The implications of trust on moderating learner’s online interactionsA socio-technical Model of Trust

@ Sónia Sousa, 2012

CSEDU

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Research goal

Contemplate the trust role in supporting interactions

WHY TRUST….

4Because

• Trust is– a crucial element in human relations

• Trust has an important role in– Assuring the success of a interaction

• Influencing individuals predisposition to interact and share

• With trust– activities proceed more smoothly, – actions are more decisive, – people work with greater confidence.

(e.g. Coleman, 1988; Weber, 2003)

(e.g. Yan, 2010; Mcknight, 1996; Constantine, 2006, Preece, 2004)

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Because

• Trust engenders more efficient collaboration– Trusting

• Influences the level of commitment• Reduces the level of uncertainty• Connected with the believe that trustee actions will in

fact fulfill their needs.

• Trust is a fundamental conditions for influencing – Stable concerted social actions– Individual's active participation – Cooperation

(e.g. Fukuyama, 1995; Luhmann, 2000; Gambetta, 1998)

The research…

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The research

• The complex and dynamic nature of this research– is supported by an ongoing action research

procedure • This presentation contemplates efforts

1: To understand Trust2: To understand the problem in its context

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Research procedure

How?

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Stage 1 (the process)

• Identify most common trust notions – Design a concept map

• Provide a unified view of possible trust implications in – today’s social learning structures

• Identify a Trust social-technical model – Which,• Examines and describe the trust influence in learner’s

interactions.

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The unified view

• Trust multidisciplinary nature– Makes possible to find a considerable debate

about • What trust is • What it represents• How can influence a determine context

• But, in one thing most agrees on– Trust does have an important role in forming

relations• Either when examined from a more interpersonal

perspective• Or when analyzed from a more social system

perspective

in terms of literature research or of everyday use

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• Trust represents,– a process of believing • Identify if he/she is capable of doing what is expected

– a degree of uncertainty• While some are more willing to take the risks others

don't

• The risk is a constant in the relationship – The presence of trust will reduce the risk of group

interaction failure.

Trust (associated notions)

weber03, Garfinkel, Luhmann00, Lewis85

Reflection

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• People's trust predispositions lies on– how he/she perceives the uncertainty the situation,– how he/she believes that trustee actions will in fact

fulfill their needs; and– how he/she is committed to the process.

• Trust depends much on– How we determine if a situation is in fact

trustworthy?O’hara 2009

Coleman 1988, Gambetta1998, Luhmann 2000

Trust (Associated notions)

Reflection

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How to determine if a situation is in fact

trustworthy?

By observing the trust warranty signsBacharach et. al., 2007

15The trust attributes identification1. What are the incentives to be involve– Lead to believe that trustee actions will in fact fulfill

their needs.

2. Available trust warranty signs – how he or she perceives the uncertainty the situation.

3. The reliability of the trust warranty signs – how committed are the involving parties to the

relation (cooperation).

4. The trust in the technology factor – Individuals reactions, intentions to use and actual use

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1. What lead to believe in trustee actions– Predisposition to trust

• Inclination to depend on another with a felling of relative security• Level of commitment of both towards the situation

2. How he or she perceives the situation– Reciprocity

• Believing that other’s have confidence on my actions increases my motivation to trust and my disposition to trust

– Predictability• Be able to perceiving others' intentions in a given context• If the attitudes and behaviors match the expectations and performance

– Honesty• Open and transparent attitudes ensures security that person is not deceiving and

will act accordingly– As predictability, honesty is a belief that depends on perceiving nature of the intentions of

others

The trust attributes identification

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3. Level of commitment in the relation (cooperation)– Benevolence

• Observing attitudes of caring about the benefits of others • 'kindness' raises trustworthiness

– but, it needs for a declaration of good intentions which results in the increasing of confidence on others

– Competency• Confidence that all parts involved will act in a competently and dutifully way• Online identities and reputations

– background professional paths and achievements– photos, personal descriptions and aims, groups– style of writing, how they use the communication tool to interact and share

4. Technology factor (reactions, intentions to use and actual use)– Predictability

• Observing signs of interface stability (security)• User control (privacy)

– Competency • Tool efficiency

The trust attributes identification

18Trust social-technical model

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Validation

• Survey analysis explores individuals – underlying attitudes, behaviours and beliefs when build a

online relationships• Participants– 480 from those 340 were use in data analysis

• 89 weren’t consider invalid due to be incomplete

– All participants work on education contexts• Procedure– survey accounted for 2 main groups

• Demographic and background information• Connecting the trust attributes with individuals’ expectations when

interact online – Social, sharing and interaction dimension

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Trust social orientation

[Q1] What make someone trust in a particular person online?– Belief that others are friendly;– Belief that all parts will act and behave as expected (share ways

of doing things)– Belief that we share common social values and identities

• New trust sociability attributes– Reciprocity and respect – Reliability – Honesty, be kind, be friendly and sympathy – Empathy, common shared value, identities and interests, be a

known person

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Trust sharing orientation

[Q2] What is the most important feature for be willing to share information online

– Believe in the truthful nature of the sharing interaction– Privacy awareness – be sure that the shared information is not

threaten in some manner• believe that is safe to share (i.e. can control who will read or have access to

the information)

• New trust sharing orientation attribute– Honesty, transparency– Reliability– Respect – Empathy – Predisposition to share

22 Trust interpersonal activities

[Q3] What makes an important condition for communicate online?– Need for support– Sharing similar interests– Secure and predictable communication environments

• New trust interpersonal activities attribute– Honesty, transparency– Secureness and predictability– Share common interests– Receive support

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Results (conclusions)• Words associated with trust beliefs towards social orientation

– Reciprocity and respect – Reliability – Honesty– Empathy, be kind, be friendly and sympathy – Common shared value, identities and interests, be a known

person• Words associated with trust attitudes towards sharing

– Honesty, transparency– Reliability– Respect – Empathy – Predisposition to share

• Words associated with trust beliefs towards interaction– Honesty, transparency– Secureness and predictability– Share common interests– Receive support

24Future work (Ongoing work)• Provide a tool for the educators to– Monitor the evolution of students' trust through

time • Enabling to apply interventions to restore or increase

participation

• A tool that allow educators to – Construct trustful interactive learning scenarios– By enabling,• The detection of possible trust violations and allowing

to move towards practices of reconciliation.

25Future work (Ongoing work)• Proposal

– Design a strategic driven analysis which correlates• observed trust attributes with learners trust perceptions

– in three main course stages (before, during and after)

• Procedure– Identify instruments and mechanisms to Observe and Monitor trust

• Based on the proposed trust model

– What to observe and monitor• External factors

– the course design, planning and privacy issues

• Collaboration factors– Setting the climate, social Interactions, learning and sharing activities

• Community factors – learners guidance, supporting discussions, learners supported achievements,

teaching presence

Thank you for listening

27Results (concept map)

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Trust (associated words)

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How to…

Agudo 2009; Gambetta 1998; O’ Hara 2009; Constantine, 2006; Mcknight, 1996

• Observe the trust warranty signs– Assessing Direct observable signs

• e.g. physiognomic aspects and gestual signs • e.g. the communication tool, language and style of writing

– Assessing Indirect observable signs • e.g. signs that link trust vs distrust attitudes, • e.g. signs that link attitudes with the level of commitment

and expectations to fulfill initial goals

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@ Sónia Sousa, 2012

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References

Sousa, Sonia; Lamas, D. and Dias, P. (2011). The interrelation between communities, trust and their online social patterns. In Xia, F., Chen, Z., Pan, G., Yang, L. T., and Ma, J., editors, SCA2011 – International conference on Social Computing and its Applications, pages 980–986. IEEE Computer Society

Sousa, S. and Lamas, D. (2011). Emerging trust patterns in online communities. In CPSCom 2011: The 4th IEEE International Conference on Cyber, Physical and Social Computing. IEEE Computer Society.

Sousa, S., Lamas, D., and Dias, P. (2011b). A framework for understanding online learning communities. In Leung, H., Popescu, E., Cao, Y., Lau, R., and Nejdl, W., editors, ECEL 2011 - 7th International Conference on e- Learning, pages 1000—1004. Academic Publishers.

Vasconcelos, J. B., Sousa, S., Lamas, D. R., and Shmorgun, I. (2011). Tracking online learning communities using ontologies. In Ribiere, V. and Worasinchai, L., editors, Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Intellectual Capital, Knowledge Management & Organisational Learning, page 850. Academic Publisher.

@ Sónia Sousa, 2012