Sound

• Sound - A wave which is created by vibrating objects and transmitted through a medium from one location to another.

• Auditory – having to do with hearing

Pitch

• Frequency – number of cycles per second as expressed in the unit Hertz.

• Hertz – A unit expressing the frequency of sound waves. One Hertz, or 1Hz, equals one cycle per second.

Pitch

• The greater the number of cycles per second, the higher the pitch.

• The greater the number of cycles per second, the higher the pitch.

Loudness

• Amplitude – height• The higher the

amplitude of a wave, the louder the sound.

• Decibel – A unit expressing the loudness of a sound. Abbreviated dB.

Highest Frequency? Loudest? Highest Amplitude? Highest Pitch?

A. B.

C.

Balance• The body’s sense of balance is regulated

by the vestibular system inside the inner ear.

• Its prominent feature is the three semicircular canals.

• The stimuli for vestibular responses include movements such as spinning, falling, and tilting the body or head.

How Does Sound Move Through the Ear?

• http://www.oticon.com/eprise/main/Oticon/com/SEC_AboutHearing/LearnAboutHearing/Products/SEC_OtiKids/Kids/AboutHearing/CNT10_HowDoesTheEarWork%20

VIDEO: GATEWAYS TO THE MIND!

http://web.mit.edu/synesthesia/www

CONDUCTION DEAFNESS

SENSORYNEURAL DEAFNESS

STIMULATION DEAFNESS

Conduction Deafness

• Caused by the failure of the three tiny bones inside the middle ear to pass along sound waves to the inner ear or the failure of the eardrum to vibrate in response to sound waves

• Possible cause is a build-up of fluid

• Hearing aids • Normal hearing may

return.

Sensory-Neural Deafness

• Damage to the inner ear. Most often caused by loss of hair cells that will not regenerate.

• Damage to the auditory nerve.

• Cochlear implants can help patients with this form of deafness.

Stimulation Deafness

• Exposure to very loud sounds

• Prolonged exposure to 85 dB can cause stimulation loss.

• Ringing sound can mean hair cells have been damaged

The nose knows!

Articles: “Fragrances Enhance Emotion, Chemistry” et. al.

Sensations are created by chemical reactions on your taste buds

Taste is heavily influenced by smell – this is called sensory interaction

TASTE QUALITIESTASTE QUALITIES

(taste is a bunch of B (taste is a bunch of B S’s!)S’s!)

•BBitteritter

•SSourour

•SSaltyalty

•SSweetweet

FLAVOR DEPENDS ON…•Temperature

•Odor

•Texture

•Taste(I T.O.T.T. you about flavor)

http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1813416Study: Tastes Form in Infancy

Touch and Pressure

• Sensory receptors located around the roots of hair cells fire when surface of skin is touched.

• There are at least 6 basic types of touch receptors in your skin.

• One for hot, cold, pain, pressure, touch, and fine touch.

SKIN SENSES*Vision is usually the most dominant of the senses*

• Touch

• Pressure

• Warmth

• Cold

• Pain

TOUCH & PRESSURE

Two-Point Threshold – to assess sensitivity to pressure –

The least distance by which two rods touching the skin must be separated before the subject will report that there are two rods, not one, on 50% of occasions

Most sensitive – fingertips, lips, noses and cheeks

1. nerve endings are more densely packed in the fingertips and face than in other locations

2. a greater amount of sensory cortex is devoted to the perception of sensations in the fingertips and face

TEMPERATURE

Warm & Cold receptors – they adapt and sometimes they fire simultaneously

PAIN

*Pain is a signal that something is wrong with the body* NO KIDDING!

*Originates at the point of contact*

*Release of various chemicals*

*Inflammation attracts infection-fighting blood cells*

GATE THEORY – pain messengers can’t get through

ENDORPHINS – Bodies natural pain killers (Chapter 2 page 47)

ACUPUNCTURE – ancient procedures/releasing endorphins

PLACEBO – bogus treatment

PAIN MANAGEMENT

Accurate Information

Distraction & Fantasy

Hypnosis

Relaxation Training

Coping with Irrational Beliefs

KINESTHESIS – The sense that informs us about the positions and motion of parts of our bodies

VESTIBULAR SENSE – The sense of equilibrium that informs us about our bodies’ positions relative to gravity