Southampton 4 P Bradshaw EDXCW. © AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary...
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Transcript of Southampton 4 P Bradshaw EDXCW. © AIRBUS S.A.S. All rights reserved. Confidential and proprietary...
Southampton 4
P Bradshaw
EDXCW
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Low Cost Operator TRT (Hub vs. Destination)
Data for many different airports and airlines available for analysis
TRT process
TRT –time in between „blocks on“ and „blocks off“
•Passenger deplaning/ boarding
•Cargo unloading/ loading
•Refuelling process
•Catering
•Cabin Cleaning
•Freshwater service
•Lavatory water service
•Inspection/ maintenance
•Security check
•Deicing
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A380 Turn Around Times comparable with B747
Turn-Round Time (min)
99
85
80
90
90
0 60 120 180
744, 1 Bridge
744, 2 Bridges
A388, 3 Bridges,
+UD catering
A388, 2 Bridges,
+UD catering
A388, 2 Bridges ,
MD servicingLift at D1
Lift at D1 or D2
Lift at D1 or D2
Turn-round time V ramp scenario and lift positions
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Conventional oversteering
Belly and fin cameras improve accuracy
Pilot’s view better than B747
Camera Display
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Assumptions:FAA Group VI RunwayNo differential thrustNo differential brakingMain Gear axle/bogie steeringNose Gear effective turn angle 63°
U-Turn Width
Comparison:747-400 = 48.8 m - 160 ft777-300 = 56.8 m - 180 ft
Comparison:747-400 = 48.8 m - 160 ft777-300 = 56.8 m - 180 ft
• U-turn width = 56.5 m
• A380 compatible with Group V and VI turns
• A380 manoeuvrability similar to 777-300
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RWY to TWYRWY to TWY TWY to TWYTWY to TWY
Manoeuvres on Group V airports
Oversteering allows 90° turns on Group V airports
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Fuel Costs and Economics
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Fuel Prices cents/ USG; 1998 – early 2004
Variation in Price of Jet Fuel
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
Oct-98 Apr-99 Nov-99 May-00 Dec-00 Jun-01 Jan-02 Aug-02 Feb-03 Sep-03 Mar-04
Date
Pri
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of
Je
t F
ue
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S g
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Exel ATA Dom ATA Int unknown
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2004 – 2005 Jet Fuel Price
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Airline Revenue & Airline Operating Cost; 1974 – 2001 (Evans & Gibson)
Airline Revenue & Aircraft Cost, 1974 - 2001
0
50
100
150
200
250
Year
A/C
Co
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($/
100
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even
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(C
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A/C Seat Cost(1982 US$)
Revenue perSeat Mile (1967US cents * 50)
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The Low-Cost Competition: USA
Figure 1 Operating Cost/ Available Seat Mile; Christenson et al (2004)
131
62
8997
107 98 97
50
US
Air
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JetB
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Del
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Am
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No
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wes
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Un
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Co
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So
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Average Operating Cost of major airlines=100 2003 Revenue
11% 21%19% 10.5%9%17%11% 2%
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Accuracy Mismatch Between Parameters – Scanlan et al (2002), & Hirt (1976)
Par
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Acc
urac
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Level of Product Definition
100 %
Abstract
0 %
Detailed
Aerodynamic Performance
Structural Performance
Manufacturing Cost
Accuracy gap for a given level of definition, from Manufacturing cost to Structural & Aerodynamic perfomance
Typically simple parametric methods used
Detailed Costing MethodsHirt’s Gap (1976)
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Direct Operating Cost – Typical Breakdown
fuel cost23%
flight crew cost24%
capital cost29%
insurance4%
maintenance cost11%navigation
charges7%
landing fees2%
Missions for Analysis:
-Design Mission P-R (Size)
-DOC Study Mission is average P-R
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Some Sanity Checks
• Effect of Engine wear: Equivalent to 4 – 6% FB increase.
• Weights: (To check Niu/ Raymer/ Roskam/ Shevell/ Torenbeek)Covers Weight W/S, b3, c/t, / Top Cover: 7000 srs Al (550 Mpa FTU)Bottom Cover: 2000 srs Al (300 MPa FTU) with fatigue reduction.Ribs & Spars approx 25% wing weightCovers approx 45% - 50% wing weightFLE & Moveables approx 5% - 10%FTE & Movables approx 15% - 20%
• Disk burst: All subject to rational analysis to decrease cone size if possible;
Turbine blades: +/- 15ºCompressor blades:
– 1/3rd of a disk; +/ - 3 º
– Intermediate fragment; +/ - 5 º
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Cabin Layout & Comfort
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Volume/ Space on board
BIGGER outside
BIGGER inside
747-400747-400+35 % in seating capacityIn 2 distinct cabins (UD & MD)Usable floor surface :49% more spacious than 747-400
Two ultra-wide cabins for superior comfort and versatility
160’’160’’
241’’241’’
233’’Wide-body
259’’Wide-body
Push the walls!Full flexibility and widebody comfort on all decks
21st Century comfort
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