 290 R 3
Difenoconazole Genbra 300 R 3
Hexaconazole Genbra 400 R 3
Tebuconazole +Carbendazim
Genbra 290 +500
R 3
Difenoconazole + Carbendazim
Genbra 300 + 500 R 3
Hexaconazole +Carbendazim
Genbra 400 +500
R 3
Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes - Argentina
*Fehr Scale
Treatments Brand name/Company Dose cc/ha Growth stage(*)
Tetraconazole Domark 10/Sipcam
400 R 3
Tetraconazole Domark 10/Sipcam
600 R 3
Tetraconazole Domark 10/Sipcam
800 R 3
Triadimefon Xenor/CAS 350 R3
Triadimefon Xenor/CAS 350 R3 + R6
Triadimefon + Coady.
Xenor/CAS + Coady. 350 + 250 R3
Triadimefon +Carbendazim
Xenor + Barrier/CAS
350 + 1000 R3
Triadimefon + Carbendazim+Coady.
Xenor + Barrier+Coady./
CAS
350+1000 + 250
R3
Triadimefon Xenor/CAS 500 R3
CHECK ------- ----- -----
Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes - Argentina
*Fehr Scale
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes – Argentina - 2004
Treatments Dosecc/ha
Growth stage(*)
Rust severity(**)
4-21 R6
Rust severity(**)
5-4 R7Tryfloxistrobin + Cyproconazole
300 R 3 10 17
Tryfloxistrobin + Cyproconazole
300 R 3 + R 6 10 8
Myclobutanil 500 R 3 12 30
Myclobutanil 500 R 3 + R6 12 17
Fenbuconazole 500 R 3 12 ND
Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole
500 R 3 7 10
Pyraclostrobin+Epoxiconazole
500 R 3 + R6 7 5
Pyraclostrobin +Epoxiconazole + +Epoxiconazole Carbendazim
500 +300
R 3 7 10
Pyraclostrobin +Epoxiconazole + +Epoxiconazole Carbendazim
500 +300
R 3 + R6 7 5
CHECK ----- ----- 41 65
(*) Fehr Scale(**) Percentage of leaf area with symptoms of rust ND: No data
Treatments Dosis cc/ha
Growth stage(*)
Rust severity(**)
4-21 R6
Rust severity(**)
5-4 R7NS126 + MKH 913 565 +
375 R 3 6 10
NS126 + MKH 913 565 +375
R 3 + R6 6 5
NS126 + MKH 913 750 +500
R 3 8 10
NS126 + MKH 913 750 +500
R 3 + R6 8 5
A -1677 SC Dosis 1 R 3 18 20
A -1677 SC Dosis 1 R 3 +R6 18 17
A -1677 SC Dosis 2 R 3 11 ND
Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole 300 + 1000 R3 9 10
Azoxystrobin + Cyproconazole 300 + 1000 R3 + R6 9 5
CHECK ----- ----- 41 65
Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes – Argentina - 2004
(*) Fehr Scale(**) Percentage of leaf area with symptoms of rust ND: No data
Treatments Dosiscc/ha
Growth stage(*)
Rust severity(**)
4-21 R6
Rust severity (**)5-4 R7
Tebuconazole 290 R 3 12 ND
Difenoconazole 300 R 3 10 ND
Hexaconazole 400 R 3 13 ND
Tebuconazole +Carbendazim
290 +500
R 3 7 ND
Difenoconazole + Carbendazim 300 + 500 R 3 8 ND
Hexaconazole +Carbendazim
400 +500
R 3 9 ND
Tetraconazole 400 R 3 12 ND
Tetraconazole 600 R 3 8 ND
Tetraconazole 800 R 3 8 ND
CHECK ----- ----- 41 65
Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes – Argentina - 2004
(*) Fehr Scale(**) Percentage of leaf area with symptoms of rust ND: No data
Treatments Dosiscc/ha
Growth stage(*)
Rust severity(**)
4-21 R6
Rust severity (**)5-4 R7
Triadimefon 350 R3 15 30
Triadimefon 350 R3 + R6 15 10
Triadimefon + Coadyuvante
350 + 250 R3 16 ND
Triadimefon + Carbendazim 350 + 1000 R3 18 ND
Triadimefon + Carbendazim +Coadyuvante
350 +1000 + 250
R3 9 ND
Triadimefon 500 R3 16 ND
CHECK ----- ----- 41 65
Fungicides to control soybean rust – Corrientes – Argentina - 2004
(*) Fehr Scale(**) Percentage of leaf area with symptoms of rust ND: No data
CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS
TheThe testedtested fungicidesfungicides werewere efficientefficient totocontrol control soybeansoybean rustrust. . TheThe diseasedisease severityseveritywaswas reducedreduced more more thanthan 80% in 80% in relationrelationtoto thethe check check plotsplots..
Double treatments kept rust severity at lowlevels until R7 growth stage. Some of thetreatments had very good residual effect.
These results show the efficientcontrol of soybean rust through theuse of fungicide.
Considerations for an efficient use offungicide to control soybean rust in Argentina
AlternativeAlternative 11PreventativePreventative applicationapplication atat R3 R3 growthgrowth
stagestage..
AdvantagesAdvantages: : AvailabilityAvailability ofof fungicidefungicide andandequipmentsequipments toto applyapply thethe fungicidefungicide..
DisadvantagesDisadvantages: : IfIf farmersfarmers do do notnot havehave enoughenoughfungicidefungicide forfor a a secondsecond applicationapplication theythey may may notnot havehaveitit whenwhen theythey reallyreally needneed itit..
Alternative 2Preventative application when thedisease is detected nearby.
Advantages:AvailabilityAvailability ofof fungicidefungicide andand equipmentequipment toto applyapplythethe fungicidefungicide..
If the disease appears when soybeans are in R3 or R4 growth stage a second application could be avoided(with cultivars of groups III and IV).
Alternative 3
Application of fungicide when thedisease is detected in the field underconsiderationAdvantages:
If the disease appears when soybeans are in R3 or R4 growth stage a second application could be avoided(with cultivars of group III and IV).
Disadvantages:
If the detection is not early enough fungicideapplication it is not efficient.
Final considerations
Integrated management is the most efficienttool to control soybean rust.
-Use of resistant varieties when they be available.-Use of fungicide.-DIVERSIFICATION: Different planting dates, and different group of cultivars.
Field fungicide trial to control soybean rustCol. Liebig – Corrientes (2004)
Field fungicide trial to control soybean rustCol. Liebig – Corrientes (2004)
Field fungicide trial to control soybean rustCol. Liebig – Corrientes (2004)
Rust Severity - Check 65%
Soybean Rust in Reconquista (Province of Santa Fe, Argentina)
Treated with fungicide
Treated with fungicide
Non Treated