Southern Hemisphere
description
Transcript of Southern Hemisphere
Southern Hemisphere
• Australia, NZ, SA.• Colonized at about the same time, early
19th cent.• So only 200 yrs; time of independent
evolution 150 yrs.
1Changes that occurred in Eng after the American colonization but before the S-Hemi colonization:
a R-Dropping (North)b BATH Broadening (South)c Diphthong Shift (South)
Southern Hemisphere basic points
a R-Droppingb BATH Broadeningc Diphthong Shift.
NB: These developments were not completed in Britain at the beginning of the period (and are not completed now)
Parallel development?British prestige influence?
Southern Hemisphere
• Loss of r was not as widespread at the beginning of the 19th century as it is now; and large numbers of colonizers from rhotic areas - SW England, Scotland, and particularly Ireland (rebels). ButtS.Hemisphere is non-rhotic throughout
• BATH Broadening was essentially a Southern British development, not Northern British.
• Diphthong Shift was not advanced in the early period : parallel development since.
Southern Hemisphere
2• Little or no T-glottaling, so this is a later
change in BritEng.
• L-Vocalization seems fairly common in Aus - parallel development?
Southern Hemisphere basic points
3• Front Vowel Raising:
TRAP DRESS KIT
Southern Hemisphere basic points
Front Vowel Raising:TRAP and DRESS Raising
AusNZSA
Front Vowel Raising:TRAP and DRESS Raising
So what happens toFLEECE?
Aus:KIT Raising
So what happens toFLEECE?
Front Vowel Raising:KIT Raising
NZ:KIT Centring
Front Vowel Raising:KIT Raising
SA:KIT Split
Australia
• homogenous: Perth in the W and Sidney in the E - 3000 kilometers between them - are virtually the same. In this respect like Canada.
• Social and stylist varieties rather than geographical (unlike Canada)
Australia
W3 593°: "carries forward trends already present in popular accents of the SE of England in the early 19th cent, but allowed to develop more rapidly and thoroughly as a consequence of being freed from the omnipresent restraining influence of RP."
AustraliaDifferences from Cockney:
• T-Glottalisation and L-Vocalization (Wells) have occurred SINCE in SEng urban accents
• TRAP & DRESS raisingSimilarities:Very similar Diphthong shifts.
Diphthong Shift: repeat(Melchers and Shaw call this “Wide Diphthongs”)
Initial simplification:
paintpintpoint
RP London
Earlier (talking) slide on Diphthong Shift from Week 1
http://www.hi.is/~peturk/KENNSLA/87/VARS/DiphShift.html
AustraliaVarieties:
CULTIVATED - GENERAL – BROAD
• Cultivated: little or no Diphth Shift• General: Diphth Shift• Broad: Diphth Shift + extra length of first
mora.
AustraliaVarieties:
CULTIVATED - GENERAL – BROAD
• Cultivated: little Front Vowel Raising• General: Front Vowel Raising• Broad: strong Front Vowel Raising
Aus vowels summary1. Raising of front vowels:
squashing æ e and i up together. More so in Broad varieties
2. Drag-chain result: fronting of STRUT towards [a] (also London)
3. Fronting of GOOSE, START and NURSE
Aus vowels summary
Aus vowels summary
• NEAR-SQUARE Merger
Aus vowels summary
Aus vowels summary• Weak Vowel Merger
chatted and chattered - distinct in RP, homophones in Aus
Aus vowels summary
Aus consonants summary• T-Voicing is variable;• not as strong as Gen Am;• not clear whether there is a loss of
opposition in latter - ladder
Aus consonants summary• “No L-Vocalisation” (Wells) ??
No clear l- Dark l distinction; Wells: l tends to be 'pharyngealized' in all positions, rather than velarized:
Wells quotes blade, telephone, happily.
Aus• Broad speakers: more rhythmic, slower
(Wells)