source plumbing

8/12/2019 source plumbing

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SOURCES OF WATERAvailable water

97% of the worlds water is in the saline ocean. Of this 3% is fresh,68.7% is in the form of snow and ice, mainly in the Polar Regions;30.1% is in groundwater aquifers,And just 0.3 % is in rivers, lakes or wetlands and0.9 % is others.

People can only directly access groundwater and river water which make up just 1% of the planets water and

most of this is not evenly distributed.

to make water more freely available to humans- build dams on river systems to store it,transfer it from one

area to another via pipelines.

Precipitation

is the primary source of all water available on the earth and includes rainfall, snow fall and hail.During its fall from the high altitude to the ground, it absorbs oxygen, carbon dioxide and other gases along with

dust,smoke, fumes and bacterias etc.Therefore, the rain contains large amount of impurities, the quantity ofwhich is maximum in the first rains and minimum in the last rains.

When precipitation occurs, part of it may evaporate and return immediately to the atmosphere, a part of it may

infiltrate the soil, and part of it may flow across the surface of the ground. This accounts for ground source andsurface source of water.

The water of precipitation further goes off in the following ways:
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Earth's_water_distribution.svg


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(i) Run-off:After precipitation, a portion of its water flows over the ground in the form of rivers andstreams and some water flows towards lakes and ponds and is collected there.

(ii) Percolation:A portion of precipitation percolates in the ground and is stored there in the form ofsubsoil or ground water.

(iii)

(iv) Evaporation: Some portion of the precipitation is also evaporated from the lakes, rivers, reservoirsand wet surfaces in the form of vapour due to suns heat.

(v)Transpiration: The roots of the trees absorb water from the ground and some portion of it

evaporates in the atmosphere through leaves in the form of transpiration.

Run-off

When the rain falls on the ground, a portion of it percolates in the ground, a portion evaporates and a portion

flows on the ground and reaches rivers and streams.

Some portion of water which percolates in the ground comes out in the form of springs etc. at few places

under favourable geological conditions and joins the streams.

In this way water reaches the streams from surface run-off and from springs or underground water flow.

The total quantity of water which reaches the streams or rivers both from surfaces flow as well as base flow is

knownas Run-off.

The run-off mainly depends on the following factors:

(i) Area of the catchment(ii) Slope and shape of the catchment area.(iii) The degree of porosity of the soil of the catchment area.(iv) Obstruction in the flow of water due to trees, fields, gardens, bunds etc.(v) Initial state of the catchment area with respect to the wetness.(vi) Intensity of rainfall in the catchment area.(vii) Interval between successive showers.

While designing the water supply scheme for a town or a city, it is necessary to determine the total quantity of

water required for various purposes of the city.

First duty is to determine the water demand of the city and then find out the suitable sources.

For big cities its not necessary to have only one water source or one water-works, they have one or more

number of waterworks distributed in their various localities for the treatment and supply of water.

Waterworks- Waterworks for public water supply includes a lake, spring, well, pump with or without motor andaccessories,reservoirs, cistern, tank, duct whether covered or open, water main, pipe, culvert, engine and anymachinery, land, building or a thing used for storage, treatment and supply of water.

Points to be considered while selecting the site for the sources of water for a water supply scheme :

1) Location- source should be as near as possible to the town/city to minimize the cost of conveyance.2) The reduced level(R.L.) of the intake point should be higher than that of the supply zone so that water can flowby gravity- otherwise pumping is needed which will increase the cost of the scheme.3) Quantity of water- source should be such that required quantity of water may be available throughout theyear to meet the water demand.4) Quality of water- cost of treatment depends on quality of water- bad quality requires excessive treatment andincrease the cost. But good quality requires less treatment-decreases the cost.


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A.Surface source of water

River

a) Rivers constitute the principal source of water supply for many cities.b) Some rivers are perennial and some are nonperennial.c) Perennial rivers are snow fed and thus have water throughout the yearshould always be selected for theschemed) Non- perennial rivers dry up wholly or partly in summerand come across heavy floods in monsoons. Damsare constructed on Non-perennial River so that water can be stored during floods, which can later be used insummers.e) In Rivers quantity of waterreliable but quality of waternot reliable. It contains silt and suspended impurities.f) In summer the quality of river water is better than that in monsoon, because in rainy season the run-off wateralso carries with it clay, silt, sand etc. which make the water turbid.g) The rivers, sometimes, highly contaminated due to the disposal of sewerage at inappropriate points in theriver.h) Thus, river water needs an exhaustive treatment before it is fit for drinking purposes.i) The quality of water differs at different points along the course of the same river. The quality of river water at itshead is good, but it goes on deteriorating as the river proceeds along its course.j) River water has selfpurification action, due to which it automatically cleans in some distance travel from thepoint of disposal of sewerage.

Stream

Suitable for small water supply scheme.Quantity of water may not be sufficient.

Ponds and Lakes

-Natural or artificial depressions where surface run-off is collected in rainy season is known as ponds/lake-Quantity not reliable

-Quality reliable-needs little treatment before use.-suitable for small water supply schemes.

Sources of Water

Surface sources

Rivers /Streams

Lakes

Ponds

Storagereserviors

Underground sources

Springs Wells

Artesian wellsDug wells /Draw wells

Shallow wells

Deep wells

Tube wells

InfiltrationGalleries

InfiltrationWells


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A natural lake represents a large water body having an impervious bed.

A pond is a man made body of standing water smaller than a lake.

Ponds are formed due to excessive digging of ground for the construction of roads, houses, etc and theyare filled with water in rainy seasons.

The water in ponds is very impure and thus, cannot be adopted as a source of water supply but can onlybe used for washing of clothes and animals.

Storage Reservoir

It is an artificial lake formed by constructing a dam across the river

At present, this is the chief source of water supply schemes to very big cities.

Function may be multipurpose. e.g. irrigation, hydro electric power generation, fishery, etc

.Quantity and quality both reliablealways preferred for large water supply projects.

B. Ground Source or sub surface sources

Infiltration is the process of soaking rain water by the ground.

Percolation is the movement of water in the soil.

Some of the moisture that penetrates into the soil replenishes the soil moisture or is used by growing plants

and returned to the atmosphere by transpiration.

Water that drains down below the root zone finally reaches a level at which all the voids in the earth are filled

with water. This is known as zone of saturation, and the water in this zone is called ground water.


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This water, called Ground water, is present in spaces between soil and gravel particles and cracks ingeological rock formations. It is not in the form of underground streams.

Groundwater is stored in the ground in materials like gravel or sand. It's kind of like the earth is a big sponge

holding all that water.

The upper surface of the zone of saturation, if not confined by impermeable material, is called the water-table.

Above it is the unsaturated zone and below it the saturated zone.

The depth of water table differs from place to place. The water table is dependent on many factors. Heavy

rains can caused due to rise and considerable extraction of groundwater, as is happening in most urban areas,may cause it to fall.

The surface of earth consists of alternate layers of pervious and impervious strata.

The pervious layers are those through which water can easily pass while it is not possible for water to go

through an impervious layer.

Materials like sand, gravel and fissured limestone are pervious layers and can hold water in them.

The pervious layers are known as aquifers or water bearing strata.

aquitard is a bed of low permeability along an aquifer like hard clayey soils do not give their water easily.

Materials like unfissured limestone and sandstone are impervious i.e. they do not allow water to pass

through them, thus, contain no water are called aquiclude (or aquifuge) underlying or overlying anaquifer

Some parts of the saturated zone contain more water than others. These parts are usually made up of very

permeable material and are called aquifers. Aquifers yield useful quantities of water when tapped by a well.

The water bearing stratum that creates a ground water reservoir and feeds well or springs is called an aquifer.

Sand and gravels are the most important aquifers.

Coarse sand with small gravel and kankar with rounded edges are strong indications of good water contents.

The finer the sand the less will its water yield be for the velocity of water cannot be high in fine sand.

Gravel and boulder strata also give good discharge.

Clay, although highly porous is so f ine grained as to be practically impervious.

The amount of water a material will hold is determined by its porosity. The porosity is the pore space betweenthe particles. Particle size has no effect on porosity, but gradation in particle size has a great effect on porosity.

Measurement of the velocity of flow of ground water: in very small size of grains the ground will not yield its

water readily. Course sands and gravels with steep gradients may have a velocity of 6 to 30 metres per day, finesands 15mm per day, while in very fine sands with flat gradients and sandstones of fine texture the flow may beonly 3 metres per year.

Permeability means the ability of the soil to permit passage of water. Permeability is due to small openings

between particles. Clay and top soils have low permeability and water passes through them with difficulty.

Aquifers can be of two typesunconfined aquifers and confined aquifers. The upper boundary of an

unconfined aquifer is the water table. If water in an aquifer is confined between rock layers of relatively lowpermeability, the aquifer is termed as confined.

A shallow dug well typically gets water from an unconfined aquifer.

Bore wells are usually dug deep and reach confined aquifers. It can take years (decades or millennia) for

water to reach these confined aquifers.

An unconfined aquifer is a water bearing formation, which has an impermeable layer beneath but no confining

layer ontop of the water level. The top of the water level is designated as the water table. Above the water table is theunsaturated zone and below it the saturated zone. The water in an unconfined aquifer is under atmosphericpressure.

A confined aquifer is a porous and permeable layer of rock that is sandwiched above and below by

impermeable layers of rock. These impermeable layers are called confining layers. The water in a confinedaquifer is under pressure (called hydrostatic pressure).

An artesian aquifer is a confined aquifer containing groundwater that will flow upwards through a well without

the need for pumping. Water may even spurt out of the ground if the natural pressure is high enough. An aquifer

provides the water for an artesian well. Porous stone of the aquifer is confined between impermeable rocks orclay. This keeps the pressure high, so when the water finds an outlet, it overcomes gravity and goes up insteadof down.


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Recharge or infiltration is process of surface water seeping into the ground (from surface water systems andrain). The rate of recharge depends on the geology of the place. The rate of recharge would be very low throughrelatively impermeable materials like clay and shale and faster through more porous sandy soils. It can takeanywhere between days and millennia for surface water to reach groundwater at different levels.

The natural movement of groundwater is very slow. Groundwater can emerge out in the form of a spring. It

also moves towards surface water bodies that are at lower levels.

Borewells draw water from confined aquifers. It takes very long for natural recharge into these aquifers. This is

not an unending source of water and one must realize that this finite source must be replenished adequately for itto be productive during times of need.

When the rate of water withdrawal from groundwater aquifers is greater than the rate of recharge of water into

these aquifers, groundwater is said to be overexploited.

Increasing demand for water and inadequate recharge is causing many groundwater aquifers to be

overexploited.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Artesian_Well_(PSF).png


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Sources of Ground Water

Free from suspended impurities i.e. clear and colourless

Contains dissolved minerals and gases.

Generally free from bacteria and other living organisms.

Springs


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Springs are formed when ground water appears at the ground surface as a result of overflow of ground water.

Thus, a spring is a site where the aquifer surface meets the ground surface.

Source of water supply for small towns-near hills or base of hills.

Some springs discharge hot water due to presence of sulphur and other minerals in their formations. These

hot springs cannot be used to supply water for domestic purposes.

Types of Springs

- Artesian Springs-Gravity Spring

Artesian springs occur when the groundwater, under pressure, finds its way to the land surface.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Artesian_Well_(PSF).pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Artesian_Well_(PSF).pnghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Artesian_Well_(PSF).png


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The spring flows because the pressure in the aquifer (water bearing soil or rock), which is covered by aconfining layer (clay or other impervious material), is greater than atmospheric pressure at the land.

When a pervious layer is sandwiched between two impervious layers, then artesian springs comes intoexistence.

Gravity springs are formed by water soaking into the ground until the water encounters a confining layer

that will not let the water seep further down.

The water then flows across the top of the confining layer until it reaches the ground surface.

Examples of gravity springs are-springs found in hillsides or cliffs.

When water table rises along a hill slope and water finds a path on the slope through which it rushes outby gravity (develop due to overflowing of water table).

Springs are surface or deep-seated depending upon the depth at which they are formed from thesurface of earth.


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Infiltration Well

To obtain large quantities of water, they are sunk in series in the banks of rivers.

The wells are closed at top and open at bottom.

They are constructed of brick masonry with open joints.

Manholes are provided in the top cover for the purpose of inspection.

Water infiltrates through the bottom of such wells and gets purified while passing through the sand bed.

Water from Infiltration wells gets collected in a jackwell. Water from jackwell is pumped to purificationplant for treatment.

Quality of water- good, requires less treatment

Quantity of water- suitable for small water supply scheme.

Infiltration Gallery

For tapping water from sandy river beds sometimes horizontal tunnels are constructed in the beds. These tunnels are generally made of concrete or brick (with weep holes) adjacent to the slope of a nala

or river.

Top is covered with RCC slab having manholes at some interval for cleaning and inspection.

Perforated pipe lines are connected to the tunnel through which water gets collected inside the tunnel.This tunnel is known as Infiltration Gallery.

These pipes may also be surrounded by a filter of gravel, pebbles, etc to check the entry of fine material.

The slope of the gallery is such that water inside the gallery flows towards a well which is known asSump Well.

Water is pumped from Sump Well and supplied to consumer after proper treatment.

Infiltration Gallery is useful source of water supply when ground water is available in sufficient quantity.

The usual depth at which these galleries are made is 5-10m.


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Wells

An artificial hole made into the ground for tapping underground water.

Types of well

1) Shallow wells

These are the wells dug in the upper most layer of earths surface and obtain their water supply from theground-watertable.

The diameter of the well varies from 6-18 feet and the depth is kept 20-25 feet below subsoil water-tableso that if the water table goes down by 10-15 feet in dry years, the well still yields water.

When wells are dug deep, their sides are lined with bricks or concrete.

The quality of water obtained from shallow wells is better than that water obtained from rivers but is stilldoubtful as it usually gets contaminated by discharges from nalas, soakpits, sewage farms and filters,septic tanks, etc.

It is thus advisable to construct these wells away from such sources of contamination.

Further, these wells are generally liable to intermittent pollution, so, samples of water should becollected and checked regularly, especially after rainfalls.

Since these wells do not give large discharges and moreover, the unreliable quality of water makes it

unfit for water supply schemes.

2)Deep wells or tube wells

Deep wells are drilled to obtain water from aquifer below an impervious layer.

A deep well gets its water supply from pervious strata, a long distance away.

During travel, the water gets thoroughly purified, but dissolves certain salts and thus becomes hard- it,thus, needs some treatment.

Deep wells are also referred to as pressure wells, as water is usually available at a pressure greaterthan atmospheric pressure.

A tube well is a deep well obtaining its supply from a number of aquifers through strainers.

These may go as deep as 1000 feet or more below ground.

Deep tube-well is a best source of water for any water supply scheme as water can be drawn by directpumping system and can be supplied directly to the consumers without any treatment.

A bore is drilled and in this a steel tube/pipe is inserted


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Blind hollow steel pipes/ perforated hollow steel pipes both are used.

Perforated /strainer pipe put against pervious layer

Blind pipe put against impervious layer

Water from pervious layer enters tube through perforations.


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Hydrology

Hydrology is the science which deals with movement of the water on the ground, under the ground,

evaporation from theland and water surfaces, and transpiration from the vegetation.

It also deals and includes the way of going back the water to the atmosphere from where it precipitates.

The water which goes in atmosphere by evaporation and transpiration and again comes back in the form of

precipitation under favourable climatic conditions is known as hydrologic cycle.


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HOUSE DRAINAGE SYSTEM

Components of House drainage system- TRAPS WITH TYPES , TYPESOF PIPES AND TYPES OF PIPING SYSTEMS

i) Sanitary fittings-Wash-basins, bathtubs, sinks, Urinals,Water closets, flushing cisterns.

ii) Pipes- Waste Pipe, Soil pipe, Vent pipe, anti-siphonage pipe,rain water pipe.

iii)System of piping- One- pipe System, Two- pipe System,Partially Ventilated One- pipe System, Single Stack System.

iv) Traps- Floor trap (Nahani trap), Gulley trap, Intercepting trap.Depending upon the shape- P-trap, Q-trap and S-trap,

v) Underground drainvi) Manholes

SANITARY FITTINGS

The sanitary fittings indicate all the fittings or appliances used for collection

and discharge of soil or waste water.

Different sanitary fittings perform different types of functions.

They are normally made of ceramics, glazed fire-clay, glazed earthenware, orglazed chinaware.


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The fittings are so designed so as to have non-absorbent surfaces which can

be easily cleaned.

1. Washing basins2. Bath tubs3. Kitchen sinks4. Urinals5. Water closets (WC)6. Flushing cistern for water closets

WASH-BASINS

A wash basin is used for washing hands, face, etc.

It is available in various patterns and sizes.

Normally oval shaped bowl type wash basin with overflow slot is used in

houses.

The wash basin is normally mounted on angle irons fixed on the wall.

The wash basin at times provided with two taps-cold water and hot water.

The drainage hole is connected to the waste pipe either directly or through

bottle trap for discharge of waste water into the floor trap.

The top of wash basin is kept at 75 to 80 cm from floor level.


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BATH TUBS

Use of bath tub is restricted to a certain class of toilets and private residences.

Bath tubs may be precast or cast in situ.

They are made of enameled steel, gel-coated fibre glass, enameled porcelain,reinforced concrete finished with terra cotta or marble finishes, acrylic etc.


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It is provided with outlet and overflow pipes which are usually of 40 mm

diameter.

Provision is made for both hot water and cold water connections.

The length of bath tub varies from 1.75 to 1.85 m, width varies between 0.7 to

.75m and its depth near the waste pipe varies between 0.43 to 0.45m.

SINKS

Sink is used in kitchens, laboratories, etc.

It is made of stainless steel, plastic, marble, RCC with terrazzo finishing or

glazed chinaware, etc.


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It is a rectangular basin with or without overflow arrangement.

It has a circular waste hole with metal strainer to which the waste pipe is

attached for conveying the discharge from sink to the floor trap.

The kitchen sink is provided with the drain board.

width 450mm,

length 600mm

depth 250mm

pipe diameter 65mm and length of overflow slot =75mm minimum ht from top of the sink to the floor level =800mm


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URINALS

The urinals are of the following types:

1) Bowl type2) Slab or stall type3) Squatting urinal

Urinal fall under the category of soil appliancesand the discharge from the

urinal is connected to the soil pipe.

An anti-siphonage pipe is necessary for urinals located on different floors and

connected to a common soil pipe. (air vacuum thing ?)

TYPES OF URINALS

1.BOWL TYPE URINAL- these are available in two types:

(i) Flat back-These are oval-shaped, installed at a height of 500 mm from the

floor level and ht of the urinal is 440mm The urinals are screwed to wall.

(ii) Corner : These urinals are used in the case where two walls meet at rightangel.ht of urinal from the ground = 500mm and ht of urinal = 360 mm


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2.SLAB OR STALL TYPE: these are open smooth walled urinal, flushing bymeans of spread connected to automatic system. Ideal for public places.


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3.SQUATTING URINALS: these are used in squatting position. It is availablewith integral flushing holes.

WATER CLOSETS

The water closet is a sanitary fitting which collects human excreta and

discharges it into the soil pipe through trap.

There are three types of WCs

1) Indian Type or squatting type2) European type

3) Anglo-Indian type.

1.INDIAN TYPE WC

(i) Long pan pattern (length 450, 580, 680 mm)(ii) Orissa pattern (length 580, 630, 680 mm)(iii) Rural pattern (length 425mm)(iv)

It is usually made of porcelain and the pan and the trap are in two different

pieces.

The WC pan is fixed flush with the floor of the toilet.

The trap has an opening for anti-siphonage pipe.

The pan has the flushing rim having number of holes to spread the flush

water.

The excreta does not fall directly into the trap and there are chances for

excreta to become foul, if not properly flushed.

The contents of the pan are removed by the gravity flush of water.

It is fixed in squatting position at floor level.

A pair of foot rests is provided on either side of the pan for convenience.


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2.EUROPEAN TYPE WC


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3.ANGLO INDIAN TYPE WC

It has a pedestal fitting with inbuilt trap and it can be used in squatting as

well as sitting position. The excreta directly falls in the trap and thus can be easily flushed out.


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FLUSHING CISTERN

Flushing cisterns are provided for flushing the water closets and urinals.

They may be cast iron, vitreous china, or plastic.

For Indian type of WC, flushing cisterns are generally of cast iron provided at

a height of approximately 2m but for European type WC, it is provided at

height of 30 cm from the top of the pan or can be close coupled with

European WC. The capacity of cistern varies from 10-15 litres.

It is of two types

1.high Level cistern

is provided with a hanging chain by which it is operated.

2.Low Level cistern

is generally provided in European WC.

TRAPA trap is a fitting, or a part of sanitary appliance, which is designed to

hold a quantity of water. This water called the trapseal or water seal-acts as a barrier to prevent foul air or gases from the sewer or drain into

the building.A trap is merely a double bend or loop in the sanitary fitting, thedepth

of water seal being the distance of the first bend and the bottom of thesecond.

The deeper the seal the more efficient is the trap.

The depth of the water seal varies from 40 to 75 mm.

The trap should always be fitted close to the waste or soil fitting

unless the trap is an integral part of the fitting as in caseof European WC.

Requirement of a Good Trap:A good trap should possess the following qualities.

It should provide sufficient water seal.

Its interior should be smooth, so as not to obstruct the flow, and thusthe trap should be self- cleansing.


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It should be provided with an access door for cleaning.It should be made of some non-absorbent material.

The water seal of the trap can break under the following conditions:

(i) If there is any crack in the bottom of seal or the joint is faulty.(ii) If for a long time the seal is not in use, its water will evaporate in theatmosphere.

(iii) If due to blockage or any other reason there is increase in thepressure of the sewer gases, it will pass through the waterof seal.(iv) If partial vacuum is created in the sewer fittings, it will suck up theseal water. To avoid the breakage due to this reason,the portionbetween the trap and the soil pipe should be connected to the vent pipe.

TYPES OF TRAPSDepending upon the shape- the commonly used traps are P-trap, Q-trapand S-trap, named after the letters they resemble.


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They essentially consist of a U-tube which retains water acting as a sealbetween the foul gas atmosphere.


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Depending on the use and location, the various types of traps can bebroadly summarized as:

(i) Floor trap (Nahani trap)

(ii) Gulley trap(iii) Intercepting trap(iv) Grease and oil traps

(v) Silt trap.(vi) Bottle trap

Floor Trap Nahani trap)

Floor traps are provided in floors to collect waste water from kitchensinks, bathroom floors, washing floors, etc.

A floor trap forms the starting point of waste flow.

The trap is made of cast iron or PVC, provided with a removable

grating at top so as to prevent the entry of solid matter.

The depth of water seal of floor trap should not be less than 40 mm.


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Multifloor trap-Used in places where many sanitary fittings like wash-basins, sink, floordrainage are connected to a single floor trap.Use of multifloor trap is advisable to prevent the leakage due tofaulty/connections.


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GULLY TRAPWastewater from your kitchen and bathroom is piped to a gully trap

before emptying into the sewer. A gully trap is a basin in the ground witha water seal to prevent foul odours of the sewer reaching the surface.

The gulley trap is usually situated near the external face of the wall.

It disconnects the waste water flowing from kitchen, bathroom, wash-

basin and floors from the main drainage system.

This is a deep seal trap forming a barrier for preventing the foul gases

from house drain to the inside of the building. The water seal of about60-70 mm is provided in the gulley trap.

It is made of cast iron or glazed stoneware.


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Grating is provided on top to retain all solid matter.It is fitted in a small masonry enclosure to meet the requirements of

invert levels of waste pipes discharging into the gulley trap.

Gulley trap is provided in the waste pipe only.

The maximum distance between the gulley trap and the first manhole

should be 6m.


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INTERCEPTING TRAPThe house drain terminates into intercepting chamber through

intercepting trap.

This trap is provided at the last manhole, i.e. at the junction of house

drain (inspection chamber) and the public sewer so as to prevent theentry of foul air from public sewers to the house drain.

The trap is made of glazed stoneware with an inspection arm for the

purpose of cleaning or inspection.

The water seal is deeper than that of normal traps (not less than 100mm).

Though the use of intercepting trap is not essential, the provision of

this trap is sometimes made compulsory by the local authority and thus itis a matter of policy of local authority.

The waste is conveyed to the main sewer from the intercepting

chamber.

Main sewer carries the refuse to the treatment plants.

GREASE AND OIL TRAP These are chambers provided on the sewer line to exclude grease and oil

from sewage before it enters the sewer line.


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These traps work on the principle that grease or oil being light in weight floaton the surface of sewage.

Thus, the inlet pipe is near the top of the chamber and the outlet pipe is nearthe bottom.

The grease and oil traps are located near the sources contributing grease and

oil to sewage like automobile repair workshop, grease and oil producingindustries, garages, hotel kitchens, etc.

If grease or oil is not removed, it sticks to the sides of sewer, reducing itscapacity. Moreover, presence of grease or oil in sewer adversely affects thebiochemical reactions during sewage treatment.

SILT TRAP Silt traps are provided only in situations where the waste water carries large

amount of silt, sand, coarse particles, etc.

Silt traps work on the principle that silt, sand being heavier settle down in thechamber.

Silt trap is a masonry chamber where inlet and outlets are provided at thehigher level so that the silt, sand settle down

Provision of Cleaning Eye


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Bottle trap

Elbow is the term used for the fitting that makes an angle between twoadjacent pipes.


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House Drainage Plans-BASIC-

House drainage is based on water carriage system which covers installation

of sanitary fittings with their pipe connections to convey the waste to the

external soil and waste pipes.

The wastes are conveyed from soil and waste pipes to various trapswhich

are connected to the main underground drain.

This drain terminates in an intercepting chamber fitted with an intercepting

trapwhich disconnects the main drain from the sewer.

These sewers convey the waste to public treatment plants or to septic tanks. The pipes are also designed to carry off rain water from roofs, etc.


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(i) The drains should be laid in such a way so as to remove the sewagequickly from the building. The quick removal is governed by the fall ofthe pipes. The drains should be laid at such slope that self-cleansingvelocity is developed in them.(ii) All the drainage system should be properly ventilated on the houseside. The ventilation pipe should be carried sufficientlyhigh above the buildings. All the intercepting chambers should beprovided with fresh air inlets.(iii) All the drains should be laid in such a way so as to ensure theirsafety in future.

(iv) The drain should be laid in such a way that in future extension canbe done easily if desired.(v) If the quantity of sewage flowing in a pipe is small, an automaticflushing tank may be provided on its top for flushing it.(vi) All the waste water pipes, sweeping from house and bathwatershould discharge over gully traps and should be disconnected from thedrain. All soil pipes should be carried direct to the manholes without gullytraps.

RAIN WATER

is collected in separate inspection chambers because it isharvested for further use in building.

Extra water after harvesting flows into municipal drains.

Rain water collection is done but except the first rain as it is acidicin nature with lot of gases in it.Per 450 sq ft one Khurra isprovided

In case, sunken floor facility is not feasible in the bathrooms, P-traps canbe used outside the building wall to drain out thebathroom waste.

TYPES OF PIPEStack -is a general terms for any vertical line of soil, waste or ventpiping.


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Waste pipe: The term waste pipe is used to indicate the pipe whichcarries discharge from sanitary fittings such as bathrooms,kitchens, sinks, etc. except water closets, and convey the same to thehouse drain, soil or waste stacks.

Soi l pipe: The term soil pipe is used to indicate the pipe which carriesdischarge from soil fittings such as urinals, water closets, etc.

Vent Pipe: The vent pipe is a pipe provided to ventilate a housedrainage system and to prevent trap syphonage and backpressure.

Minimum size of pipes commonly used in house drainage is:(i) Underground sewers laid to slope- 100 mm dia(ii) Vertical soil pipe-100 mm dia(iii) Vertical waste pipe-50 to 75 mm dia

(iv) Branch soil pipe-60 to 75 mm dia(v) Rain water pipe-75 mm dia(vi) Waste pipe from individual kitchens, sinks, wash-basins, etc-40mmdia , GI pipe

Anti-siphonage PipeIn multistory buildings, if sanitary fittings on different floors are

connected by a single soil pipe or waste pipe, sudden flush of water fromthe upper floors sucks air from the branch pipes of the lower floors.


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This result in partial vacuum in the short branches drain pipes of thelower floors and subsequently breaks the water seal due to siphonicaction.

To prevent this, a separate pipe of smaller diameter is attached to thetraps of WCs on all floors which is opened at thetop.

This pipe is called antisiphonage pipe which supplies air to the short

branch drain pipe at the time of suction.

It also acts as a vent pipe.

When its two pipe system the diameter of pipe is small so when you

flush on upper floors the water goes like a bullet and break water seal onother floors, so need of antisiphonage pipe is much more than one pipe

system which is not less than150 mm dia so water do not come like abullet but flow around the pipe near its surface.


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System of Sanitary PlumbingAny of the following four systems can be used for the conveyance ofrefuse from the sanitary fittings to the house drain, dependingon the number of pipes used:

(i) One-pipe system,(ii) Twopipe system,(iii) Single stack system, and(iv) Partially ventilated single stack system

PIPE SYSTEMS

In two pipe system, the first manhole is directly connected to thesoil pipe of the building, and to the waste pipe of the buildingthrough a gulley trap.

In one pipe system, manhole is directly connected to the main soilwaste pipe.


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Manholes are placed immediately below the downtake pipe fromthe upper floors.

Manholes are generally circular, square, or rectangular in shape.

Minimum dimension should be 120 x 90 cm and a preferable

opening of 50 cm. Suitable steps usually of malleable CI are provided for entry.

A PCC base slab to support the walls of manhole.

In case s of large manholes, U-shaped smooth channelconstructed integrally with the concrete base of the manhole.

The side walls are usually constructed of cement brick work 250mm thick and corbelled to accommodate the frame of manholecover.

The inside and outside of the brick work is plastered 20 mm thick

in 1:2 CM. The cover and frame may be of CI or reinforced concrete.

The frame rests on concrete band and set in concrete mix so thatthe space between the top of the manhole masonry and the frameis completely filled and made watertight.

I) ONE-PIPE SYSTEMIn this system, only one set of pipes is used-main soil waste pipe and

main vent pipe.

All the contents of kitchen sinks, bathroom floors, wash basins and

water closets are discharged into a single pipe.

Soil waste pipe is directly connected to the building drain.

Gulley trap is not provided.The vent pipe of minimum 50 mm diameter provides ventilation to

water seals of all the traps.

All traps should have a minimum 75 mm deep water seal.


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ii) Two - Pipe System


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In this system, two sets of pipes are used for drainage-soil pipe withvent pipe and waste pipe with vent pipe.

All the contents of WC and urinals are discharged into soil pipe.

The waste pipe contains waste water from wash-basins, sinks,bathrooms floors, etc.

The soil pipe is directly connected to the building drains, whereas the

waste pipe is connected to the building drains through the gulley trap.

Both the pipes are provided with separate vent pipes.

Thus this system contains four pipes.

Two pipe system is good in terms that soapy water from bathrooms

and kitchen basins will go separately not killing some of the bacteriapresent in sewage which are required for the treatment of sewage in theseptic tank.

Dual systemone pipe comes from STP for reuse of water in-Horticulture-WC flushing-ACCooling tower where water is used as medium.


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III) SINGLE STACK SYSTEMThis system is having a single pipe for soil, waste and vent without

any separate ventilation pipe.

It uses only one pipe, which carries night soil as well as sullage and

the same pipe is extended up to 2 m above roof level with a cowl to actas vent pipe for removal of gases.

This is very economical system but all the traps should have a water

seal of not less than 75 mm to prevent breaking of water seal due tosiphonic action.


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IV) PARTIALLY VENTILATED ONE-PIPE SYSTEMThis is an improved form of single stack system, where the traps of

the water closets are ventilated, by a separatevent pipe, called relief vent pipe.

In this system, single soil cum waste pipe carries the discharge from

WC, urinals, bathrooms, sinks, etc.


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It differs from one-pipe system as the traps of soil fittings, i.e. WC andurinals only are ventilated through single ventpipe.


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