South Korea's National Identity Sensitivity: Evolution, Manifestations, Prospects by Gilbert Rozman

8/3/2019 South Korea's National Identity Sensitivity: Evolution, Manifestations, Prospects by Gilbert Rozman

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Ubi}fjxja~mx oksi Xvi~cx7 MhikilohOlubohasoikx id Xi}sj @i~mak Lobosa~yXumkcokf

Fbinab Dokakhoab H~oxox akc Xyxsmloh^ox`x ok sjm @i~mak Nak`okf Xmhsi~

Sjm Nak` id @i~ma ok Joxsi~ohab akcHilua~asotm Um~xumhsotm

Xi}sj @i~ma‟x Kasoikab OcmksosyXmkxosotosy7 Mtib}soik" Lakodmxsasoikx"U~ixumhsx

N~iachaxsokf Cm~mf}basoik ok Xi}sj@i~ma

^muixosoikokf sjm @i~ma N~akc si aFbinab A}comkhm7 Hjabbmkfmx" Uosdabbx"akc H}~~mks Xs~asmfy

Ahacmloh Xhomkhm Mkfafmlmks vosjKi~sj @i~ma

Laoksaokokf a ̂ if}m ̂ mfolm7@ol Gikf,Ob akc sjm Ki~sj @i~ma

X}hhmxxoik U~ihmxx

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Ubi}fjxja~mx oksi Xvi~cx7 Mhikiloh Olubohasoikx id Xi}sj @i~mak

Lobosa~y Xumkcokf

Gijk Dmddm~ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +1

Fbinab Dokakhoab H~oxox akc Xyxsmloh ôx`x ok sjm @i~mak Nakòkf

Xmhsi~

Ly}kf,ìi @akf + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +>8

Sjm Nak` id @i~ma ok Joxsi~ohab akc Hilua~asotm Um~xumhsotm

Sjilax Ha~fobb + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 3?

Xi}sj @i~ma7 Fitm~klmks akc Xihomsy

Xi}sj @i~ma‟x Kasoikab Ocmksosy Xmkxosotosy7 Mtib}soik" Lakodmxsasoikx"

U~ixumhsx

Fobnm~s ̂ iwlak + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 46

N~iachaxsokf Cm~mf}basoik ok Xi}sj @i~ma

@o,x}kf @va` + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + :1

^muixosoikokf sjm @i~ma N~akc si a Fbinab A}comkhm7 Hjabbmkfmx"

Uosdabbx" akc H}~~mks Xs~asmfy

@mosj Cokkom + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + ?=

Ki~sj @i~ma

Ahacmloh Xhomkhm Mkfafmlmks vosj Ki~sj @i~ma

Jy}kgok Xmi $ Xs}a~s Sji~xik + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 15=

Laoksaokokf a îf}m ^mfolm7 @ol Gikf,ob akc sjm Ki~sj @i~mak

X}hhmxxoik U~ihmxx

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S~}xs N}obcokf sj~i}fj Okxsos}soikx7 M}~iumak Bmxxikx di~ @i~mak]kofihasoik

Xakflok Nam $ La~syk cm N~}yk + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 13?

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46 Xi}sj @i~ma‟x Kasoikab Ocmksosy Xmkxosotosy

Xi}sj @i~ma‟x Kasoikab Ocmksosy Xmkxosotosy7Mtib}soik" Lakodmxsasoikx" U~ixumhsx

ny Fobnm~s îwlak

Kasoikab ocmksosy ok Xi}sj @i~ma ox xsmmumc ok joxsi~ohab ~mf~ms bahmc vosj

voxjd}b u}~x}os id ocmaboxsoh anxib}soik+ Oksmlum~asm ni}sx id xmmòkf ol,

lmcoasm xasoxdahsoik c~av x}uui~s d~il sjm ~ofjs i~ sjm bmds" bmacm~x anitm

i~ sjm u}nboh nmbiv+ Sjox ox a xos}asoik ok hbma~ hiks~axs si sjm uixsva~

uassm~k ok Gauak id a um~xoxsmks n}obc}u ny di~hmx id sjm da~ ~ofjs si xjods

sjm kasoikab ocmksosy mq}obon~o}l" akc ok Hjoka id svi x}xsaokmc c~}lnmasx

i~hjmxs~asmc ny sjm bmds d~il sjm siu civk+ Ok sjixm svi xsasmx sjm ingmh,

sotm jax nmmk si ~mxsi~m a d}bb lmax}~m id u~ocm adsm~ a joxsi~ohab oksm~b}cm

~mfa~cmc ax anki~lab ny uibosohab mbosmx+ Ok hiks~axs" Xi}sj @i~makx xmm`

si coxhitm~ a x}osanbm xi}~hm id u~ocm ok a joxsi~y sjas u~itocmx dmv jm~imx

aloc hiksok}okf hikd}xoik itm~ vjas lofjs nm hikxocm~mc ki~lab+ Sj~mm

bmkfsjy mzum~omkhmx id ìvsivokf xacam"' sjm svi xjih`x id cmhauosasoik

ny sjm Gauakmxm akc coxlmlnm~lmks as sjm jakcx id sjm Xitoms ]koik akc

sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx" akc ~mumasmc d~}xs~asoikx id itm~~mahjokf akc nmokf sa}fjs

sjm bmxxikx id jmbubmxxkmxx ~mlaok fizasmc ok sjm kasoikab lmksabosy+ U~ocm

ok ak mzhmusoikab ~mhi~c id uixsva~ ahjomtmlmks ox hbi}cmc ny a cma~sj id

xmbd,hikficmkhm }kcm~ sjm vmofjs id x}hj kasoikaboxsoh mlisoikx+

Itm~ g}xs 15 yma~x inxm~tm~x jatm ~mumasmcby nmmk c~avk si n}~xsx id mz,

u~mxxoik id kasoikab ocmksosy ok Xi}sj @i~ma+ Ok 1??6‘?: sjm ~mxuikxm si sjm

Axoak fikakhoab h~oxox u}wwbmc laky7 a hilnokasoik id ~mxmkslmks afaokxs

sjm Oksm~kasoikab Likmsa~y D}kc" xah~ofihm di~ sjm kasoik" akc ~madfi~lmc

fbinabowasoik+ Sjox vax dibbivmc ok >555 vjmk sjm oksm~,@i~mak x}llos

xsol}basmc a loz id kmv kasoikab u~ocm" }kmzumhsmc ac}basoik id @ol Gikf,ob"

akc ~mhikxocm~asoik id sjm olui~sakhm id sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx vosj sjm uismk,

soab si }kbmaxj bikf,x}uu~mxxmc ~mxmkslmks+ Ok >55>" hijixsokf sjm Vi~bc

H}u n~i}fjs kasoikaboxs oksmkxosy si a jofj uoshj7 sjm ̂ mc Cmtobx‟ hibbmhsotm

niixsm~oxl xvmus sjm kasoik abikf vosj u~ocm ok sjm xihhm~ smal‟x um~di~,

lakhm+ Ny yma~ mkc akisjm~ sa~fms jac mlm~fmc di~ kasoikaboxs mlisoikx7

akso,Alm~ohakoxl sii` hmksm~ xsafm"1 oluahsokf sjm u~mxocmksoab mbmhsoik

vjobm ahhmbm~asokf a xjods ok uibosohab ok}mkhm ah~ixx fmkm~asoikx+ C}~okf

sjm x}llm~ id >553 uaxxoikx s}~kmc si sjm @if}~yi oxx}m" xmmk ax Hjoka‟x

}x}~uasoik id @i~ma‟x joxsi~y+> Ny sjm xu~okf id >55=" ax ok >551" sjm tob,

C~+ ̂ iwlak ox L}xf~atm U~idmxxi~ id Xihoibify as U~okhmsik ]kotm~xosy+ Jmox abxi a Xmkoi~ Dmbbiv as sjm Di~mofk Uibohy ^mxma~hj Okxsos}sm+



4: Ik @i~ma7 Tib}lm 8

baok vax Gauak" ~m`okcbokf bikf,dmbs aksafikoxl ok a li~m hilu~mjmkxotm

lakkm~7 haxsokf ci}ns ik sjm ki~labowasoik id ~mbasoikx" hjabbmkfokf osx

oksm~kasoikab axuo~asoikx" akc fizasokf ik osx sm~~osi~oab akc lobosa~y alno,

soikx ax basmks sj~masx+8 Ok >556 os auuma~mc sjas sjmxm ni}sx id kasoikaboxl

jac uaxxmc ok xinm~okf ~mmhsoik ik sjm xsi~ly smk}~m id ^ij Lii,jy}k

akc }k}x}ab hikxmkx}x nmjokc sjm n}xokmxxbo`m u~mxocmksoab hakcocahy id

Bmm Ly}kf,na`+3 _ms" ok sjm xu~okf id >55: ak i}sh~y afaokxs Bmm‟x cmho,

xoik" }xmd}b si ~asofihasoik id sjm nobasm~ab d~mm s~acm af~mmlmks" si ~mx}lm

]+X+ nmmd olui~sx cmlikxs~asmc sjas mtmk ak inxh}~m xua~` hi}bc ~mofkosm

sjm kasoik‟x mlisoikx+ Sjmy jac na~mby xmssbmc vjmk isjm~ um~hmotmc xjih`x

~aoxmc akzomsy bmtmbx afaok akc afaok+ Okxsmac id anasokf ok >55: }kcm~ a

u~mxocmks ~mb}hsaks si xso~ }u mlisoikx" kasoikab ocmksosy sjmlmx a~m afaok

ok sjm di~md~iks+

Ok >55: sjm xuisbofjs ̀ mus dabbokf ik sjm oluahs id kasoikab ocmksosy ok Xi}sj

@i~ma+ Adsm~ sjm Cmhmlnm~ >556 mbmhsoik id xsa}khj hikxm~tasotm Bmm si

~mubahm }kuiu}ba~ ̂ ij" a dm~tmks u~if~mxxotm" @i~makx avaosmc a da~,~mahjokf

xjods ok cilmxsoh akc di~mofk uibohy+ _ms" ok a cmmuby cotocmc hi}ks~y ikm

hi}bc kis aksohouasm a xliisj s~akxosoik+ Ok sjmxm ho~h}lxsakhmx" ikm xylnib

id kasoikab ocmksosy adsm~ akisjm~ mlm~fmc ax a nikm id hiksmksoik7 cmumk,

cmkhy ik sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx a~ixm ok ~mbasoik si sjm cmhoxoik si ~mx}lm nmmd

olui~sx cmxuosm jmabsj dma~x0 joxsi~ohab lmli~omx axxihoasmc vosj Gauak

~mauuma~mc ok ~mxuikxm si osx kmv f}ocmbokmx di~ Ci`ci)Sa`mxjola hitm~,

afm ok xhjiib smzsnii`x0 xokihmks~oxl fif}~mc oksi coxu}smx itm~ Hjoka‟x

Ibyluoh si~hj ~mbay sj~i}fj Xmi}b akc sjm niiokf id Xi}sj @i~mak smalx

as sjm Ibyluohx0 dibbivokf sjm xjiisokf cmasj id a Xi}sj @i~mak si}~oxs as

sjm Ls+ @}lfakf ~mxi~s" smkxoikx f~mv itm~ sjm Ki~sj‟x ~md}xab si oktmxso,

fasm ax sjm Ki~sj u~ihmmcmc si xmtm~ lixs somx vosj sjm Xi}sj akc ~mtm~xm

a cmhacm id xsmux siva~c ~m}kofihasoik0 sjm vi~bc fikakhoab h~oxox nmfokkokf

ok dabb >55: ~miumkmc cmhacm,ibc dma~x id t}bkm~anobosy si fbinabowasoik0 akc

ik Ihsinm~ 85 ak i~cm~ vax oxx}mc si sjm akfm~ id u~if~mxxotmx si cmbmsm i~

~mtoxm jofj xhjiib smzsnii` uaxxafmx xmmk ny hikxm~tasotmx ax }kcm~lokokf

sjm bmfosolahy id sjm fitm~klmks+ As xsa`m vax kis ikby sjm i}shilm id a

uiba~owmc uibosohab nassbm n}s abxi sjm ~mhikxs~}hsoik id a kasoikab ocmksosy

sjas jac kmtm~ di}kc n~iac hikxmkx}x akc basmby auuma~x okh~maxokfby ok

coxu}sm+

Inxm~tm~x jatm nmmk xbiv si ava`mk si sjm u~inbmlasoh kas}~m id Xi}sj

@i~mak kasoikab ocmksosy+ Adsm~ abb" sjm~m jax bikf nmmk ava~mkmxx id sjm

jilifmkmi}x kas}~m id sjm uiu}basoik" osx xsa}khj kasoikaboxl ik ihhaxoikx

x}hj ax sjm 1?:: Xmi}b Ibyluohx akc >55> Vi~bc H}u" xja~mc hikficmkhm ok

sjm hi}ks~y‟x ‒mhikiloh lo~ahbm"“ akc gioks aksouasjy si Gauak‟x ~mtoxoikoxs

joxsi~y+ Nmdi~m sjm 1??5x dmv ci}nsmc sjm u~mtabmkhm id aksohill}koxl0



4?Xi}sj @i~ma‟x Kasoikab Ocmksosy Xmkxosotosy

u~ocm ok u~mlicm~k xylnibx x}hj ax @okf Xmmgikf" sjm i~ofokasi~ id sjm

jakf}b xh~ous0 cmsm~lokasoik si u~mxm~tm ak okx}ba~ xihomsy0 akc f~asos}cm si

sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx ax cmfikokf mbmlmksx id a Xi}sj @i~mak itm~abb ocmksosy+

Mtmk ax sjm cmlih~asoh litmlmks u}s u~if~mxxotmx ok mtm~,li~m,u~ilokmks

~ibmx" sjox vax syuohabby xmmk ax ua~s id a uibosohab xs~}ffbm ~asjm~ sjak id a

li~m d}kcalmksab hbaxj itm~ kasoikab ocmksosy+ _ms" ax cotoxoikx jatm ok,

smkxofimc itm~ joxsi~y" xihomsy" akc di~mofk uibohy" os jax nmhilm hbma~ sjas

@i~makx ~mlaok cmmuby xubos itm~ lassm~x hmks~ab si a naxoh }kcm~xsakcokf

id vjas sjmo~ kasoik ~mu~mxmksx akc vjas olubohasoikx xji}bc iv d~il sjas

as jilm akc an~iac+=

Sjm uaxs svi cmhacmx jatm mzahm~nasmc sjm cotoxoikx itm~ kasoikab ocmksosy"

n}s a hjakfokf ~mfoikab akc fbinab mkto~iklmks ok >55? lay iddm~ xilm

u~iloxm+ A c}ab h~oxox ok sjm vi~bc mhikily akc ok Ki~sj,Xi}sj ~mbasoikx

lay bmac si ~mhikkmhsokf vosj Hibc Va~ hjabbmkfmx akc ~mhifkowokf li~m

hiksok}osy ok kasoikab ocmksosy+ Di~ sjox si jauumk" jivmtm~" ~maxikokf ani}s

kasoikab oksm~mxsx l}xs itm~hilm itm~xmkxosotosy ani}s ocmksosy as sjm xalm

solm ax bmacm~xjou di~fmx a kmv xyksjmxox vosj auumab ah~ixx sjm xumhs~}l+

A xib}soik hakkis nm di}kc ny u~msmkcokf sjas kasoikab ocmksosy cimx kis

lassm~0 a xib}soik l}xs ~mxs ik xilm `okc id hilu~iloxm jofjbofjsokf mbm,

lmksx id ocmksosy sjas xm~tm }~fmks fiabx+

Mtib}soik id @i~mak Kasoikab Ocmksosy

Sjm ocmibifohab ua~abyxox itm~ joxsi~y nmcmtobx mddi~sx si n~okf hba~osy si

kasoikab ocmksosy+ La~zoxs,cm~otmc akabyxox xoloba~ si sjm joxsi~oif~aujy

sjas u~mtaobmc ok Gauak i~ mtmk Hjoka ok sjm 1?=5x kmtm~ bixs osx jibc ok

u~if~mxxotm ho~hbmx+ Sjm ~mx}bs ox mzhmxxotm kmfasotosy ani}s sjm hi}ks~y‟x

uaxs" la~`mc ny a coxsi~sokf dih}x ik ‒~mtib}soika~omx“ ax jm~ioh fifjsm~x

afaokxs ak iuu~mxxotm mkto~iklmks+ Sjixm vosj sj~mm,cmumkcmkhy sjok`okf

*fizasmc ik x}hhmxxotm x}nxm~tomkhm si Hjoka" Gauak" akc sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx/

a~m nbokcmc si sjm uixosotm di~hmx ok kasoikab joxsi~y" ax od sjm~m ox ~iil ikby

di~ ka~~asotmx ani}s jiv @i~mak joxsi~y vax cm~aobmc+ Xakcvohjmc nmsvmmk

Hjoka vosj osx u~mhihoi}x u~mlicm~k uaxs akc ~mhi~c id ~mfoikab hmks~abosy

akc Gauak vosj osx basm u~mlicm~k cykaloxl akc licm~k ~oxm si ~mfoikab

axhmkcmkhy" @i~ma uabmx ok hilua~oxikx sjas daob si auu~mhoasm osx ivk ~mba,

sotm xs~mkfsjx ik ak oksm~kasoikab hilua~asotm xhabm akc osx bah` id ~maxikx

di~ f}obs ok mzsm~kab ~mbasoikx+ Sjox ox mxumhoabby s~}m ok sjm uixsva~ um~oic"

ani}s vjohj sjm~m xji}bc nm alubm ~maxik di~ u~ocm ax vmbb ax ocmksofihasoik

vosj sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx ax sjm fbinab bmacm~ vjixm okhb}xotm tab}mx iumkmc

ak iuui~s}kosy di~ Xi}sj @i~ma‟x mhikiloh lo~ahbm akc cmlih~asowasoik+

Sj~i}fj ~mtoxmc hilua~asotm akabyxox" @i~makx hi}bc sa`m u~ocm ok jiv sjmo~

hi}ks~y jax ~mumasmcby xmowmc iuui~s}kosomx ok hikfikokf ho~h}lxsakhmx+



65 Ik @i~ma7 Tib}lm 8

Hikxm~tasotmx abxi jatm mxhjmvmc di~sj~ofjs hilua~oxikx ok i~cm~ si u}s

uixosotm xuok ik a joxsi~y sjas sjmy sii fikc u~inbmlasoh+ Sjox okhb}cmx

lysjibifowokf ani}s sjm ~mu}smc di}kcm~" Sakf}k" id sjm @i~mak kasoik

akc mzaffm~asokf sjm coxsokhsotm hja~ahsm~ id osx uaxs vosji}s c}m ah`kivb,

mcflmks id xilm id osx xji~shilokfx akc okhi~ui~asokf di~sj~ofjsby sjmo~

ivk ~mu}coasoik id l}hj id joxsi~y+ Sjmo~ akahj~ikoxsoh cmxo~m si hbokf si

uas~oa~hjab tab}mx akc Hikd}hoakoxl ok sjm dahm id sjm h}xsila~y u~mx,

x}~mx d~il licm~kowasoik di~ li~m mq}abosy ~mmhs cmdmkxotmkmxx ivokf

si sjmo~ ivk cma~sj id hikficmkhm ok oksmf~asoik vosj sjm i}sxocm" okhb}cokf

ahhmusakhm id }kotm~xab tab}mx+ Ok @i~mak smzsnii`x" lmcoa hitm~afm id

mtmksx" akc fitm~klmks cmabokfx vosj di~mofk xsasmx" mzhmxxotm kasoikaboxl

xjacivx sjm nabakhmc ka~~asotm mzumhsmc id a las}~m cmlih~ahy+ Sjm~m ox

abxi a bah` id okcmumkcmks xi}~hmx id bmfosolahy–di~ mbosmx id ibc" di~ sjm

hotob xm~tohm" di~ bonm~ab tab}mx" di~ s~}xs ok cmlih~asoh okxsos}soikx akc sjm

~}bm id bav+4 Fotmk }kmq}otihab x}hhmxxmx ok ni~~ivokf" hashjokf }u" akc

hiks~on}sokf si sjm fbinab i~cm~" @i~makx hak sa`m c}m u~ocm ok sjmo~ kasoik‟x

ahjomtmlmksx vosji}s jatokf si fbixx itm~ osx xji~shilokfx akc nmhilokf

lo~mc ok okhmxxaks fifjsokf id cilmxsoh ocmibifohab va~x+

Hjokmxm Hikd}hoakoxl nmhalm sjm hi~m id sjm s~acosoikab @i~mak vi~bctomv

vosj laky uixosotm hikxmq}mkhmx di~ xsasm n}obcokf" daloby hijmxoik akc

linobosy" akc oksm~mxs ok bma~kokf+6 Sjm dahs sjas Hikd}hoakoxl vax olui~smc

akc abxi bmds a kmfasotm bmfahy sjas xsobb ~mq}o~mx xilm cm,Hikd}hoakowasoik

xji}bc kis cms~ahs d~il ~mhifkosoik id os ax ak okxmua~anbm ua~s id joxsi~y

vosj baxsokf oluahs ik kasoikab ocmksosy+: Osx xs~mxx ik ~os}aboxl jax ua~abbmbx

si hikxsos}soikaboxl ok xmssokf sjm xsakca~c di~ g}cfokf uibosohab bmacm~xjou"

mtmk od auubyokf sjas xsakca~c nmhalm lo~mc ok dahsoikaboxl+? Gauakmxm

licm~kowasoik aocmc akc okxuo~mc @i~ma‟x s~akxdi~lasoik ax os u~mua~mc

sjm vay di~ @i~ma‟x xi,habbmc mhikiloh lo~ahbm+ J}loboasokf lmli~omx

akc g}xsofianbm d~}xs~asoik vosj Gauak‟x xmbd,xm~tokf tomv id osx ~ibm ik sjm

umkokx}ba xji}bc kis oksm~dm~m vosj a nabakhmc mtab}asoik sjas ~mhifkowmx

sjm bokfm~okf mddmhs id hibikoab ~}bm ik @i~ma‟x cmtmbiulmks akc ocmksosy+15

Anitm abb" ]+X+ u~ismhsoik id sjm Xi}sj" axxoxsakhm ok cmtmbiulmks" akc ok,

xuo~asoik di~ cmlih~asoh hjakfm cmxm~tm ~mhifkosoik ax ua~s id ~ofjsd}b u~ocm

ok sjm uixsva~ m~a" vjohj u~itocmx a xja~mc x}hhmxx xsi~y cmxuosm olafmx

id ‒cohsasi~oab cmtmbiulmksaboxl“ i~ ‒cmlih~ahy ok sjm f~ou id }khmaxokf

cmlikxs~asoikx+“11 Sj~i}fj ak ingmhsotm hilua~asotm um~xumhsotm ik sjm

sj~mm xsafmx id mtib}soik si sjm mkc id sjm Hibc Va~" @i~makx hi}bc xjiv

u~ocm ok sjm xsasm‟x mzs~ai~coka~y ahjomtmlmks vosji}s vjosmvaxjokf xsaokx

ok joxsi~ohab lmli~y+

Xi}sj @i~ma xumks sjm mkso~m svmksomsj hmks}~y d~}xs~asmc ny osx ~mumasmc

okanobosy si mzm~hoxm xitm~mofksy ok sjm lakkm~ id isjm~ xsasmx+ Kasoikaboxl

mlm~fmc nmbasmcby ok sjm d~}xs~asokf ho~h}lxsakhmx id Gauakmxm hibikowasoik



61Xi}sj @i~ma‟x Kasoikab Ocmksosy Xmkxosotosy

akc sjmk h}bs}~ab fmkihocm+1> Os vax ~mòkcbmc ny lobosa~y cohsasi~x oksmks ik

hjakkmbokf os oksi x}uui~s di~ a}sji~osa~oak ~}bm" n}s os n~i`m d~mm ok sjm 1?:5x

ok sjm locxs id d}~sjm~ d~}xs~asoik itm~ cmbaymc akc sjmk ikby okhilubmsm

cmlih~ahy+ As h~osohab lilmksx ok sjm 1??5x sjm ali}ks id cmlih~ahy vax

mhbouxmc ok umiubm‟x lokcx ny sjm oxx}m id sjm ali}ks id xitm~mofksy+ Sjm

~mx}bs vax bossbm hillik f~i}kc di~ xykh~msoxl ivokf si a ~mhi~c id ocmk,

sosy inbosm~asoik7 Gauakmxm jixsobosy si sjm Hjokmxm,hmksm~mc Hjixik i~cm~0

uixsva~ @i~mak ~mu}coasoik id sjm hibikoab i~cm~0 cmlih~asowmc @i~makx‟

h~osohoxl id sjm cohsasi~oab m~a0 akc" ok uixs‘Hibc Va~ yma~x" hikxm~tasotmx

akc u~if~mxxotmx saòkf s}~kx as ~mu}coasokf mahj isjm~‟x ~}bm+ X}hj ka~~iv

kmfasotosy bmatmx bossbm naxox di~ cmtmbiuokf a n~iac kisoik id kasoikab ocmksosy

sjas hi}bc mlm~fm" ok xsafmx" d~il @i~ma‟x uaxs+ Coxhiksok}i}x joxsi~y vosj

to~s}abby ki uixosotm licmbx ox a ~mhoum di~ hikd}xoik" auua~mksby bmacokf

xilm si f~axu di~ }siuoak xib}soikx+

A hilnokasoik id di}~ cmtmbiulmksx smxsmc Xi}sj @i~mak kasoikab ocmksosy

akmv+ Do~xs" cmlih~asowasoik ok 1?:6 dibbivmc ny kasoikab mln~ahm id sjm

Ibyluohx id 1?:: u}s sjm u}nboh ok sjm di~md~iks" akc ok sjm hi}~xm id ~mh}~,

~mks cmlikxs~asoikx akc kmvdi}kc hotoh i~fakowasoikx siu,civk lakafm,

lmks id kasoikaboxl ki bikfm~ vax uixxonbm+ Xmhikc" sjm mkc id sjm Hibc Va~

ok 1?:? bmacokf si ki~labowasoik vosj Lixhiv akc sjmk Nmogokf ax vmbb ax

sjm oxibasoik akc f~masm~ xmkxm id }~fmkhy ok Uyikfyakf absm~mc sjm u~oxl

di~ tomvokf sjm coubilasoh akc xs~asmfoh mkto~iklmks h~osohab si kasoikab

ocmksosy+ Sjo~c" a kmv tomv id sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx vax f~ac}abby di~lokf ok

sjm 1??5x" c~otmk ny osx }kobasm~aboxl ok sjm fi~xs k}hbma~ h~oxox vosj Ki~sj

@i~ma akc sjm Axoak fikakhoab h~oxox" jofjbofjsokf sjm Xi}sj‟x bah` id hiks~ib

itm~ osx ivk cmxsoky+ Dokabby" sjm oluitm~oxjlmks id sjm Ki~sj ax xmmk ok osx

dalokm akc sjm u~ixumhs id co~mhs cmabokfx vosj os" u}khs}asmc ny sjm x}llos

id 1= G}km >555" iddm~mc u~iloxm" abnmos lozmc vosj f~mas }khm~saoksy" di~

sjm Xi}sj si ubay a tm~y ahsotm ~ibm kis ikby ik umkokx}ba~ lassm~x n}s abxi

ok ~abbyokf sjm uivm~x ok sjm ~mfoik si acc~mxx osx lixs xofkofihaks xs~asmfoh

hjabbmkfm+ Adsm~ bikf um~oicx id x}uu~mxxmc cmnasmx ani}s kasoikab ocmksosy"

sjmxm cmtmbiulmksx n~i}fjs ak i}sui}~okf id tomvx" mxumhoabby xsol}basokf

u~if~mxxotm tiohmx si hjabbmkfm ma~bom~ sjokòkf+

@ol Cam,g}kf akc ̂ ij Lii,jy}k xi}fjs si s~akxdi~l @i~mak kasoikab ocmk,

sosy+ Sjm X}kxjokm Uibohy vax u~mxmksmc ax hikxoxsmks vosj abboakhm ~mbasoikx"

oksm~kasoikab ~mxuikxonobosomx" akc olu~itmc somx si mahj id Xmi}b‟x kmofjni~x+

_ms" osx olubmlmksasoik ~mtmabmc a cmmum~ u}~uixm vosj ~acohab oluboha,

soikx+ Iddm~okf n~onmx si Uyikfyakf vosj sjm mzumhsasoik sjas sjmy vi}bc

nm di~sjhilokf as mahj xsafm id olu~itmc ~mbasoikx mtmk od ~mhou~ihosy vax

lmafm~ vjobm mluivm~okf kikfitm~klmksab i~fakowasoikx vosj ak ocmaboxsoh

vi~bctomv lmaks a coxsi~smc òkc id @i~makowasoik+ Uyikfyakf hi}bc xms

sjm sm~lx id sjm ~mbasoikxjou" ax Xi}sj @i~makx ok sjmo~ 85x okh}nasmc ok sjm



6> Ik @i~ma7 Tib}lm 8

cmlih~asowasoik litmlmks id sjm 1?:5x hjabbmkfmc xilm cmmu axx}lusoikx

id uixsva~ kasoikab ocmksosy+ Sjm ~mx}bs vax d}~sjm~ hikd}xoik ani}s kasoikab

ocmksosy vosj ki u~ixumhs id ~mxibtokf li}ksokf hiks~acohsoikx+

Abb itm~ sjm vi~bc kasoikab ocmksosomx jatm nmmk ok }z xokhm sjm an~}us

hjakfmx d~il 1?:? si >551 ok sjm fbinab fmiuibosohab akc mhikiloh i~cm~

n}s abxi ok ~mxuikxm si kmv }z ok >55:‘5?+ Ok sjm haxm id Xi}sj @i~ma"

vm hak ocmksody laky di~hmx sjas ahhmbm~asmc hjakfm ok ocmksosy li~m sjak

mbxmvjm~m ok sjm fi~xs s~akxosoik akc vosj uismksoab si mzm~s a xs~ikf ok},

mkhm ok sjm xmhikc ikm+ Di~ sjixm vji a~f}m sjas sjm f~masm~ sjm xs~}hs}~ab

coxhiksok}osy" sjm li~m sjm }z ok ocmksosy" sjm Xi}sj xsakcx ax a hakcocasm

di~ a smhsikoh xjods+ Os vax as sjm d~iks bokm id sjm Hibc Va~ sjas jax mkcmc"

c~alasohabby hjakfokf osx coubilasoh ua~skm~x+ Osx mhikiloh xyxsml vax

an~}usby s~akxdi~lmc d~il a licmb id }kua~abbmbmc x}hhmxx si a `okc id

abnas~ixx si nm ~mlitmc+ Bikf,d~iwmk u~ixumhsx di~ ~m}kofihasoik vosj

sjm Ki~sj ~mauuma~mc x}ccmkby ik sjm uibosohab afmkca+ Dokabby" a kasoik

ahh}xsilmc si jofj bmtmbx id mhikiloh akc h}bs}~ab a}sa~hjy" u~ismhsmc

ny k}lm~i}x na~~om~x" u~mhouosi}xby dahmc a laxxotm okd}xoik id fbinab

akc ~mfoikab ok}mkhmx+ Fotmk x}hj ~acohab cox~}usoikx" vm xji}bc kis nm

x}~u~oxmc sjas Xi}sj @i~ma ox a vi~bc bmacm~ ok xummc id hjakfm ok kasoikab

ocmksosy akc hikd}xoik itm~ os+

_ms" aloc l}hj }khm~saoksy" xilm ~mabosomx ci kis xmml si jatm hjakfmc

l}hj as abb+ Ax ak abby id sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx akc a cmlih~ahy" sjm Xi}sj

hi}bc kis xja`m sjm tomv sjas Hjoka akc ^}xxoa ~msaok ak abomk q}abosy+ Ok

1???‘>556 sjm mhikily faokmc a ~mu~omtm" n}s afaok nmfokkokf ok >55:

mhikiloh h~oxox u}s osx u~ixumhsx ok ci}ns+ Anitm abb" Ki~sj @i~ma ~mumas,

mcby hjabbmkfmc sjm Xi}sj‟x axx}lusoikx akc ok >55:‘5? ha~~omc sjox si ak

mzs~mlm+ ̂ mlkaksx id sjm ibc ocmksosy a~m ~mx}~dahokf" mtmk ax u~if~mxxotmx

xs~}ffbm si x}xsaok sjmo~ vi~bctomv+ ̂ auoc s~akxdi~lasoik ok kasoikab ocmksosy

abxi lay ihh}~ ok sjox xmhikc um~oic id s~akxosoik+ Sjox iddm~x ak iuui~s}kosy

ax vmbb ax uixmx a cakfm~ id ua~abyxox ok s~yokf solmx+

Lakodmxsasoikx id Kasoikab Ocmksosy

Hikd}xoik itm~ kasoikab ocmksosy abbivx uibosohab bmacm~x si a~i}xm mli,

soikx vjobm ~mc}hokf sjm uixxonobosy id hmks~oxs sjok`okf faokokf f~i}kc

as sjm mzumkxm id ocmibifohab mzs~mlmx+ Os bmatmx ok ci}ns jiv hikxmkx}x

hak nm ~mahjmc itm~ uibohomx aolmc as di~fokf a li~m g}xs xihomsy+ Ok sjmxm

ho~h}lxsakhmx" di~mofk uibohy hakkis maxoby nm u}~x}mc ik ak mtmk hi}~xm+

Sjm ~mx}bs abxi ox sjas joxsi~y nmhilmx a hiksmxsmc nassbmfimbc ~asjm~ sjak

a xi}~hm id xja~mc okxuo~asoik+ Fotmk sjm cmusj id hiksmxsasoik itm~ Xi}sj

@i~mak kasoikab ocmksosy *okhb}cokf hikd}xoik itm~ sjm ubahm id Ki~sj @i,



68Xi}sj @i~ma‟x Kasoikab Ocmksosy Xmkxosotosy

~ma/" okosoasotmx ny ikm u~mxocmks i~ akisjm~ i~ ny a ]+X+ u~mxocmks a~i}xm

x}xuohoik vosj bossbm hjakhm id n}obcokf hijmxoik+

Sjm }ux}~fm ok kasoikab ocmksosy hikxhoi}xkmxx fatm kasoikab bmacm~x kmv

~maxik si ubay ik u}nboh mlisoikx ok i~cm~ si ~aoxm sjmo~ uiu}ba~osy i~ ~mabowm

sjmo~ afmkca+ D~il ̂ ij Sam,vii si ̂ ij Lii,jy}k" lakou}basoik id u}nboh

iuokoik oksmkxofimc+ ̂ ij Sam,vii vax lixs ha}soi}x+ Jox ki~cuiboso` siva~c

^}xxoa akc Hjoka ax sjm Hibc Va~ vax mkcokf ~mlitmc aksohill}koxl ax a

~abbyokf h~y+ Vjobm Gauak ~mlaokmc ak maxy sa~fms" x}hj ax vjmk @akmla~}

Xjok vmks si Uyikfyakf nyuaxxokf Xmi}b ok xma~hj id a n~ma`sj~i}fj" os

vax kis xokfbmc i}s+ Abxi" ok sjm locxs id ]+X+ u~mxx}~m si iumk sjm Xi}sj‟x

u~ismhsmc mhikily akc vosj lmli~omx id Ibyluoh ~mxmkslmks siva~c ]+X+

asjbmsmx" ^ij Sam,vii jmxosasmc si hasm~ si sjm mlnibcmkmc u~if~mxxotmx+

Sjox vax abxi sjm okhbokasoik id @ol _i}kf,xal" n}s jm u~itmc si nm li~m

lm~h}~oab siva~c Gauak" Ki~sj @i~ma" akc mtmk sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx+ Okhikxox,

smkhomx siva~c Gauak mxumhoabby la~`mc sjox um~oic ax @ol _i}kf,xal sii`

uiu}boxs lmax}~mx" ax ok 1??= vjmk sjm a~hjosmhs}~ab xylnib id hibikoab ~}bm

vax ~awmc+ @ol Cam,g}kf aciusmc a coddm~mks auu~iahj si a~i}xokf kasoikab

ocmksosy+ Vjobm af~mmokf vosj U~olm Lokoxsm~ In}hjo @mowi si u}s sjm jox,

si~y oxx}m axocm akc si }kcm~sa`m a l}s}ab h}bs}~ab iumkokf akc ~maxx}~okf

U~mxocmks Nobb Hboksik id jox mln~ahm id fbinabowasoik adsm~ sjm fikakhoab

h~oxox" @ol hikhmks~asmc ik sjm X}kxjokm Uibohy" sj}x s~akxdi~lokf sjm ol,

afm id Ki~sj @i~ma oksi ikm id a ua~skm~ anbm si mln~ahm ~m}kofihasoik mtmk

vjmk osx cilmxsoh uibohomx" cmtmbiulmks id vmauikx id laxx cmxs~}hsoik"

akc nmbbofm~mks ~jmsi~oh haxs ci}ns ik sjox cmhoxoik+ Dokabby" ̂ ij Lii,jy}k

ahsotasmc kasoikab ocmksosy mlisoikx ~mumasmcby" hasm~okf si akso,Alm~ohakoxl

nmfokkokf vosj jox mbmhsoik haluaofk ok >55>" xjodsokf ok >55= si sjm lixs

tos~oiboh akso,Gauakmxm ~jmsi~oh ok cmhacmx" akc lakou}basokf tomvx ik Ki~sj

@i~ma di~ cilmxsoh akc oksm~kasoikab ingmhsotmx vosj okx}dfihomks ~mfa~c di~

kasoikab xmh}~osy+

Hilubohasokf sjm q}mxs di~ a nabakhmc auu~iahj a~m hiksmxsmc" loxbmac,

okf olafmx id sjm ocmksosomx akc di~mofk uibohy mzubakasoikx id sj~mm xsasmx

hmks~ab si Xi}sj @i~mak sjok`okf ani}s sjmo~ ivk kasoikab ocmksosy7 Ki~sj

@i~ma" Gauak" akc sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx+ A hakcoc axxmxxlmks id Ki~sj @i~ma ax

a sisabosa~oak ~mfolm cmxs~}hsotm id sjm kasoikab jm~osafm hak nmxs }kcm~xhi~m

a xi}kc }kcm~xsakcokf id sjm Xi}sj‟x ocmksosy+ Sjox cimx kis lmak ~mtotab id

sjm h~}cm aksohill}koxl xsmmumc ok cmlakcx di~ hmkxi~xjou i~ va~kokfx

id x}ntm~xoik id uaxs yma~x" ki~ ox os okhiluasonbm vosj lmax}~mc mkfafm,

lmks id sjm Ki~sj ax a uasj si ~mfoikab xsanobosy akc uixxonbm ~mdi~l sjm~m+

Okxsmac" os hi}bc n~okf a xinm~ ava`mkokf hikc}hotm si n~ocfokf sjm ocmibifo,

hab cotocm adsm~ sjm jmacy iusoloxl ok u~if~mxxotm ho~hbmx ok 1??:‘>556+18

Sjm fiab id x}hj mkfafmlmks ox bmxx ~m}kofihasoik ok sjm di~mxmmanbm d}s}~m

sjak acg}xslmks ok kasoikab ocmksosy+ Sjm xoz,ua~sy sab`x iumkmc sjm cii~ si




lmax}~mc mkfafmlmks" n}s ̂ ij Lii,jy}k xi}fjs vayx si ~mdih}x ik oksm~,

@i~mak ~mbasoikx" h}blokasokf ok sjm Ihsinm~ >556 Uyikfyakf x}llos sjas

cmbok`mc ba~fm,xhabm mhikiloh u~igmhsx d~il sjm cmk}hbma~owasoik u~ihmxx

akc uioksmc si ‒sj~mm, i~ di}~,ua~sy sab`x“ ik mxsanboxjokf a umahm ~mfolm+

Si sjm mzsmks sjas u~if~mxxotmx hi}bc h~masm a xmkxm id iusoloxl ani}s x}hj

u~igmhsx akc sjm uasj di~va~c vosj sjm Ki~sj" sjmy hi}bc }kcm~h}s" fi~xs" sjm

aksohill}koxs bmfahy id uixsva~ ocmksosy akc" xmhikc" sjm g}xsofihasoikx di~

cmdm~mkhm si sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx+ Ok sjox vay" sjm sjmlm id @i~mak kasoikaboxl

hi}bc nm ~mbmaxmc d~il sofjs ~mxs~aoksx+ Sjox auu~iahj ikby vocmkmc sjm f}bd

okxocm Xi}sj @i~ma+

Loxhja~ahsm~owasoik id Gauak abxi la~x sjokòkf ani}s kasoikab ocmksosy+ Kis

mki}fj h~mcos ox fotmk si osx uixsva~ s~akxdi~lasoik i~ osx ~ibm ax sjm cmlobo,

sa~owmc mkfokm id sjm mkso~m ~mfoik‟x ~oxm+ ̂ mhifkosoik id ~mabosy ok Gauak cimx

kis ~mq}o~m ~mbazasoik id h~osohoxlx id ~mtoxoikoxs smkcmkhomx" n}s os vi}bc

xm~tm @i~ma‟x ivk xma~hj di~ ocmksosy ax vmbb ax l}s}ab s~}xs ok nobasm~ab

~mbasoikx+13 Xi}sj @i~makx a~m ua~soh}ba~by u~ikm si xsas}x coxauuiokslmksx

mtmk vjmk sjm mtmksx ok q}mxsoik auuma~ si isjm~x si nm okhikxmq}mksoab+

Gauak‟x q}mxs si nmhilm a um~lakmks lmlnm~ id sjm ]kosmc Kasoikx Xm,

h}~osy Hi}khob ok >55= abikf vosj sj~mm isjm~ xsasmx uixmc sjm cakfm~ id

a kmv cotocokf bokm nmsvmmk sjm vi~bc‟x mbosm xsasmx–sjm um~lakmks fitm

s~akxdi~lmc oksi sjm um~lakmks kokm–akc sjixm bmds nmjokc" x}hj ax Xi}sj

@i~ma" vjohj ~mhmksby um~hmotmc osxmbd ax 15sj‘18sj mhikilohabby akc ok

isjm~ ~mxumhsx ax vmbb+ Od l}hj id sjm da}bs bomx vosj Gauakmxm bmacm~x" sjm

i}shilm ~mlaokx a sokcm~niz di~ Xi}sj @i~makx vji xmm` si u}s kasoikab

oksm~mxs anitm ocmksosy+

Dokabby" ~mkmvmc hikxmkx}x ik nmjabd id ]+X+ bonm~ab tab}mx akc abboakhm x}u,

ui~s kmmc kis lmak cmmumkokf id Xi}sj @i~mak cmumkcmkhm ik sjm ]kosmc

Xsasmx i~ alkmxoa ani}s ]+X+ loxxsmux" idsmk axxihoasmc vosj daobokf si ac,

jm~m si osx bonm~ab tab}mx+1= Lacm maxom~ ny sjm Inala aclokoxs~asoik‟x bmxx

jyuih~osohab mxui}xab id tab}mx" a hikxmkx}x ik sjm ]+X+ ~ibm ok Axoa xokhm

1?3= lofjs nm sjm xokfbm lixs olui~saks xsmu ok hba~odyokf Xi}sj @i~mak

kasoikab ocmksosy ax os hikhm~kx tomvx ani}s hi}ks~omx h~osohab si kasoikab

xsas}x akc u~ixumhsx+ Ny saòkf coxh}xxoikx id j}lak ~ofjsx idd sjm sanbm ok

cmabokf vosj Ki~sj @i~ma" îj Lii,jy}k bmds taf}m jox kasoik‟x hillos,

lmks si }kotm~xab tab}mx+ Ok hiks~axs" Bmm Ly}kf,na` u}s sjml jofj ik jox

afmkca mtmk ax sjm Ki~sj tmjmlmksby cmki}khmc jol di~ oksm~dm~mkhm ok

osx cilmxsoh addao~x+ Nmha}xm sjox vax cikm adsm~ ]+X+ idfihoabx jac c~iuumc

~mfolm hjakfm d~il sjmo~ afmkca akc xsiuumc u~oi~osowokf j}lak ~ofjsx

siva~c sjm Ki~sj" sjox coc kis lmak x}hh}lnokf si sjm }kobasm~aboxs ma~by

N}xj oksm~u~msasoik id tab}mx+ _ms" os adfi~lmc Xi}sj @i~mak fbinabowasoik

akc sjm uismksoab di~ bonm~ab tab}mx si actakhm nmsvmmk sjm mzs~mlmx id

u~if~mxxotoxl akc hikxm~tasoxl+



6=Xi}sj @i~ma‟x Kasoikab Ocmksosy Xmkxosotosy

Xmi}b bah`x xofkofihakhm ok Vaxjokfsik si ok}mkhm uibohomx siva~c sjm f~mas

uivm~x+ Os abxi bah`x h~mconobosy di~ bmssokf kasoikab ocmksosy oxx}mx fms ok sjm

vay id ~maboxs habh}basoikx+ Cilmxsoh uibosohx auuma~ sii aksafikoxsoh di~ ~ma,

xikmc mzhjakfm+ ̂ mahsoikx si Gauak y ok sjm dahm id ]+X+ ~maboxs a~f}lmksx+

Vjmk ]+X+ idfihoabx jatm sa`mk a n~iac ~mfoikab i~ tab}mx um~xumhsotm sjmy

jatm kis di}kc a ~mhmusotm a}comkhm+ Ok sjox hiksmzs" u~inbmlx ok kasoikab

ocmksosy hiks~on}sm si itm~~mahj ok oksm~kasoikab ~mbasoikx7 s}~kokf sjm loxxoik

id xs~ikf xsasm f}ocakhm id hashj,}u cmtmbiulmks oksi itm~nma~okf cohsasi,

~oab oksm~tmksoik" coxsi~sokf xsmux siva~c fbinabowasoik ny ̀ mmuokf a coxsakhm

d~il sjm ]+X+,cilokasmc oksm~kasoikab hill}kosy" ~}xjokf a um~hmotmc

iuui~s}kosy si mkfafm Ki~sj @i~ma oksi sjm okha}soi}x X}kxjokm Uibohy

id xmh~ms uaylmksx nm~mds id ~mhou~ihosy" akc acg}xsokf si a kmv nabakhm id

uivm~ ok sjm ~mfoik ny hbaolokf si nm a nabakhm~ ~asjm~ sjak fibbokf a li~m

licmxs ~ibm id dahobosasi~ as lilmksx vjmk oksm~mxsx itm~bau+ Okcohasotm id

sjmxm u~inbmlx ox a ~mhi~c id um~ouasmsoh ~mxuikxmx si okxmkxosotm Gauakmxm

u~itihasoikx+ Abxi mtocmks a~m ni}sx id }kf}a~cmc ~ilaksohoxl i~ as bmaxs

bixx id ha}soik siva~c Hjoka akc ^}xxoa sii+14 Vosji}s a xja~mc kasoikab

toxoik akc a ~maboxsoh solmsanbm di~ ~mc}hokf sjm hi}ks~y‟x cmumkcmkhy" Xi}sj

@i~makx jatm bossbm u~ixumhs id faokokf ahhmusakhm ax a ~mxumhsmc lmlnm~

akc uixxonbm okxuo~asoikab tiohm id ak mlm~fokf Maxs Axoak hill}kosy+

Sjm xs~}ffbm nmsvmmk hiks~axsokf vi~bctomvx halm si a jmac as sjm mkc id

>55:+ Bmm Ly}kf,na` oxx}mc a xsasmlmks hja~fokf sjas sjm kasoikab ocmk,

sosy jac nmmk }kcm~ assah` akc sjas jm vax cmsm~lokmc si h~ah` civk ik

oksmkxodyokf ocmibifohab u~itihasoikx ny cilmxsoh bmds,bmakokf di~hmx sjas

d}~sjm~ sj~masmk os+ Ax jox xui`mxlak Bmm Cikf,`vak mzubaokmc" ‒U~mxocmks

Bmm ox hikhm~kmc sjas sjm hikxsos}soikab tab}mx id sjm ^mu}nboh id @i~ma

a~m okh~maxokfby hjabbmkfmc ny bmdsoxs di~hmx xmm`okf si u~ilism akso,]+X+"

u~i‘Ki~sj @i~ma akc akso,la~`ms tomvuioksx ah~ixx xihomsy+“16 As xsa`m a~m

mddi~sx si ~mv~osm smzsnii`x" si hjakfm sjm noax id sjm kasoikab smbmtoxoik

xsasoikx" akc si cmfikm sjm lmakokf id sjm @i~mak Va~" ax Bmm lacm ubakx

si jixs a x}llos id abb >1 kasoikx oktibtmc+ _ms" ax a ua~soxak bmacm~" Bmm‟x

h~mconobosy lay kis x}dfihm di~ }u~iisokf u~if~mxxotm coxsi~soikx+

Akisjm~ xofk id ocmksosy hikd}xoik ox sjm okh~maxokf xs~}ffbm nmsvmmk ak

axxm~sotm kisoik id h}bs}~ab jilifmkmosy akc kmvdi}kc hikd}xoik itm~ sjm

hi~m id ‒@i~makkmxx+“ Cotm~xofihasoik id mzum~omkhm–okhb}cokf ollof~a,

soik" mlof~asoik" oksm~la~~oafm" oksm~kasoikabowmc bodm mzum~omkhmx" u~oi~osy id

Mkfboxj bakf}afm bma~kokf–jax l}ccomc sjm ikhm u}~m kisoik id a }kofimc

kasoik ok vayx sjas a~m li~m }kxmssbokf sjak vjm~m jmsm~ifmkmosy ox li~m

mzumhsmc+ Msjkohosy jax u~itmk codfih}bs si xmua~asm d~il kasoikab ocmksosy+1:

Xofkx id }kxsanbm" }knabakhmc kasoikab ocmksosy auuma~ ok sjm hiksmksoi}x

uibosohab a~mka" sjm xja~u lmcoa cotm~fmkhm id tomvx" sjm u~iki}khmc cotocm




ok xihomsy" akc ~mhmks okhikxoxsmks lmxxafmx hiktmymc si di~mofk fitm~k,

lmksx+ Fotmk sjm xs~ikf u~mxocmkhy" Xi}sj @i~ma ox kis nbih`mc d~il uibohy

okosoasotmx" n}s ocmibifohab ua~abyxox la`mx tosab hba~ofihasoik id kasoikab

ocmksosy okhikhmotanbm ok sjm xji~s ~}k+ Loxxokf ox a hotob xm~tohm sjas ium~,

asmx ax sjm uobba~ id sjm xsasm ok a lakkm~ x}hj sjas hjakfmx ok aclokoxs~asoik

ci kis xja`m sjm di}kcasoik id a hikxmkx}x,c~otmk xihomsy+ Ok hilua~oxik

vosj Gauak i~ sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx" sjm n}~ma}h~ahy ok Xi}sj @i~ma cimx kis

fibb sjox ~ibm+ H~iky auuiokslmksx id x}hhmxxotm u~mxocmksx cmky os sjox

uismksoab+ Cmfihomkhomx ok cmhmks~abowasoik i~ cotoxoik id uivm~ mzahm~nasm

sjm u~inbml+ Xihoab hijmxoik ox loxxokf ok a xihomsy vjm~m sjm xsasm jax ak

mzhmxxotm oluahs akc jom~a~hjohab hiks~ib oksm~dm~mx vosj okosoasotm as bivm~

bmtmbx+ _ms" xihomsy ox mzum~omkhokf f~mas }z" um~jaux iumkokf sjm cii~ si

bmacm~xjou sjas vi}bc fikabby ~mhikxs~}hs xihoab hijmxoik akc" vosj os" a li~m

hijm~mks kasoikab ocmksosy+

U~ixumhsx di~ Kasoikab Ocmksosy

Vjmsjm~ mz}nm~aks hbaolx ny a u~mxocmks i~ hakcbmbos tofobx ny yi}kf h~ivcx"

sjm lmxxafmx d~il Xi}sj @i~ma ̀ mmu hilubohasokf di~mofk ~mbasoikx+ Nmha}xm

sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx ox xsobb ~mfoikab bmacm~ ax vmbb ax ak abby akc ox sjm ikby

xsasm hauanbm id xmssokf sjm afmkca ok Ki~sjmaxs Axoa" os nma~x sjm n}~cmk id

hja~sokf a di~mofk uibohy hi}~xm sjas hi}bc xm~tm si nabakhm Xi}sj @i~mak

kasoikab ocmksosy hikhm~kokf x}~~i}kcokf xsasmx+ ]kobasm~ab litmx x}hj ax

ok sjm ma~by Fmi~fm V+ N}xj yma~x ci kis x}dfihm+ Sjmy ~mokdi~hm a xmkxm

sjas sjm Xi}sj ox cmumkcmks akc cimx kis jatm aky hiks~ib itm~ osx ivk

cmxsoky+ Vma` uibohomx sjas bmatm sjm olu~mxxoik id ]+X+ anakciklmks iddm~

ki ~maxx}~akhm mosjm~" ax sjm~m ox ki ~maxik si s~}xs ~mfoikab xsasmx si ~mxibtm

aky u~mxxokf u~inbmlx+ Sjm xjaciv id Ki~sj @i~ma ca~`mkx sjm ~mfoik"

akc sjm h~mconobosy id ]+X+ bmacm~xjou cmumkcx ik a xs~asmfy si lakafm osx

sj~masmkokf mzoxsmkhm+ Si atioc mzahm~nasokf sjm cotocm nmsvmmk u~if~mxxotmx

akc hikxm~tasotmx akc si maxm sjm vay di~ sjm Xi}sj si fikc a kmv ocmksosy

mq}obon~o}l ok cmabokf vosj xsasmx ahsotm ok sjm ~mfoik" ]+X+ bmacm~x kmmc si

iddm~ ~maxx}~akhm ani}s sjm abboakhm" a ha~md}bby habon~asmc loz id ha~~isx

akc xsoh`x siva~c sjm Ki~sj" akc a ~mfoikab afmkca sjas jibcx i}s u~iloxmx

di~ xsanobosy akc xmh}~osy ax vmbb di~ ka~~ivokf tab}mx coddm~mkhmx+

Vosj x}uui~s d~il sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx" Xi}sj @i~ma jax a hjakhm" n~omy

xmowmc ny @ol Cam,g}kf" si nm a dahobosasi~ ok di~fokf a toxoik id ~mfoikab,

oxl ik sjm di}kcasoik id }kotm~xab tab}mx+ Ax os xol}bsakmi}xby vi~`x si

mkjakhm sjm abboakhm s~oakfbm somc si sjm ]+X+,Gauakmxm cyac" sjm xoz,ua~sy

d~almvi~`‟x umahm ~mfolm f~i}u vosj sjm Xoki,]+X+ cyac ok sjm di~md~iks"

ax vmbb ax sjm cmk}hbma~owasoik s~oakfbm vosj sjm ]+X+‘Ki~sj @i~ma cyac"

Xi}sj @i~ma hak n~iacmk osx }kcm~xsakcokf id kasoikab ocmksosy+ Iuuixokf

Ki~sj @i~mak nmbbofm~mkhm sj~i}fj hii~cokasoik hmksm~okf fi~xs id abb ik sjm



66 Xi}sj @i~ma‟x Kasoikab Ocmksosy Xmkxosotosy

]kosmc Xsasmx ox ak mxxmksoab xsa~sokf uioks di~ a bikf,sm~l xs~asmfy co~mhsmc

as ~mfoikab hiium~asoik akc u~ocm+

D~aflmksasoik u~idi}kcby ok}mkhmx Xi}sj @i~ma+ Sjm hikxm~tasotm,

u~if~mxxotm cotocm jax kis x}nxocmc+ Tomvx id uibosohx ~mlaok xsmmumc ok

~mfoikab ~iisx si sjm cmf~mm sjas tisokf xs~o`okfby ~mmhsx ikm‟x fmif~aujohab

bihasoik+ Sjm }uva~cby linobm loccbm hbaxx mklmxjmc ok vmbb,mxsanboxjmc

i~fakowasoikx xsakcx ok xja~u hiks~axs vosj sjm kmv ocmaboxs kikfitm~klmksab

i~fakowasoikx akc sjm lobosaks bani~ litmlmks+ Sjm daob}~m id sjm xsasm si

xsakc anitm sjm d~ay ax a ~mxumhsmc uobba~ id xihoab i~cm~ bomx as sjm jma~s id

sjmxm cotoxoikx+ Alikf hikxm~tasotmx akc u~if~mxxotmx sjm~m a~m d}~sjm~

cotocmx" ha}xokf okxsanobosy ok uibosohab ua~somx akc }khm~saoksy ani}s jiv si

di~fm a xja~mc toxoik+ Sjm c}ab h~oxox ok >55? id sjm vi~bc mhikily akc Ki~sj

@i~mak nmbbofm~mkhm hi}bc ka~~iv sjmxm coddm~mkhmx od ]+X+ bmacm~xjou u~itmx

okxuo~okf akc Xi}sj @i~mak bmacm~xjou di~fmx hibbmhsotm hikficmkhm+

@i~makx idsmk jatm nbalmc sjmlxmbtmx ax l}hj ax sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx di~ sjm

daob}~m si ki~labowm ocmksosy+ Xoloba~ si Gauakmxm hikxm~tasotmx vji vm~m

tofi~i}xby u~mxxokf di~ ‒ki~labosy“ afaokxs sjm um~hmotmc iuuixosoik id sjm

bmdsoxs lmcoa" smahjm~x" uibosohab ua~somx" akc mtmk ‒Axoakoxs“ n}~ma}h~asx"

@i~mak u~if~mxxotmx vm~m bmacokf sjm hja~fm+ Sjmy nbalmc sjm cohsasi~xjou

akc okhilubmsm cmlih~asowasoik ax sjmy vaosmc di~ sjm iuui~s}kosy di~ ikm

id sjmo~ ivk si nmhilm u~mxocmks" vjohj fikabby jauumkmc ok 1??:+ ̂ mlitmc

d~il uivm~ di~ a bikf solm akc fikabby anbm si sa`m itm~ sjm uivm~d}b id,

fihm id u~mxocmks" sjmy oksmkxmby xi}fjs si mzu~mxx sjmo~ tm~xoik id kasoikab

ocmksosy+ _ms" os vax codfih}bs si ahs nmha}xm sjm u~mxocmks bah`mc bmfosolahy+

]kcm~ Gauakmxm ~}bm akc kma~by di}~ cmhacmx id axxa}bsx ik cmlih~ahy ok sjm

kalm id u~ilisokf os" Xi}sj @i~makx jac nmhilm ahh}xsilmc si ci}nsokf

sjmo~ bmacm~x+ Cmlih~asoh mbmhsoikx coc kis hjakfm sjas+ Vocmxu~mac hi~,

~}usoik akc h~ikyoxl u}s sjm xsasm ok sjm jakcx id hboq}mx kis s~}xsmc di~

hilumsmkhm i~ dao~kmxx+ Sjox lacm sjm u}xj di~ kasoikab ocmksosy bmxx ani}s

~mhbaolokf sjm jiki~ id sjm xsasm akc ~mn}obcokf osx a}sji~osy sjak ani}s

h~masokf a ~acohabby kmv xsasm xsmmumc ok a u}~m ocmksosy }k`kivk ok sjm uaxs+

Od Gauakmxm ~mtoxoikoxl jac cmmu ~iisx ok ~maboxl" olafokmc i~ ahs}ab" Xi}sj

@i~mak u~if~mxxotoxl vax li~m }siuoak sjak ~maboxs+ Adsm~ abb" cohsasi~x jac

an}xmc sjm kisoik id ~maboxl ok u}~x}os id a likiuiby ik uivm~ akc sjmo~

ivk svoxs ik kasoikab ocmksosy0 u~if~mxxotmx hiksok}mc si dahm hikxm~tasotm

u~mxx}~m ok sjm kalm id ~maboxl ax sjmy oluasomksby s~omc si n~ma` d~mm id osx

~mxs~aoksx+ A kmv i}sbii` ik ~maboxl ox kmhmxxa~y" xsmmumc ok h~oxox n}s abxi

sa~fmsmc as ja~c hjiohmx+

@i~makx xs~}ffbm vosj kisoikx id kasoikab j}loboasoik+ Sjm xjalm id ak,

kmzasoik ny Gauak vax kis m~axmc" bmacokf Ua~` Hj}kf,jmm si s~ahm os nah`

lobbmkkoa si daobokfx ok sjm kasoik‟x s~acosoikab h}bs}~m+ Sjm cobmlla id a



6: Ik @i~ma7 Tib}lm 8

cotocmc kasoik" xmtm~mc xi hilubmsmby sjas sjm~m vax ki vay si ̀ kiv od ikm‟x

xmua~asmc daloby lmlnm~x vm~m abotm i~ cmac" xjivmc ki u~ixumhs id nmokf

~mxibtmc+ Cmumkcmkhy ik sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx vax a s~i}nbokf kmhmxxosy" akc

mhikiloh ~mboakhm ik Gauak" vosj vjohj coubilasoh ki~labowasoik jac ih,

h}~~mc ik mlna~~axxokfby mzumcomks sm~lx" hi}bc kis nm itm~hilm+ Cotocmc as

jilm akc ok a vma` uixosoik ok ~mbasoikx vosj sjm f~mas uivm~x" mxumhoabby sjm

]kosmc Xsasmx" @i~makx hi}bc fikc ki vay si faok xasoxdahsoik ani}s @i~mak

kasoikab ocmksosy+ Sjox um~xoxsmks d~}xs~asoik bmc xilm f~i}ux si cmxum~asm

hjiohmx okhikxoxsmks vosj sjm ~mabosomx @i~makx dahmc+ A li~m xm~oi}x xms id

~mabosomx ok >55? lay as baxs coxbicfm sjmxm kmfasotm xmbd,olafmx+

@i~makx xja~m sjm cmxo~m di~ li~m a}sikily ok oksm~kasoikab ~mbasoikx" a

jofjm~ xsas}x ok ~mbasoik si `my hi}ks~omx" akc }kofihasoik id sjm umkokx}ba+

_ms hikxm~tasotmx a~m u~ikm si u}s sjmxm ok sjm hiksmzs id u~mxm~tasoik id

sjm mzoxsokf xihoab i~cm~ as jilm akc hii~cokasoik vosj a cmumkcanbm abby

ax ua~s id oksm~kasoikab xihomsy sjas hak nm s~}xsmc+ Ok hiks~axs" u~if~mxxotmx

oluasomksby xms axocm xilm ~mxs~aoksx ok xma~hj id a n~ma`sj~i}fj u~ihmxx

vosj sjm Ki~sj vosj da~,~mahjokf ocmksosy hikxmq}mkhmx d~il sjm i}sxms+ ]k,

bo`m Hjoka i~ Gauak" Xi}sj @i~ma ox kis a f~mas uivm~ akc jax ki lmli~y

id hjabbmkfokf di~ ~mfoikab jmfmliky+ Ok abb co~mhsoikx os xmmx xsasmx sjas

as xilm uioks jatm cmkomc osx xsas}x axuo~asoikx+ ^mhmksby" sjm~m jax nmmk a

~mumas id sjmxm d~}xs~asoikx7 sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx ok >551‘58 vax nbalmc di~

xsookf @ol Cam,g}kf‟x coubilasoh mkcmati~x0 Gauak ox ahh}xmc ~mumasmcby–

nmha}xm id osx smzsnii` ~mtoxoikx akc sm~~osi~oab hbaolx–id okx}bsokf @i~mak

xmksolmksx0 akc Hjoka vosj osx joxsi~ohab axxm~soikx ani}s sjm @if}~yi xsasm

akc s~maslmks id Xi}sj @i~ma c}~okf sjm Ibyluohx jax ~mlokcmc umiubm id

sjm a~~ifakhm id xokihmks~oxl+ Okxsmac id kmv xofkx id @i~makowasoik" sjm~m

jatm nmmk ~mumasmc ~mlokcm~x id la~fokabowasoik+ Sjm ~mabosy jax dabbmk da~

xji~s id mzumhsasoikx" ax mhikiloh h~oxmx a cmhacm aua~s hilui}kcmc dma~x

id kasoikab t}bkm~anobosy+ F~omtakhmx hakkis nm ~mxibtmc+ Ikby u~aflasoh

ahhmusakhm id sjm kasoik‟x codfih}bs ho~h}lxsakhmx ok sjm xji~s sm~l n}ss~mxxmc

ny ~mkmvmc u~ocm itm~ vjas vax ahhiluboxjmc ok sjm Hibc Va~ m~a iddm~x

jium di~ hiuokf ok s~i}nbmc solmx+

Vjas hi}bc n~ma` sjm oluaxxm ok Xi}sj @i~mak kasoikab ocmksosy9 A h~oxox

ok vjohj sjm Ki~sj @i~mak lobosa~y sj~masmkx akc sa~fmsx sjm Xi}sj abikf

vosj Gauak akc sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx vi}bc nibxsm~ sjm hikxm~tasotm vi~bctomv+

Od sjox vm~m ahhiluakomc ny a bixx id hikficmkhm ok Hjoka" ax coubilasoh

n~i`m~ akc mhikiloh mkfokm" a xja~u xjods lofjs dibbiv+ Sjox ox li~m bo`mby

sjak a hibbauxm id Ki~sj @i~ma sjas bmacx si ~m}kofihasoik+ Os abxi lay nm

lacm maxom~ ny fikakhoab h~oxox sjas mzuixmx xm~oi}x bolosasoikx ok Hjoka‟x

licmb id f~ivsj akc ~moktofi~asmx sjm oksm~kasoikab hill}kosy ava~m id

sjm xsobb okcoxumkxanbm ~ibm id sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx akc osx ~mkmvmc uismksoab

}kcm~ a bmacm~ x}hj ax Na~ah` Inala+ _ms" hba~osy ani}s ocmksosy hakkis



6?Xi}sj @i~ma‟x Kasoikab Ocmksosy Xmkxosotosy

nm mzumhsmc g}xs d~il cakfm~ sjas u}sx kasoikab oksm~mxs ok sjm di~md~iks+ Os

l}xs abxi fikc x}nxsakhm d~il ~mmzalokasoik id sjm hi}ks~y‟x uaxs akc id

osx oksm~kasoikab bokàfmx+ Hikxm~tasotmx lay faok ak mcfm itm~ u~if~mx,

xotmx" n}s sjmy l}xs sa`m ha~m si hikxs~}hs a xja~mc ka~~asotm od sjmy axuo~m

si bmatm ak mkc}~okf bmfahy+

Absji}fj cotm~xm tomvx mzoxs ik vjas lofjs hikxsos}sm a xja~mc xi}~hm id

u~ocm di~ lixs Xi}sj @i~makx" O hikhb}cm ny boxsokf di}~ mbmlmksx7 *1/ Hibc

Va~ ahjomtmlmksx" mhikilohabby vosj ~auoc f~ivsj" uibosohabby vosj fmk}okm

cmlih~asowasoik" lobosa~oby vosj f~ivokf hauahosy si ~mxoxs aff~mxxoik" akc

xihoabby vosj ~mla~ànbm linobosy akc mks~y oksi sjm oksm~kasoikab hill},

kosy0 *>/ sjm ‒@i~mak vatm“ ax okcohasoik id h}bs}~ab tosabosy0 *8/ acausanobosy

ok sjm uixs‘Hibc Va~ m~a" ~mxuikcokf si mhikiloh h~oxmx" xjivokf a xuo~os

id fmkm~ixosy si Ki~sj @i~ma vjmk uixxonbm" akc ahhmbm~asokf fbinabowasoik0

akc *3/ toxoik akc u~iloxm ax sjm dahobosasi~ id ~mfoikaboxl ok Ki~sjmaxs Axoa

sjas hi}bc ~mhikhobm xm~oi}x coddm~mkhmx ok ak a~ma vosj mzhmusoikab u~iloxm+

Hilua~mc vosj isjm~ xsasmx a~i}kc sjm vi~bc" Xi}sj @i~makx jatm alubm

~maxik si sa`m u~ocm ok sjmo~ kasoikab ocmksosy+

Mkckismx

1+ Catoc O+ Xsmoknm~f" mc+" @i~mak Assos}cmx siva~c sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx7 Hjakfokf Cykal,ohx *A~lik`" K+_+7 L+ M+ Xja~um" >55=/+

>+ Umsm~ Jayx F~omx" ‒Sjm @if}~yi Hiks~itm~xy" Kasoikab Ocmksosy" akc Xoki,@i~mak^mbasoikx Sicay"“ Maxs Axoa >>" ki+ 3 *Voksm~ >55=/+

8+ Fobnm~s ̂ iwlak" ‒Xi}sj @i~mak,Gauakmxm ̂ mbasoikx ax a Dahsi~ ok Xs}ksmc ̂ mfoikab,oxl"“ OÔ ̂ mtomv 11" ki+ 1 *Xu~okf >554/7 ??‘1>3+

3+ Fobnm~s îwlak" Xjok,vja Bmm" akc Ok,Sam` Jy}k" mcx+" Xi}sj @i~mak Xs~asmfohSji}fjs siva~c Axoa *Kmv _i~`7 Uabf~atm" >55:/+

=+ Hj}kf,ok Liik akc Xm}kf,Vik X}j" ‒Ocmksosy Uibosohx" Kasoikaboxl" akc sjm D}s}~mid Ki~sjmaxs Axoak I~cm~"“ ok Sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx akc Ki~sjmaxs Axoa7 Cmnasmx" Oxx}mx"akc Kmv I~cm~" mc+ F+ Gijk O`mknm~~y akc Hj}kf,ok Liik *Bakjal" Lc+7 ̂ ivlak $Bossbmfimbc" >55:/" 1?8‘>>?+

4+ Jajl Uyikf Hjiik" @i~mak G}~oxu~}cmkhm Uibosohx akc H}bs}~m *Xmi}b7 _ikxmo]kotm~xosy U~mxx" 1?:4/" 1:5‘?4+



:5 Ik @i~ma7 Tib}lm 8

6+ GaJy}k @ol Jani}xj" ‒Sjm Hikd}hoakowasoik id @i~mak Xihomsy"“ ok Sjm Maxs Axoak ̂ mfoik7 Hikd}hoak Jm~osafm akc Osx Licm~k Acausasoik" mc+ Fobnm~s ̂ iwlak *U~okhmsik7U~okhmsik ]kotm~xosy U~mxx" 1??1/" :3‘115+

:+ Fobnm~s ̂ iwlak" ‒Hak Hikd}hoakoxl X}~totm ok ak Afm id ]kotm~xaboxl akc Fbinab,owasoik9“ Uahofih Addao~x 6=" ki+ 1 *Xu~okf >55>/7 11‘86+

?+ Jajl Hjaoja~`" ‒ôs}aboxl akc Hikxsos}soikaboxl7 Coxu}sokf sjm ̂ }bm~‟x Bmfosolahyok a Hikd}hoak Uibosy"“ Alm~ohak Gi}~kab id Hilua~asotm Bav =6 *>55?/7 851‘4:+

15+ Fo,Vii` Xjok akc Lohjamb ̂ inokxik" mcx+" Hibikoab Licm~kosy ok @i~ma *Haln~ocfm7Ja~ta~c,Jabbyl Xm~omx ik @i~mak Xs}comx" 1???/+

11+ F+ Gijk O`mknm~~y" ‒Sjm Uibosohab Di}kcasoikx id Alm~ohak ̂ mbasoikx vosj Maxs Axoa"“

ok Sjm ]kosmc Xsasmx akc Ki~sjmaxs Axoa" mc+ O`mknm~~y akc Liik" 1?‘8:+

1>+ Lohjamb M+ ̂ inokxik" H}bs}~ab Kasoikaboxl ok Hibikoab @i~ma" 1?>5‘1?>= *Xmassbm7]kotm~xosy id Vaxjokfsik U~mxx" 1?:?/0 Jy}k Ob Uao akc Solisjy ^+ Sakfjm~boko" mcx+"

Kasoikaboxl akc sjm Hikxs~}hsoik id @i~mak Ocmksosy *Nm~`mbmy7 Okxsos}sm id Maxs AxoakXs}comx" ]kotm~xosy id Habodi~koa" 1??:/+

18+ Fo,Vii` Xjok" Msjkoh Kasoikaboxl ok @i~ma7 Fmkmabify" Uibosohx" akc Bmfahy*Xsakdi~c7 Xsakdi~c ]kotm~xosy U~mxx" >554/" 1:=‘>58+

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Xm~omx" toxos vvv+`moa+i~f+

South Korea's National Identity Sensitivity: Evolution, Manifestations, Prospects by Gilbert Rozman

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Transcript of South Korea's National Identity Sensitivity: Evolution, Manifestations, Prospects by Gilbert Rozman