Souvenir - CMFRI Repositoryeprints.cmfri.org.in/14121/1/Aquabe2019_Souvenir_A... · kerala...

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Chairman:Prof. (Dr.) A. RamachandranVice Chancellor, KUFOS.

Organising Secretary:Dr. T. V. SankarDirector of Research, KUFOS.

Published by:Prof. (Dr.) A. RamachandranVice Chancellor, KUFOS.

Compiled & Edited by:Souvenir CommitteeDr. K. Dinesh (Chairman)Dr. Chiranjiv PradhanDr. Rachel FernandezMs. Anna A.T.Mr. Jithin K.Mr. Amanjit NayakMr. Unnikrishnan K.V.Ms. Leena DevadasMs. ChandanaMs. Lipika HembramSmt. Nilima Priyadarsini

Disclaimer

The opinions expressed here are those of the authors and do not necessarilyreflect the opinion of the University.

November, 2019

Aquatic resources andblue economy

28-30 November 2019

22 KERALA UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES AND OCEAN STUDIESINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019

BLUE ECONOMY:SUSTAINABLE USE OF OCEAN ASSETS FOR ECONOMIC GROWTHALAPPAT RAMACHANDRAN 25

GLOBAL FISHERIES/AQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENTS WITHSPECIAL REFERENCE TO FISH PRODUCTIONM. N. KUTTY 35

BLUE ECONOMY - OUTLOOK FOR INDIAMOHAN JOSEPH MODAYIL 41

ANTARCTICA EXPERIENCES –AN EXCERPT FROM MY DIARYK. J. MATHEW 52

MARICULTURE:AN INTEGRAL COMPONENT OF THEBLUE ECONOMYA. GOPALAKRISHNAN AND GRINSON GEORGE 59

BRACKISHWATERAQUACULTURE IN INDIA:A DRIVER FOR BLUE ECONOMYVIJAYAN K. K. AND C.P. BALASUBRAMANIAN 63

BOOSTING BLUE ECONOMY: PERSPECTIVES AND INTERVENTIONS OF ICAR-CIFT IN NATION’S HARVEST AND POST-HARVEST SCENARIOC.N. RAVISHANKAR 73

PROPHYLACTIC MEASURES IN FISH HEALTH MANAGEMENTI. S. BRIGHT SINGH 78

Contents


28-30 November 2019

23KERALA UNIVERSITY OF FISHERIES AND OCEAN STUDIES INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2019

A STEP FORWARD TOWARDS BLUE ECONOMY THROUGH HIGH VALUEMARINE FINFISH SEED PRODUCTION AND FARMINGG. GOPAKUMAR 88

ESTUARINE FISHERIES OF INDIA:STATUS, POTENTIAL AND CHALLENGESSREEKANTH G.B., PURVA RIVONKAR AND CHAKURKAR E.B. 99

RAINBOW TROUT CULTURE IN RECIRCULATORY AQUACULTURE SYSTEM (RAS):AN INNOVATIVE AND ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY SYSTEM TOWARDS BLUE ECONOMYDEBAJIT SARMA, CIJI A. AND RAJESH M. 118

ONCE UPON A TIME IN MEXICO…CHALLENGES FOR MEXICAN AQUACULTUREUNDER THE LIGHT OF BLUE ECONOMYANTONIO GARZA DE YTA 124

EMPOWERMENT BY SKILL UP-GRADATIONGENDER & HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ACTIVITIES OF NIFPHATTNITHIN C. T., VARGHESE JOHN AND JAI SING MEENA 130

GLOBAL SEAFOOD TRADE -FUTURE PERSPECTIVEROY D PALMER 140

THE FROZEN FOOD MYTHOLOGYTHAWING FACTS FROM THE COLD MYTHS THAT SURROUND FROZEN FOODSK. SIVAKUMAR 146

ORGANIC SHRIMP FARMING:A NOVEL PATHWAY FORAQUACULTURE DEVELOPMENT IN KERALAK. DINESH AND R. VIDHU RAJAN 148


28-30 November 2019


A. Gopalakrishnan and Grinson GeorgeICAR-CMFRI, [email protected]

Mariculture:an integral component of theBlue Economy

Production from the marine capture fisheries sector of India hasremained quite stable for the last decades. On average we are capableof producing only 3.5 million metric tonnes every year and there islittle scope for improvement. Thus marine capture fish production ofIndia is plateauing off, indicating that sustainable levels have beenreached in a sector which has 4 million people involved directly andindirectly with it for their livelihood. But demands for sea food are

soaring in the country. The projected demand for seafood in India isexpected to be 18mt by 2030. To meet this demand we would requirethe production of an additional 7 million metric tonnes in the country.There is a possibility of a quantum jump if newer avenues of fishproduction through sea farming are undertaken. With marine capturefisheries showing stabilization and the freshwater aquaculture sector

reaching fairly high production levels, there is little scope for a majorincrease from these sectors. All attention is therefore towards thesea and the various options it offers for production through maricultureof about 5 million metric tonnes of seafood annually at an estimatedvalue of Rs 1,00,000/- crores.

Aquaculture is the fastest growing segment in the primary sectorglobally with annual growth of >6% in last two decades. Globally,

aquaculture production increased from <1 million tons in 1950 to 80.0million tons in 2016 of which 80% came from 20 million small-holderfarms (<2 ha) in developing countries. The environmental demandsfor unit biomass or protein produced are lower in aquaculture as


28-30 November 2019



28-30 November 2019


compared to poultry, piggery and beef. Grain needed forproduction of 1kg protein of fish is<13 kg as compared to

pork with 38 kg and beef with 61 kg. Fish is a “blue” animalprotein with a small carbon footprint, only 0.96% of totalCO2 emission and 6.3-7.5% of agriculture emission in thecountry. Hence farming of fish will be of greater benefit tohumanity and if it is carried out in the sea (mariculture),pressure on limited terrestrial resources can be minimized.

Mariculture is the fastest growing subsector of

aquaculture. Breeding technologies are being developedfor a number of marine species, thereby moving from wildcaught seed to hatchery produced seed. There is highgrowth potential in the sector in India as this sector is gettingestablished and is at its infancy. Mariculture, particularlycage farming is getting established all along the coastal

waters of maritime states and Union Territories (UT). Theunbridled passion with which mariculture scientists workedresulted in the establishment of battery of cages producingmarine fishes all across the maritime states in the country.But the production from mariculture is yet to pick-up on acommercial scale in India. Rise in demand for fish produced

through mariculture would not only hasten the explorationof new resources, but also contribute to greater incomesand employment for coastal communities who venture totake up this activity. .The general conceptualization onmariculture is such that, utilization of at least 1% of coastlinefor cage farming can meet the targets set without much

hassles. There is a need for augmenting seed production ofprioritized marine fish/shell fish species to provide seedsupply to the fish farmers engaged in mariculture relatedactivities. Through All India Network Project on Mariculture(AINP) and other efforts at CMFRI, we were able to produceseeds for Indian pompano, silver pompano, cobia, pink eyed

emperor, Orange spotted grouper and few more. With thesupport of National Fisheries Development Board (NFDB)we have established a national brood bank at Mandapamand have technically supported the establishment ofregional hatcheries across the peninsular coast.Diversification of species is another important area to be

pondered upon. At CMFRI, we are focussed on developing

technologies supporting the prioritized species formariculture. Some major breakthrough in mariculture

include, seed production and farming of cobia, silver andIndian pompano, Asian sea bass, groupers and blue swimmercrab (Portunus pelagicus). Significant strides have beenmade in the areas of sea cage farming, green mussel, edibleoyster and clam seed production and grow out, seedproduction and farming of the green tiger prawn Penaeus

semisulcatus, fattening protocols of spiny lobsters andcrabs, seaweed farming, production in RecirculationAquaculture Systems (RAS), and production throughIntegrated Multitrophic Aquaculture Systems. Tocomplement these, technologies such as live feedproduction for larviculture, marine aquarium techniques,

hatchery production of selected marine ornamental fishesand marine pearl production also have been developed.

Coastal activities related to the marine system such assea weed farming, shrimp farming, cage farming of marinespecies are akin to innovations of the traditional kind. Seaweed farming is still viable only on contract purchase modeas the market is a specialized area where demand is soaring,

but constrained by limited number of free buyer-sellergroups related to sea weed. Seaweed farming (Kappaphycusalvarezii) along Ramanathapuram and Tuticorin coasts ofTamil Nadu is producing about 6000 tonnes annually. Indiansare yet to develop a culinary preference for nutrient richsew weed delicacies unlike our south East Asian and Chinese

counter parts. If sea weeds are going to have dietarypreference in the country, the production levels frommariculture would experience a quantum jump due to theenergy efficient biomass which will be generated fordomestic consumption.

With the introduction of non-native shrimp species,India’s shrimp production potential grew by leaps and

bounds in the past 2-3 decades. However, intensive modeof culture has resulted in the need for a relook on thesustainability of the system. Cage farming has to be up-scaled and measures through the intervention of NFDBprogrammes with CMFRI technology support are


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appreciable. Centres propagating these techniques as wellas those supplying seed material and providing advisory

services are also in the same category. In fact, thedevelopment of hatcheries and seed production centreshas been responsible for the rapid growth of marine fishfarming in the coastal areas. The setting up of feedmanufacturing units to cater to specialised requirementswas another landmark change. As shrimp farming grew,

incidences of diseases increased, necessitating the settingup of rapid and reliable diagnostic facilities. The setting upof sophisticated centres along the coast providing DNAbased diagnostics will remain a watershed in the growth ofshrimp farming in the country. These advanced diagnosticswere available to shrimp farming sector perhaps even before

it was available to other animal husbandry sectors in thecountry.

Algae as a bio-refinery is a much debated topic. Thereare several modern technologies which promise tochemically transform natural vegetable oils into clean-burning organically produced biofuels. In a climatechallenged world, biofuels are safe for the environment,

easily biodegradable and causes less air pollution thanconventional fossil fuels. Oil spills in marine environment isanother issue we are facing when we deal with fossil fuels.Biodiesel degrades quickly after a spill, has a high flashpointand low volatility. It does not ignite easily as petrodieselthereby making it safer. Biodiesel degrades four times faster

than petrodiesel and is not particularly soluble in water. Itis nontoxic, safe to handle and transport. Most emissionsfrom biodiesel are significantly lower than petroleumemissions as there is no sulfur in biodiesel and consequentlyno sulfur dioxide emissions which are highly detrimental tohealth. Biodiesel reduce greenhouse gases as the CO2

available in the atmosphere is recycled unlike fossil fuelsthat on burning increase the levels of CO2 levels in theatmosphere.Microalgae exhibit higher photosyntheticefficiency, higher biomass production and faster growthcompared to other energy crops. They can yield morebiodiesel (methyl esters of fatty acids by trans esterification

or alcoholysis) for a unit area of cultivation when comparedto other oil crops. Production of biodiesel from marine

biomass such as algae is emerging as an attractiveproposition. Algal production rates can be more than 5times that of terrestrial plants. Algal biomass is highly feasiblefor biodiesel production because of the high hydrocarboncontent, sometimes up to 50-70% of their dry weight. Manycountries have shown keen interest in the last few decades

to screen various algal species for biodiesel. The U.S.Department of Energy funded a programme during 1978and 1996 for developing renewable transportation fuelsfrom algae. The programme, known as Aquatic SpeciesProgramme (ASP) was aimed at production of biodieselfrom high lipid-containing algae grown in ponds.

There are few challenges in research and development

to be taken up for the unfettered growth of mariculture inthe country. Government needs to facilitate researchinstitutes involved in mariculture to take up developmentof technologies for captive breeding and seed productionof additional species (Plants & animals). New and innovativefarming technologies (RAS, IMTA, and polyculture) have to

be developed, validated and disseminated for improvedmariculture production. For sustainability in mariculture,cost effective larval and grow-out feeds and ingredientssuch as insect meal (fish meal & fish oil replacements) needbe developed through R&D. Selective breeding technologiesto improve growth, disease resistance, flesh quality,

aesthetic value and adaptability of species to varyingenvironmental conditions are to be promoted. Marine algaeand microbes with potential for generation of non-foodcommercial products have to be identified and technologiesdeveloped for the same and scaled up. Technologies are tobe developed for production of heat resilient strains of

seaweeds. For expansion of seaweed culture, potentialareas need to be identified and culture technologies fornative species (edible and non-food use) should beimproved, particularly with regard to avoidance of grazingand use of fertigation. Appropriate disease diagnostic kits,vaccines, SPF and SPR varieties of species have to be


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developed to promote sustainable mariculture.Development of newer technologies for post-harvest

handling, value addition and marketing are to be promoted.Models are to be developed for assessing carrying capacityin tropical waters. Climate resilient mariculture species,systems and practices have to be developed. In bivalves,protocols for low cost depuration to meet internationalquality standards are needed to be developed. In order to

ensure year round availability of seeds controlled breedingunits with photo thermal/other environmental parametersand nutritional interventions have to be set up. Researchon offshore mariculture, development of submersible cagesand automation of cage operations in mariculture are areaswhere substantial research focus needs to be placed.

The Government of India announced in August, 2007 a

biodiesel purchase policy to replace fossil fuels in duecourse. The ministry has identified biodiesel procurementcenters in different states. TNT, one of the world’s leadingexpress companies, has launched a pilot project in India touse biodiesel in its delivery vehicles. TNT used a 10% blendof jatropha and pongamia oils. CSMCRI, Bhavnagar is working

on development of viable protocols for biofuels fromjatropha. The main commodity sources for Biodiesel in Indiacan be non-edible oils obtained from plants Jatropha curcas,Pongamia pinnata, Calophylluminophyllum, Hevccabrasiliensis, etc. Now that a biodiesel policy of theGovernment of India is in place, we can expect rapid

developments. Efforts by Coastal Energy Limited, an IndianPublic Limited Company in setting up a state of art biodieselproduction plant with an annual capacity of 100,000 tonsin Falta Special Economic Zone, Kolkata, West Bengal isnoteworthy. Considering the vast coastal area of India(~8000 km coastline) and the immense algal biodiversity,

the possibility of setting up production facilities using salttolerant algal species is a very bright techno economicallyviable proposition.

The Blue Economy is a sleeping giant, but consideringthe growing awareness and development of instruments

both in terms of investment and policies, there is a likelihoodof major developments being triggered off in the sector.With the need to enhance marine fish production to meetthe country’s targets, attention is turning to the possibilitiesof embarking on a major expansion of mariculture orfarming of fishes in the coastal areas and open seas. This

will necessitate our readiness with the appropriate policytools and investment measures. Accordingly, a policy forMariculture is being drafted and this will provide a templatefor rapid and sustainable growth in the sector. It will beuseful if a separate implementing agency is created foreffectively undertaking large scale mariculture or sea

farming. It may also be examined if a portion of the revenuegenerated from marine exports be channelized for R&Dactivities pertaining to Blue Economy.

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