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Sound Directions
Digital Preservation and Access
for Global Audio Heritage
Indiana UniversityHarvard University
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Archives of Traditional MusicArchives of Traditional MusicIndiana UniversityIndiana University
Established 1948 (or 1954?)Established 1948 (or 1954?)110,000 recordings110,000 recordings1890s to present1890s to presentField—30%Field—30%World music traditionsWorld music traditionsEndangered/extinct world languagesEndangered/extinct world languages
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Collaboration between Harvard University and Collaboration between Harvard University and Indiana UniversityIndiana UniversityPhase 1 an R&D project funded by NEHPhase 1 an R&D project funded by NEHFocus on preservationFocus on preservation
Sound DirectionsSound DirectionsDigital Preservation and Access Digital Preservation and Access
for Global Audio Heritagefor Global Audio Heritage
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Sound DirectionsSound DirectionsDigital Preservation and Access Digital Preservation and Access
for Global Audio Heritagefor Global Audio Heritage
Project PartnersProject Partners
Archives of Traditional Music, Indiana UniversityArchives of Traditional Music, Indiana UniversityArchive of World Music, Harvard UniversityArchive of World Music, Harvard UniversityHarvard College Library Audio Preservation Harvard College Library Audio Preservation ServicesServicesDigital Library Program, Indiana UniversityDigital Library Program, Indiana UniversityOffice for Information Systems, Harvard UniversityOffice for Information Systems, Harvard University
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Sound DirectionsSound DirectionsDigital Preservation and Access Digital Preservation and Access
for Global Audio Heritagefor Global Audio Heritage
ObjectivesObjectives
Research best practices in areas without Research best practices in areas without standards or best practicesstandards or best practicesDevelop best practices to meet existing Develop best practices to meet existing and emerging standardsand emerging standardsTest existing and emerging standards/best Test existing and emerging standards/best practices with a real world projectpractices with a real world project
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Sound DirectionsSound DirectionsDigital Preservation and Access Digital Preservation and Access
for Global Audio Heritagefor Global Audio Heritage
ResultsResults
Publication—Publication—Sound Directions: Best Practices for Audio Sound Directions: Best Practices for Audio PreservationPreservationSoftware toolsSoftware toolsDevelopment of audio preservation Development of audio preservation systemssystemsPreservation of field collectionsPreservation of field collections
www.dlib.indiana.edu/projects/sounddirections
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Audio Preservation SystemsAudio Preservation Systems
Standards and Best PracticesStandards and Best Practices
Ensure QualityEnsure QualityProvide Philosophical/Ethical FoundationProvide Philosophical/Ethical FoundationEncourage SustainabilityEncourage SustainabilityFoster InteroperabilityFoster InteroperabilityProvide a Migration PathProvide a Migration Path
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Audio Preservation SystemsAudio Preservation Systems
Standards and Best PracticesStandards and Best Practices
IASA-TC 03 and TC 04IASA-TC 03 and TC 04Broadcast Wave FormatBroadcast Wave FormatAES31-3AES31-3AES-X98-B and CAES-X98-B and CMETSMETS
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Audio Preservation SystemsAudio Preservation Systems
What tasks or functions are required What tasks or functions are required for successful audio preservation?for successful audio preservation?
Preservation operations/activities as systemsPreservation operations/activities as systemsGeneral Systems TheoryGeneral Systems Theory
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Audio Preservation SystemsAudio Preservation Systems
Common sense definition of system:Common sense definition of system:
Set of interacting units or elementsSet of interacting units or elementsForms an integrated wholeForms an integrated wholePerforms a functionPerforms a function
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Audio Preservation SystemsAudio Preservation Systems
A few basic principles:A few basic principles:
Each element/part affects the wholeEach element/part affects the wholeWhole is greater than sum of partsWhole is greater than sum of partsInputs and outputsInputs and outputs
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
What should we preserve?What should we preserve?
Selection for PreservationSelection for Preservation
Analysis of research valueAnalysis of research valueEvaluation of preservation condition and riskEvaluation of preservation condition and risk
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Data Collection/Analysis
Research ValueScore
Condition/Risk(FACET)
Score
Combined SelectionScore
Collection Ranking
Curatorial Review
Selection forPreservation
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
Field Audio Collection Evaluation ToolField Audio Collection Evaluation Tool(FACET)(FACET)
Point-based, collection levelPoint-based, collection levelAnalyzes data on condition of field formatsAnalyzes data on condition of field formatsReturns a risk assessment scoreReturns a risk assessment scoreFormats documentFormats documentProcedures documentProcedures documentAppendicesAppendices
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
Where should preservation work be Where should preservation work be done?done?
In-house or outsource?In-house or outsource?Issues: studio space, technical expertise, Issues: studio space, technical expertise, amount of work, future location of expertiseamount of work, future location of expertiseCritical listening spacesCritical listening spacesDevelopment of preservation studioDevelopment of preservation studio
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
Who should do preservation work?Who should do preservation work?
Audio engineerAudio engineerImportance of analog playback stageImportance of analog playback stageProject assistantProject assistantProgrammerProgrammerDigital librariansDigital librarians
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Audio Engineer
Preservation TransferPreservation Master FilesTechnical MD Collection
ChecksumsBWAV MD
ADL’sSignal Processing
Project Assistant
Content DivisionProduction Masters
QCADL’s
Workflow ManagementCollection SetupIngestion Process
ProgrammerSoftware/ScriptDevelopment
Digital Library Program
Preservation Repository ServicesDeliverables
Access System
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
What is the target preservation format?What is the target preservation format?
Digital fileDigital fileBroadcast Wave Format (BWF or BWAV)Broadcast Wave Format (BWF or BWAV)
Preservation involves a long-term responsibility to the Preservation involves a long-term responsibility to the digital filedigital file
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
Broadcast Wave FormatBroadcast Wave Format
Audio file format based on .wav filesAudio file format based on .wav filesEBU 1996 for the exchange of filesEBU 1996 for the exchange of files““Open source” Open source” Recommended by IASA, AES, NARAS, Sound Recommended by IASA, AES, NARAS, Sound Directions for preservationDirections for preservation““Chunk” for metadata residing with the fileChunk” for metadata residing with the fileTime stampTime stamp
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
Broadcast Wave FormatBroadcast Wave Format
Metadata elements include:Metadata elements include:
Description of the sound sequenceDescription of the sound sequenceName of the originatorName of the originatorDate/timeDate/timeCoding history (signal chain components)Coding history (signal chain components)Format independent, sample accurate time Format independent, sample accurate time stampstamp““Catastrophic” metadataCatastrophic” metadata
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
How should we define the filesHow should we define the files we create?we create?
What is in them?What is in them?How are they created?How are they created?What do they represent?What do they represent?
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
Best Practice DocumentsBest Practice Documents
Preservation (Archival) Master Files:Preservation (Archival) Master Files:
UnmodifiedUnmodifiedNo subjective alterations or improvementsNo subjective alterations or improvementsPreserve history, not re-write itPreserve history, not re-write itAs true to the original source as possibleAs true to the original source as possible
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
Preservation (Archival) Master Files Preservation (Archival) Master Files at the ATM:at the ATM:
Complete, unaltered stream from playback Complete, unaltered stream from playback machinemachineCarrier of raw material from transferCarrier of raw material from transferNo editing, signal processing, data reduction, No editing, signal processing, data reduction, gain manipulation, announcements (slates)gain manipulation, announcements (slates)24 bit, 96 kHz24 bit, 96 kHz
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
Production Master Files:Production Master Files:
Used to generate further derivativesUsed to generate further derivativesOptimized—signal processing, editingOptimized—signal processing, editingProduced for all content and retainedProduced for all content and retainedContent of one FaceContent of one FaceUsually 24/96Usually 24/96
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IU Audio Preservation SystemsIU Audio Preservation Systems
Best PracticesBest Practices
Define purpose of every digital fileDefine purpose of every digital fileWritten guidelines on characteristics of filesWritten guidelines on characteristics of filesWritten guidelines on “technical” and content Written guidelines on “technical” and content editseditsMaintain common reference timelineMaintain common reference timeline
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
How do we ensure authenticity over How do we ensure authenticity over time?time?
Data integrity checkingData integrity checking““Checksums”Checksums”MD5 hash or algorithmMD5 hash or algorithm
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
MD5 algorithmMD5 algorithm
All files with enduring valueAll files with enduring valueAs soon as possibleAs soon as possibleCritical metadata stored in database and in Critical metadata stored in database and in preservation packagepreservation packageVerify before trustingVerify before trusting
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
How do we render the preserved How do we render the preserved content understandable and content understandable and
manageable?manageable?
Descriptive MetadataDescriptive MetadataAdministrative—Technical MetadataAdministrative—Technical MetadataAdministrative—Digital ProvenanceAdministrative—Digital ProvenanceAdministrative—Rights ManagementAdministrative—Rights ManagementStructural MetadataStructural Metadata
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
Audio Technical Metadata CollectorAudio Technical Metadata Collector
(ATMC(ATMC))
Enter/edit technical and structural metadataEnter/edit technical and structural metadataAudio object and process history metadataAudio object and process history metadataEnter/edit audio object evaluationsEnter/edit audio object evaluationsParse files to collect metadataParse files to collect metadata
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
Audio Technical Metadata CollectorAudio Technical Metadata Collector
(ATMC(ATMC))
Generate MD5Generate MD5Relationships diagramsRelationships diagramsAES-compliant XML exportAES-compliant XML exportJava Swing applicationJava Swing application
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
How do we assure and control the How do we assure and control the quality of the work?quality of the work?
Quality control and quality assuranceQuality control and quality assuranceQC at ATM: aural, visual, software toolsQC at ATM: aural, visual, software toolsCollection setup—preliminary transfersCollection setup—preliminary transfersRole of permanent staffRole of permanent staffQA at ATMQA at ATM
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IU Audio Preservation SystemIU Audio Preservation System
How do we store data after capture?How do we store data after capture?
Local, interim storageLocal, interim storageBackup copies at each stageBackup copies at each stageATM NASATM NASAdditional redundant copyAdditional redundant copy
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Migration decision
Workflow management
Workflow management / scheduling
Cleaning or physical restoration as needed
System / ProjectPlanning & DevelopmentFundingPersonnel / VendorEquipment
Software ToolsCreation / maintenance of software and scripts
Selection for PreservationAssess research valueEvaluate conditionConsider political, technical, and other issuesEstablish priorities
Digitization Analog playbackA/D conversionCreation of Preservation Master FilesLocal filenames
Digitization Technical metadata Structural metadata ChecksumsQuality controlLocal storage solution
Post-Transfer ProcessingQuality controlGeneration of derivativesMarking areas of interest in filesSignal processing (if appropriate)
Preliminary Work / Pilot Project
Exploratory transfers and metadata collectionQuality controlReassessment of digitization plan
Collection SetupGather and assess documentationEvaluate collection needs / condition Assess cataloging / descriptive metadata issuesDevelop digitization planAssess and calibrate equipment
Ingestion into / Copy to Long-Term Storage
SolutionPreservation packages
Periodic EvaluationData integrity checkingFormat obsolescence analysis
MigrationNew carrierNew format
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Director
Project DevelopmentSelection for Preservation
Archivist
SelectionPreview CollectionsQC Documentation
Librarian
Cataloging Issues
Associate Director
Project ManagementSelection—Format IssuesScheduling Coordination
QCR&D
Audio Engineer
Preservation TransferPreservation Master FilesTechnical MD Collection
ChecksumsBWAV MD
ADL’sSignal Processing
Project Assistant
Content DivisionProduction Masters
QCADL’s
Workflow ManagementCollection SetupIngestion Process
ProgrammerSoftware/ScriptDevelopment
Digital Library Program
Preservation Repository ServicesDeliverables
Access System
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Sound DirectionsSound DirectionsDigital Preservation and Access Digital Preservation and Access
for Global Audio Heritagefor Global Audio Heritage
Project FutureProject Future
““Preservation” Phase funded by NEHPreservation” Phase funded by NEHIncrease throughputIncrease throughputSimultaneous transferSimultaneous transferIndiana automationIndiana automationRelease ATMC, Audio Object Manager, APXERelease ATMC, Audio Object Manager, APXEDevelop access system for field collectionsDevelop access system for field collections
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Sound Directions
Digital Preservation and Access
for Global Audio Heritage
Indiana UniversityHarvard University
www.dlib.indiana.edu/projects/sounddirections