SOUTH ASIA (CHAPTER 8). THE REALM Five Regions India Pakistan Bangladesh Mountainous North Southern...
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Transcript of SOUTH ASIA (CHAPTER 8). THE REALM Five Regions India Pakistan Bangladesh Mountainous North Southern...
SOUTH ASIA (CHAPTER 8)
THE REALM
Five Regions India Pakistan Bangladesh Mountainous
North Southern Islands
MAJOR GEOGRAPHIC QUALITIES OF SOUTH ASIA
Well defined physiographically The world’s second largest population cluster Low income economies Population concentrated in villages -
subsistence agriculture Boundary problems - Kashmir FEDERAL SYSTEM
ADOPTED BY INDIA IN 1947 PROVIDES REGIONS AND PEOPLES WITH SOME
AUTONOMY AND IDENTITY
Monsoons--“To know India and her people, one has to know the monsoon.”
--To the people of India, the monsoons are a source of life, but it also causes destruction.
-- Very distinctive seasonal precipitation regime
CULTURE
A culturally fragmented realm Religious and linguistic diversity Religious Patterns:
Islam is predominant in Pakistan and Bangladesh.
Hinduism is predominant in India, generally. Sikhism thrives in northern India. Buddhism is predominant in Sri Lanka.
CULTURE HEARTH The Indus River
Where an early culture emerged and developed Arts and trade routes emerged from isolated ethnic
groups and villages to towns and beyond. Hinduism emerged from the beliefs and practices
brought to India by the Aryans (6th century BC) Buddhism born of discontent; made the state
religion of India in 3rd century BC Islam swept through central India from the 8th -10th
centuries AD
EARLY CULTURE HEARTHS
LANGUAGES
RELIGION
HINDUISM
One of the world’s oldest religions
Diffused south and east down the Ganges River (see text for holy site).
Absorbed and eventually supplanted earlier native religions and customs
HINDUISM
Not just a religion; an intricate web of religious, philosophical, social, economic, and artistic elements
No common creed, no single doctrine No direct divine revelation No rigid narrow moral code
MAJOR TENETS OF HINDUISM
Three main ideas are important in understanding the Hindu religion and the Caste System
Reincarnation Karma Dharma
REINCARNATION
Every living thing has a soul.
When a living thing dies, its soul moves into another living creature.
Souls are reborn in a newly created life.
KARMA
Every action brings about certain results. There is no escaping the consequences
of one’s actions. Good behavior is rewarded when the
soul is reborn into a higher ranking living creature; bad behavior is punished when the soul is reborn into a lower ranking living creature.
DHARMA
A set of rules that must be followed by all living things if they wish to work their way up the ladder of reincarnation.
Each person’s dharma is different.
Puja or worship (also, Hindus do not eat beef)
Cremation of the dead
Regulations of the caste system (note video)
THREE BASIC PRACTICES
ORIGINS AND SPREAD OF BUDDHISM
Siddhartha Gautama (563 - 483 B.C.) – a.k.a Buddha. Born in Nepal.
Buddhism came from Hinduism (just as Christianity came from Judaism).
Emperor Asoka adopted it as the state religion (3rd Century B.C.)
Adherents object to harsher features of
Hinduism (e.g. Caste System)
Focuses on knowledge, especially self-
knowledge
Elimination of worldly desires,
determination not to hurt or kill people or
animals E. J. PALKA
FOUR “NOBLE TRUTHS” OF BUDDHISM Sorrow and suffering are part of all life.
People suffer because they desire things they cannot have.
The way to escape suffering is to end desire, to stop wanting, and to reach a stage of not wanting.
To end desire, follow the “middle path,” i.e., the path that avoids the extremes of too much pleasure and desire.
FALL OF BUDDHISM ON THE SUBCONTINENT
Hinduism was broad and tolerant, accepting many of the teachings of Buddha, so many stayed with Hinduism
Also, Buddhists in India were willing to compromise with the beliefs and customs of Hinduism
Final blow to Buddhism came in the 8th century, with the arrival of Islam, which:-- Destroyed the great Buddhist monasteries-- Burned libraries
-- Killed monks
Today there are only 1 million Buddhists in India – in the region where it started!
RELIGIOUS CONTRASTS
ISLAM Monotheistic No idols One sacred book Uniform dogma - 5 pillars Intolerant (of other religions) Eat beef/Sacrifice cows Bury Dead Social Equality (in theory) Theocratic society (state
religion encouraged)
HINDUISM Polytheistic Many idols Various sacred writings Varying beliefs Absorbed other religions Don’t eat beef/Venerate cows Burn dead (cremation) Caste separation Having the religion as part of
the “State” is of secondary importance
INDIA
INDIA ENCOMPASSES 3/4s OF SOUTH ASIA’S
TOTAL AREA A FEDERATION OF 28 STATES, AND 1
National Capital Territory. POPULATION OF 1.124 BILLION PEOPLE –
the world’s largest democracy. 28% URBANIZED 14 MAJOR AND NUMEROUS MINOR
LANGUAGES
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT (INDIA)
38% LIVE BELOW THE POVERTY LINE
A MIXTURE OF TRADITIONAL VILLAGE FARMING AND MODERN AGRICULTURE
HANDICRAFTS, OLD AND NEW BRANCHES OF INDUSTRY; CLOTHING INDUSTRY (note video)
MULTITUDE OF SUPPORT SERVICES AND NUCLEAR POWER
E. J. PALKA
E. J. PALKA
GREEN REVOLUTION THE SUCCESSFUL DEVELOPMENT OF HIGHER YIELD,
FAST-GROWING VARIETIES OF RICE AND OTHER CEREALS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES
INTERNATIONAL RESEARCH PROGRAM-1960s FOCUSED ON THE FOOD CRISES INCREASED PRODUCTION PER UNIT AREA VIA:
MIRACLE CROPS NEW IRRIGATION SYSTEMS INTENSIVE USE OF FERTILIZERS
INDIA’S GREAT CITIES MUMBAI (BOMBAY) - 18.9 MILLION
ACHIEVED “PRIMACY” BASED ON ITS SITUATION. It was the nearest Indian Port to Europe.
KOLKATA (CALCUTTA) - 14.6 MILLION 500,000 HOMELESS FORMER BRITISH COLONIAL CAPITAL (1772-
1912) DELHI (NEW AND OLD) - 16.2 MILLION
BRITISH AND INDIAN SEAT OF GOVERNMENT
West PakistanEast Pakistan
India
PAKISTAN (AT PARTITION, 1947)
PAKISTAN
ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF PAKISTAN
POPULATION OF 166.9 MILLION
80% SUNNI MUSLIMS; 16% SHIA MINORITY
34% URBANIZED
KASHMIR (Jammu and Kashmir)
Although its population is mainly Muslim, much of Jammu and Kashmir became part of India in 1947. India and Pakistan have fought two wars over the territory, and there has been a separatist insurgency in the area.
INDEPENDENCE & PARTITION FACED WITH THE CHOICE OF JOINING
EITHER HINDU INDIA OR MUSLIM PAKISTAN
HINDU MAHARAJA BUT MUSLIM POPULATION
JANUARY 1949 – U.N. CEASE FIRE 1980 to 88 – Muslim extremists continue
insurgency
BANGLADESH
INDEPENDENT SINCE 1971 FORMERLY EAST PAKISTAN (see previous slides) 85% MUSLIM, 12% HINDU 147.3 MILLION PEOPLE DENSITY = 3,914/sq mi 2.1% ANNUAL GROWTH RATE NATURAL HAZARDS – CYCLONES
THE MOUNTAINOUS NORTH
THE SOUTHERN ISLANDS
MALDIVES >1,000 ISLANDS <115 SQ MI / 300 SQ KMS POPULATION OF 300,000 OVERWHELMINGLY MUSLIM HIGHEST GNP IN THE REALM
SRI LANKA FORMERLY CEYLON INDEPENDENT SINCE 1948
SRI LANKA 20.1 MILLION PEOPLE (70% BUDDHISTS) PLANTATION AGRICULTURE:
TEA, RUBBER, COCONUTS
SOUTH (MAJORITY OF POPULATION) ARYAN BUDDHISTS SPEAK SINHALA (INDO-EUROPEAN)
NORTH (18% OF THE POPULATION) DRAVIDIAN HINDU TAMIL LANGUAGE
SRI LANKA SINHALESE vs. TAMILS TAMILS DEMAND EQUAL
RIGHTS:
-- EDUCATION
-- EMPLOYMENT
-- LAND OWNERSHIP
-- LANGUAGE AND POLITICS
LTTE – LIBERATION TIGERS OF TAMIL EELAM
E. J. PALKA
E. J. PALKA
E. J. PALKA
E. J. PALKA
E. J. PALKA