LESSON 1:

LIFE BEFORE THE CIVIL WAR• Middle Class – independent farmers, lawyers, doctors, and

MERCHANTS, people who buy and sell goods

• Life on a Plantation:

• On a large plantation, a planter might use an OVERSEER, a person who managed the workers.

• Enslaved people lived in small, one room cabins and worked long hours tending crops, working as carpenters, blacksmiths, maids, cooks, and butlers.

• Life on a Small Farm:

• Many farm owners were YEOMAN FARMERS, farmers who owned a small amount of land and worked it themselves. Some yeoman farmers were even freed African Americans.

• Life in the City:

• All different classes of people lived and worked in large cities including freed slaves that worked as ARTISANS, or skilled workers, such as tailors, barbers, butchers, and bakers.

USE A MAP SCALE

• A MAP SCALE is a short measurement tool that allows a person using a

map to measure very long distances, such as mile or kilometers.

• Use a ruler to figure out the distance between two places.

LESSON 2:

COTTON AND SLAVERY• The invention of the cotton gin made cleaning cotton fast and easy. How

did this affect the farming of cotton? 50% of people living in South Carolina were enslaved.

• Life of enslaved people on a cotton plantation:

• Farmed six days a week

• Given water and food made from corn

• When work was finished, some fished and planted gardens

• Some had other jobs: carpenters, boat builders, tool makers, blacksmiths, or household workers

• ABOLITIONISTS, or people who worked to end slavery, ran the Underground Railroad

• Slavery began to divide the country:

• North – “free” states; South – “slave” states

• The North did not want to return fugitive slaves to the South

• Congress made California a free state

• Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law

LESSON 3:

SOUTH CAROLINA LEAVES THE UNION• South thought slavery was necessary to the economy and it gave

enslaved people a better life; North disagreed.

• South Carolina feared Abraham Lincoln would end slavery and ignore

their state’s rights; they decided to SECEDE, or break away, from the

U.S. and start their own country at the Secession Convention.

• Other Southern states followed South Carolina and formed the

Confederate States of America, or the Confederacy; the North became

the Union.

• The Civil War begins:

• Union wanted control of all federal forts

• Fort Sumter was under Union control; Confederates wanted them to leave

so they fired the first shots

• Union and Confederacy gathered troops to start a war

LESSON 1:

THE WAR BETWEEN THE STATES• Strengths and Weaknesses:

• Union – larger army, more factories and railroads

• Confederacy – where most fighting took place, knew the land well

• Union set up a BLOCKADE, ships or soldiers to stop supplies or people

from entering or leaving a place. How did this affect South Carolina?

• Sherman’s March:

• Union General William T. Sherman and his army marched through Georgia

toward South Carolina burning towns and plantations.

• The Civil War ends:

• Sherman’s March destroyed much of South Carolina

• Confederate forces had few supplies and soldiers left

• Confederate General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union General

Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House in Virginia in 1865

USE A CROSS – SECTION DIAGRAM

• A CROSS – SECTION DIAGRAM is a picture or a drawing that shows

you what is inside and outside of building, machine, or object. Part of

the diagram are often labeled.

• It can help you understand how the parts of a building, a machine, or an

object fit together or how it works.

LESSON 2:

THE EFFECTS OF WAR• South Carolina’s Suffering:

• Towns and farms were destroyed including Columbia and Charleston

• Railroad tracks were ripped up

• Livestock was gone

• Most people needed food and shelter; had little money

• Many plantation owners lost their land because they could not operate or pay

taxes

• Banks closed and people lost their savings

• End of Slavery

• Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863

• Thirteenth Amendment was passed that ended slavery throughout the nation in

1865

• Many Southerners did not want to change and were against laws and

organizations that helped FREEDMEN, or people who had been freed from

slavery

• The Freedman’s Bureau helped newly freed African Americans by providing

food, medical care, and education

LESSON 2:

THE EFFECTS OF WAR• Changes to Farming:

• Most cotton plantations were broken up into smaller farms

• Many freedman stayed to farm the land

• SHARECROPPER, a person who farms land for the person who owns it;

the owner provided equipment, livestock, feed, and a place to live in

exchange for a large share of the crop grown on the land

• Freemen also mined PHOSPHATE, a mineral used as fertilizer

• Other Economic Changes:

• Towns grew around textile mills in rural areas

• Railroads were rebuilt and expanded; made it easier to sell textiles to

Northern cities

• CARPETBAGGERS, Northern business men who moved to the South

after the war; many Southerners thought they were taking advantage of

the South’s problems

LESSON 3:

REBUILDING SOUTH CAROLINA• Andrew Johnson became president after Abraham Lincoln was

assassinated.

• South Carolina had to rebuild and rejoin the Union. The period of RECONSTRUCTION, the act of rebuilding, began (1865 – 1877)

• Problems of Reconstruction:

• Southern states could rejoin the Union only if they agreed to certain terms:end slavery, 10% of voters had to pledge loyalty to the Union, form a new government, and write a new constitution

• Southern states passed black codes; this angered some members of Congress who thought Southern leaders should not have the power to make such laws

• Southern states were governed by U.S. military and would only leave if the states wrote a new constitution stating that ALL men would have the right to vote

• Reconstruction ended when President Rutherford B. Hayes ordered all U.S. troops to leave the South in the Compromise of 1877