Source of Hindu law Traditional Source

Hindu Marriage Act -1955, Succession Act 1956 Hindu Minority and Guardianship Act 1956 Source of Hindu law

Traditional Source 1. Vedas 2. Smrithi

a. Dharma Sutra b. Dharma Shasthra c. Manusmrithi

i. Yajnavalkya ii. Narada

3. Nibhandas a. Mitakshara - Yajnavalkya b. Dhayabaka- Jimuthavahan

4. Custom ( 3 (a)) a. Local b. Family c. Caste or Community

Collector of Madhura v Moot Ramalinga – custom prevails text Baluswamy Reddiar v Balakrishna- marry daughter’s daughter

Modern Source 1. Equity, Justice Good Conscience 2. Judicial Precedent 3. Legislation

Salient Feature of Hindu Marriage act 1955 Perumal v Ponnu Swami Mohan Das v Devasom Board Outside country

Ramesh Kumar v Kannapuram Panchayath – Register marriage, japan wife, not domicile in India Soundur Gopal v Soundur Rajini – residing outside is also Hindu

Essential condition of validity of Marriage – sec 5-7 Registration of Hindu Marriage – Sec-8 Restitution of Conjugal Rights- Sec 9 Judicial Separations – Sec – 10 Void and Voidable marriage by decree of nullity – Sec – 11 – 12 Divorce – Sec – 13 Divorce by Mutual consent – Sec 13 B Legitimacy of child born in void and voidable marriage- sec 16 Punishment – Sec 18 Maintenance – Sec – 24 - 25 Essential of Hindu Marriage Act- sacrament and civil contract In 64 samskara marriage is one of the main. Nature of Hindu Marriage Anuradha v Mohandas – take care of wife and protect her from all calamities Objects of Hindu Marriage

1. Dharma Sampathi 2. Praja Sampathi 3. Rathi sukham

Forms of Marriage- Brahma, Daiva, Arsha, Praja Patyra, Asura, Gandharva, Rakshasa, Paisachika.

Marriage is civil contract – Mathusami v masilamani Essential of valid marriage under old Hindu law

1. Identification of caste

of 7 Family Law - Semester 2 Kerala University - 2017-2020

Read Anil K Nair Book, Before Reading This Short Notes ullaskrishnan.com/llb

2. Monogamy 3. Marriage ceremony 4. Sapinda Relationship

• Jimuthavahan theory ( oblation theory)- Pinda- 7 generations

• Vignaneswara Theory(particle of same body) 7 Father and 5 mother, 5,-3 5. Prohibited relationship 6. Prohibition of Sagotara and Sapravara

Conditions under Hindu Marriage Act 1955 1. Both Hindu

Sangeetha v Preston Gomes 2. Monogamy 3. Mental capacity

Alka sharma v Chandra Sharma – urinating in varandha 4. Prescribed Age

P Venkata Ramana v State 5. Should not come with degree of prohibited relationship

Balu swami Reddiar v Balakrishna – daughter’s daughter marriage 6. Parties should not be Sapindas 7. Marriage ceremonies

Bibba v Ramkali

• Kanyadhan

• Homa or Vivaha Homa and saptapadi

• Free consent Pawan kalyan v Nandini

Doctrine of Factum Valet – quod fieri non dabuit – what ought not have been done is valid when done.

Doctrine applies when a normal obligation not a legal prohibition – step mother sister, wife sister… Venkataramana v State – child marriage neither void nor voidable. They continue to be valid even punishable.

Matrimonial remedies 1. Restitution of Conjugal rights – sec 9 2. Judicial Separation – Sec 10 3. Void and Voidable Marriage – Sec -11 and 12

Nullity and Annulment of Marriage 4. Divorce sec 13 5. Divorce by mutual consent – 13 B

Restitution of Conjugal Rights- sec 9 Kanthimathi v S Parameshwar Iyer- need to avoid parents to stay along with husband Mirchumal V Devi bai – resign job, dismissed Jagadhish v Syama – sex life, Pallavi Bharadwaj v Pratap Chauhan- black mailing

Judicial Separation – sec 10 Grounds available for Both -Adultery, Cruelty, Desertion, Conversion , Unsound mind, leprosy, Venereal disease, Renunciation of world, Presumed death (7 years) Available for Wife alone- Bigamy, rape sodomy or bestiality,No-resumption of cohabitation after decree, option of puberty.

Shyam Chand v Janaki – beaten up, cow shed, away from children Shakunthala v Om Prakash – desertion, cohabitation end , two years Void and Voidable Marriage – Nullity of marriage Valid -Sec – 5 Void and Voidable – sec 11 & 12 Void marriage – void ab initio- sec 11

1. Marriage at the time spouse living R K Acharya v J R Thripathy – spouse living



2. Parties marriage within prohibited relationship 3. Sapindas

Voidable marriage – sec 12 1. Impotence of respondent

Monnia Khosala v Amar Deep Khosala – consummation imperfect Samar Son v Sadhana Son – uterus removed

2. Mental incapacity Alka sharma v Chandra sharma – wife cold, frigid, urinate

3. Consent from fraud or force Ayyasamy v paramasivam- misrepresentation

4. Pregnancy per alium Legitimacy of children from voidable and void marriage- sec -16

Ground for Divorce under – Hindu Marriage Act- Sec 13 , 13 A- Judicial separation, 13B- Mutual 1. Adultery

Thimmappa v Thimmava – not in house, bad circumstances Pattayar Ammal v manikam – proof for adultery not necessary

2. Cruelty Suseela v Mohan das- harm to reputation and social position also Gangadharan v Thankam – mental cruelty

3. Disertion a. Actual separation or withdrawal from cohabitation ( factum separation) b. Withdrawal from cohabitation- intently – animus desertendi

Savithri v Prem Chandra 4. Conversion

Sarala v Union of India- husband convert to Muslim and marry- second marriage is void

5. Unsoundness Mind Lissy v Jaison

6. Leprosy Swarajya laxmi v G G patma Rao – doctor husband file suit

7. Venereal Disease 8. Adoption of Religious order – Sanyasi, Vanaprastha 9. Presumption of Death - seven 10. Non resumption of Co-habitation – file judicial sep or RCR

Wife alone 1. Bigamy

Mandul Nagana v Lakshmi Bai 2. Rape sodomy or bestiality

Ganesh v maya Sundari - beastiality 3. No-resumption of cohabitation-Maintenance decree-e1 year 4. Repudiation

Kamales v Chamel Singh

Judicial Divorce

Sec 10 Sec 13 and 13B

Conjugal Right Suspended Marriage dissolved

It keeps Marriage Puts and End

Cannot remarry can remarry

object to unite live independently

A single instance of adultery sufficient

Living in an adulterous relationship necessary.



Only one stage of judgement. If grounds are satisfied, decree granted.

Judgement is a two-step process. First reconciliation, then divorce.

Can file a petition at any time post marriage

Can file only after completion of one year of marriage.

Divorce by Mutual Consent – sec 13 B

Saju S nair v Bindu – in same house different house- Dr B Prasad v Deepthi- no possibility, then no six period Goel v Rohini – six month ony by SC Art 142, no other court can grand that

Doctrine of Irretrievable Breakdown of marriage Extra ordinary article 142 Anil Kumar jain v maya jain Maintenance Pending Litigation and Permanent Alimony and expense of proceedings- sec 24 Kanchan v kamalendran – husband mentally ill Padmavathi v C lakshminarayana- payment should be liable for both side Permanent Alimony and maintenance – Sec – 25 Kalyan v Rita Sec 125 - 128 of CrPC -define maintenance Adoption – Hindu Adoption maintenance Act 1956 sec 5 - 17 Male adoption

Guramm v Mallappa – adoption,wife pregnant is not valid, thathakutty v kittamuthu Kashibai v Parvathibai – male hindu adopted a son without consent of wife, not valid

Female Adoption D R Patil v SR Patil -mother not 21 years older than son

Jai Singh v Shakunthala – taking adoption from family guardian Doctrine of Relation back Adoption –son couldn’t claim share of deceased father- Not applicable now Presumption of adoption – sec 16- by signed document Jai singh v Shakuntala-This can be rebutted by adducing evidence Hindu Wife to separate Residence and maintenance from HAM act 1956 Her- Sec -18 Desertion, cruelty, diseases, another spouse, keeps her as concubine etc.. Sivan Kutty v Komalakumari- Interim Maintenance Unmarried daughter can claim maintenance- Sec 20 Adoption and Maintenance act 1956 Adoption and Maintenance act 1956 Capacity of Male – sec 7 Capacity of Female- sec 8 Maintenance Anil Kumar v R Nair – basic requirement of life, responsibility of parents Maintenance of Wife- Hindu marriage act sec 24-25, Cr PC sec 125, HAM – sec 18 Hindu Minority and Guardianship act 1956 Vijaya Lakshmi v The inspector of Police -father converted, so mother is the guardian Kinds of Guardian

1. Natural Guardian 2. Testamentary Guardian – guardian appointed by will 3. Guardian appointed by court – sec 13 4. De-facto Guardian – a guardian without legal right- grand father or mother -sec 11 5. Adhoc guardian- temporary period 6. A guardian a litem- appointed to defend an action on behalf of minor or person under

disability Vijaya Lakshmi v Inspector of Police – convert father converted to muslim Ramdas Menon v Sreedevi – without court consent, minor alienation property, transfer is void Sundar Murthy v Shanmuganadar- Mother cannot be guardian if father lives



Mohini v Virendra Kumar – son up to age 11, mother entitled to guardianship and custody of minor

Muslim law Sulaiman v Broadway Juam -ath Palli – one god and Mohammad is his prophet is a Muslim Arabian Peninsula- 571 AD- Mohammad born at Mecca- battel of badar Succession – Caliphate- Sunni and Shias Sunni- Disciples, Vote, elected Shia- Hereditary

Sources of Muslim law Sources of Muslim law

• Ancient source o Quran o Hadith o Ijma o Quiyas

• Custom o Urf

• Modern source o Equity o Judicial Precedents o Legislation

Shyara Bano v Union of India – Quran, Hadith ( Sunnah), Ijma, Qiyas Holy Quran – First Source of Law

School of Muslim Law Sunni School

1. Hanafi- Kufa 2. Maliki 3. Shafei 4. Hanbali

Shia School 1. Ismailiyas 2. Immamia 3. Zaidyas

Essentials of Valid marriage under Muslim law Abdul kadir v Salima – civil contract Essential of Muslim

1. Capacity to Marry- Sadiqu Ali Khan v jai Kishori - puberty 2. Proposal and acceptance 3. Witnesses- sunni necessary , shia not necessary- Nikha nama and kabin nama 4. Fee consent- hasari kutti v jainabha – puberty, no consent

Ayub hassan v Aktarri- guardian near no consent , then void 5. No Legal Disability

1. Absolute Prohibition/ Absence of Impediments 1. Marriage between person comes with prohibited relationship

i. Consanguinity- blood relations ii. Affinity- some female

iii. Fosterage-Suckled by a woman 2. Polyandry- female cannot

2. Relative Prohibition 1. Marrying Fifth wife 2. Unlawful conjunction

Chand Patel v Bismillah Begum- wife sister 3. Absence of Proper witness 4. Difference of Religion



Abdul Rahim v Julaiga Beevi- fire worshiper 5. Marriage during Iddat

Kinds of Marriage

1. Valid / Sahih marriage 2. Void / Battle Marriage 3. Fasid / Irregular marriage

Iddat Divorce – three months Death- 4 months and 10 days Pregnant-after delivery 4 Talaq- three Khilafat us Sahiha ( Valid retirement) Muta Temporary marriage- sunni law not recognised Presumption of Marriage – Nikha Nama not found- circumstances can be taken

1. Prolonged and continuous cohabitation Gazaufar Ali v Fathima - prostitute

2. Confirmation with both 3. Children born , as presumption

Restitution of Conjugal Rights Jain v Mohammed Khan- wife refuse to live

1. Validity of marriage Bakh v Quin Din- marriage iddat

2. Legal cruelty Itwari v Ashgari- two marriage

3. False charge adultery 4. Non Payment of prompt Dower

Abdul Khadir v Salima- mahar not paid wife not going back, not valid Jactitation of marriage False comment as marriage completed Dower or Mahar

Abdul Khadir v Salima- mahar not paid wife not going back, not valid 1. Specified Dower – mahar ul mussamma – amount is stated

a. Prompt dower – mujjal mahar b. Deferred dower- mawajjal mahar

Sheik Muhammed v Aysha Bibi – not divided then prompt 2. Proper Dower – amount not stated

o Confirmation dower o Remission o Nature and Enforcement

Right if Non Payment of Dower 1. Refusal to Co Habit

Bibi v Zaheer Sha 2. Right to Sue

Kapoor Chand v Niza Beegum 3. Right to retain Property

Hussai v Rahim Khan Talaq Sunni law it should be written talaq nama Shamim Ara v State of UP- valid reason- SC Different Modes of Talaq

▪ Talaq Ahsan ▪ Talaq Hasan ▪ Talaq Ul Biddat – single Thur



Ummer farooque v Naseem-valid reason Divorce by Judicial

o Lla- no intercourse for 4 months o Zihar – prohibited relations- wife has right for o Lian- false allegation o Fask and Thafrid- mutual consent

Divorce by Wife Talaq I Tafeez- second marriage- first wife have right Divorce Mutual Consent

o Khula – divorce at the request of wife Juveria v Atif mansooori

o Mubarth Ground under Dissolution of marriage

1. Absence of husband 2. Failure to move provide maintenance 3. Imprisonment of husband 4. Impotency of husband 5. Insanity or leprosy 6. Option of puberty 7. Cruelty 8. Perform martial obligation 9. Other grounds

Apostasy – Effect of conversion to another religion Muslim marriage will dissolve Abdul Rahman Kutty v Aysha beebi – four months Muslim law no adoption – only paternity Muhhamad Allahabad v Ismail – valid inheritance , property Custody Rohan fathima v Syed badimuddir – sunni law , child with mother 7 years Aiysakutty v Abdul samad- chile custody father, after mother died Guardian for property of Minor

▪ Legal ▪ Testamentary ▪ De facto guardian ▪ Court appointed Immam Bandi v Mutsaddi

Nafqah- Maintenance Abdul Kabeer v Aboobaker Special marriage act 1954 Family court act 1984 Christian marriage Act 1872

Divorce Act 1869

• Ground available for divorce – sec 10

• Mutual Sec -10

• Nullity sec 18

• Judicial sep sec 22

• RCR 32



Source of Hindu law Traditional Source

Documents

Transcript of Source of Hindu law Traditional Source