Soplar La Vaca

7/27/2019 Soplar La Vaca

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Provoking lactation by the insufflation technique

as documented by the rock images of the Sahara

Jean-Loc Le QuellecCentre dtudes des Mondes aricains (CEMA)

UMR 8171/Universit Paris 1/Universit de Provence/EPHE

Honorary Fellow, School o Geography, Archaeology and Environmental StudiesUniversity o the WitwatersrandJohannesburg 2050 (South Arica)

[email protected]

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Le Quellec J.-L. 2011. 1SPWPLJOHMBDUBUJPOCZUIFJOTVBUJPOUFDIOJRVFBTEPDVNFOUFEby the rock images o the Sahara.Anthropozoologica

F4BIBSBOSPDLBSUJDPOPHSBQIZTIPXTUIBUUIFSTUEJVTJPOPGDBUUMFJO"GSJDBDBNFXJUITFWFSBMNJMLJOHUFDIOJRVFTXIJDIDPOUSBEJDUTGPSUIJTDPOUJOFOU4IFSSBUUTIZQPUIFTJTwhich considered milking as a secondary revolution which would have allowed a betterexploitation o animals in arid zones.

RSUMProvoquer la lactation par insulation selon l'iconographie rupestre saharienne-JDPOPHSBQIJFSVQFTUSFTBIBSJFOOFNPOUSFRVFMBQSFNJSFEJVTJPOEFTUBVSJOTFO"GSJRVFTFTU BDDPNQBHOF EFEJWFSTFT UFDIOJRVFTEF USBJUF DFRVJ DPOUSFEJUQPVS DF DPOUJOFOUMIZQPUITFEF4IFSSBUUDPOTJESBOUMBUSBJUFDPNNFVOFjSWPMVUJPOTFDPOEBJSFxRVJBVSBJUpermis une meilleure exploitation des animaux en zone aride.

MOTS CLSSahara, art rupestre

Prhistoirelait, btail

levage, domestication

KEYWORDSSahara, rock-art

Prehistorymilk, cattle

breeding, domestication

INRODUCION

Te ancient pastoralists o the pre and protohistoric Sahara let us innume-rable images o themselves and their herds. Paintings and engravings showthese herders moving with their cattle or carrying out everyday activitiesin their camp. In particular, one sees them looking ater their animals,CVUPOFRVFTUJPOSFNBJOTEJEUIFZESJOLUIFNJMLPGUIFJSDPXTFSFJTno immediate response because, in todays world, the distribution o pas-toralists does not coincide with that o milk-drinkers (Map 1), and thereare even pastoralists or whom the very idea o such a drink is perectlySFQVHOBOU*ODVMUVSFTXIJDIIBWFTVDIBjOPONJMLJOHBUUJUVEFxNJMLJTsometimes even seen as a kind o disgusting animal secretion, and there isOPRVFTUJPOPGESJOLJOHJU4JNPPOT#FSOPU


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Moreover, according to the hypothesis putorward by Andrew Sherratt, milking is a se-condary product that makes possible a betterexploitation o animals, particularly in aridBSFBT 4IFSSBUU *O UIBU BSDIBFPMPHJTUTmodel, originally hunters could only hunt wildbovids or the immediate use o their carcassNFBUIJEFUFOEPOTCPOFTFUDBOEBSTU

advance came with domestication, which madeit possible to keep animals as a mobile sourceo meat. Later a second revolution consistedo the idea o using living animals rather thandead ones, milking being a undamental actorin this new progression.$POTFRVFOUMZQSFIJTUPSJBOTBSFUSZJOHUPJEFO-tiy evidence o milk usage in Saharan rock

Map 1. Distribution o pastoralists and "non-milk drinkers" in todays world.


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art. However, indisputable depictions are rare.4PNF QPTTJCMF JNBHFT PG TLJOWFTTFMT IBWF

been interpreted as milking material, either orpreserving milk or or making butter by sha-king a hanging skin used as a churn, as is stilldone today. It has even been claimed that cer-tain images in the Libyan desert could representblocks o butter or cheeses laid out on trays (Es-QSBOEJFVCVUOPOFPGUIFTFDMBJNTcan prove beyond doubt the consumption omilk or dairy products.Another kind o argument looks at the volumeo cows udders. Yolande schudi used this cri-

terion in her chronology o the paintings o as-TJMJO"KKFSi*OUIFFBSMJFTUQIBTFwTIFXSPUFiDPXTBSFSBSFMZEFQJDUFEBOEUIFJSQBSUJDV-MBSBUUSJCVUFUIBUJTUIFVEEFSTJTESBXORVJUFTVNNBSJMZDPOUSBSZUPXIBUPDDVSTJOUIFSFDFOU QIBTFTw 5TDIVEJ y CVU TIFwrote these lines at a time when no indisputablemilking scene was yet known in the Sahara. Al-though only a ew have been ound since then,they nevertheless henceorth rule out this kindPGUIFPSZ"OEZFUJOUIFNJET+BO+FMOFL

was to attempt in vain to save this viewpoint,FWFOUIPVHIUIFNBHOJDFOUNJMLJOHTDFOFGSPNWadi iksatin (Fig. 10) was already known. Forthe Czech prehistorian, this engraving was theFYDFQUJPOUIBUQSPWFEUIFSVMFiUIJTGBDUUTJOwith the situation that in the early phases odomestication in the Epipalaeolithic period therole o the cattle as a living reserve o meat conti-nues, together with the use o bulls as beats oburden. According to our present knowledge oSaharan prehistory, the milking o cows appears

later, in more advanced stages o cattle domesti-DBUJPOw+FMOFL8IFSFUIF-JCZBOEFTFSUJTDPODFSOFE8#,FO-nedy Shaw thought that in the rock paintingso Jebel el-Uweynt, the prominence given tothe udders is noticeable and suggests that theproduction o milk was an important eature4IBX 5FOZFBST MBUFS,BSM #VU-[FSXSPUF UIF FYBDUPQQPTJUF TJODFEFQJDUJPOTo udders were not too common, the painterswere clearly more interested in meat than in

NJML #VU[FS BO PQJOJPOthat was soon corrected by Francis van Noten

XIPXBTUPQPJOUPVUUIBUi#VU[FSEJEOPUIBWFknowledge o numerous paintings discoveredCZUIF#FMHJBOFYQFEJUJPOUIBUDMFBSMZTIPXBdairy economy (Noten et al.Finally, the criterion o depiction o udders wasagain used very recently to distinguish two pe-SJPETJOUIFQBTUPSBMJTUBSUPGUIF-JCZBOEFTFSUan early one in which udders were not depic-ted and which corresponds to a phase o meatconsumption; then another characterized bythe depiction o udders, which is evidence or

4IFSSBUUT TFDPOEBSZQSPEVDUTSFWPMVUJPO#FD-DIBVTT(FSTU,FEJOHHowever, as these images are not photographsand are based on graphical canons which mayCFWFSZEJFSFOUGSPNPVSPXO1, it seems de-licate only to use this kind o criterion, eventhough certain examples o very large uddersBSFLOPXO)VBSE"MMBSE)VBSEwhich show the interest sometimes taken by theartists in this part o the body o the animalsthey depicted. Nevertheless, it remains true

that, everywhere in the Sahara, the udders weregenerally rarely represented. Moreover, a hugenumber o ethnographic examples prove thatmany varieties o cows raised today by Aricanpastoralists have udders that may be almost in-visible, and yet this in no way prevents milk-ing (as, or example, among the Dinka and theNuer). Tis must have been a ortiorithe caseor the primitive bovine races raised by prehis-toric people.In Saharan rock images, the use o milk is onlyperceptible with certainty in a ew rare scenesthat clearly illustrate milking, or that show peopledrinking directly rom udders. Te list is not longand, in act, a ew o the documents relied uponby early authors are scarcely convincing (see in-ra). However, one needs to add another kind oimage to the list, those alluding to the act that,

1. Need one recall that at i-n-erirt (assili-n-Ajjer) a largeFOHSBWFE DPXXJUI B DPMMBS -DN IBT TXPMMFOVEEFSTDVSJPVTMZCFBSJOHFMFWFOUFBUT-IPUFH/P


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in bovines, the refex release o milk normally re-RVJSFTUIFQSFTFODFPGUIFDBMGSPVHITFMFDUJPOherders have progressively eliminated this refexJONPTU PG UIF QSFTFOUEBZSBDFTPGNJMLDBUUMF

as is known especially in Europe but also still in

Arica, the disappearance o its cal seriously com-QSPNJTFTUIFNJMLJOHPGBDPX,SPMM#B-MBTTF5XPUFDIOJRVFTBSFUIFSFGPSFVUJMJ[FE

by milkers (o either sex) to achieve their goal.Either they trick the cow by presenting it with aake cal (e.g.-JWJOHTUPOF8BMMFS$V-OZOHIBNF3WPJM5BOHZF3PTDPF4DIVMU[F3PTDPF$SBXGPSE.FZFSFUDPSUIFZUSJHHFSUIFSFFYCZ

BEJFSFOUNFUIPEUIFJOUSPEVDUJPOPGQSPEVDUTinto the cows vagina (e.g.3PTDPF3PTDPFBOEEJSFDUPSJOEJSFDUJOTVB-UJPOJOUPUIFBOJNBMTWBHJOBFSTUQSPDFEVSFwill not be examined here, as it seems impossibleto recognize a ake cal or a real cal in a rock artimage. On the other hand, we shall see that theTFDPOEUFDIOJRVFJTQFSGFDUMZSFDPHOJ[BCMFJOSPDL

art, and it can thus provide us with highly valuableinormation.

HE SAHARAN ICONOGRAPHICDOSSIER

First o all, Leo Frobenius published the wa-ter-colour copy, made by the dratswomanAgnes Schulz, o a red-ochre painting at Ido(assili-n-Ajjer, Algeria) in which one can seethree people next to a bovine, and especiallythree vessels, one o which is placed beneathUIFBOJNBMTTUPNBDI'SPCFOJVTQM/P"MUIPVHIUIJTQBJOUJOHJTTPNFUJNFTFWPLFEJOTUVEJFTPGNJMLJOHUFDIOJRVFTJOUIF4BIBSB4JNPPOTUIFTVQQPTFEDPXin it does not have the slightest indication oudders, and none o the humans is shown in aposition that might suggest milking.

Another possible scene o milking a cow wasQVCMJTIFE JOCZ'BCSJ[JP.PSJXIPIBEspotted it in the let part o a pastoral depic-tion at the site o eshwint in the massi othe adrart Akukas in southwest Libya (MoriHFQVCMJTIFEEPDVNFOUdoes indeed seem to show a human seatedamid a herd, and perhaps holding a large vesselbetween the knees. Gaetano Forni consideredthis resco to be interessantissima and madeUIFGPMMPXJOHDPNNFOUimentre un pastore sta

Fig. 1. Ochre painting in the site known as the Childrens shelter at Sear (assili-n-Ajjer)DPOTJEFSFECZ)FOSJ-IPUFUPEFQJDUBNBONJMLJOHBDPXBGUFS-IPUFQM


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mungendo (peccato che le mammelle non risultinoqui evidenti) in un enorme vaso, un vitello osserva,

avido di succhiare. La presenza di un vitello du-rante la mungitura costituice una tecnica rafnatae tuttora valida per aumentare la secrezione latteadella vacca attraverso un giocco di riessi condi-zionatiw'PSOJ)PXFWFSEFTQJUFUIFpresence, near the habitation, o several vessels,one o them placed on a one-legged stand, theinterpretation o the scene as individuo chemunge una muccaw .PSJ JT OPUvery convincing. Gaetano Forni regretted thatthe udders were not clear, and that is indeed the

least one can say. Moreover, the available tra-cings show that the supposed milker is actuallystanding close to a hornless animal, which looksmore like a cal than a cow. Since these are tra-cings, one should also be very wary o the in-terpretations, but the current state o the panelis such that photographs do not enable one todo any checking, even by using high-poweredDPNQVUFSUFDIOJRVFTMJLF%4USFUDIPO*NBHF+A new tracing, made recently by the team othe Italo-Libyan mission, is highly revelatory in

this respect, as it bears even less resemblance toa milking scene than that o Mori (Lernia &;BNQFUUJH4PUIJTEP-cument should be treated with great caution,and cannot be considered with any certainty asa proo o milking, as was done by Frederick4JNPPOT4JNPPOT4JNPPOT22), although this is still the position o Savinodi Lernia and Daniela Zampetti, who describethis painting as a scena di mungitura (Lernia;BNQFUUJ

Henri Lhote, who made amous the rock pain-ting o the assili, wrote that they included se-WFSBMQBJOUJOHTTIPXJOHUIFPSHBOJTBUJPOPGthe camps, the huts in which are the womenand children, the calves close by and, astened,arther away, the herd o adult animals, especial-ly the cows around which several men are busyNJMLJOHw-IPUF)PXFWFSUIFPOMZdocument that he ever published in this regardis an ochre painting rom the shelter o the

Children at Sear, which he claimed to depictiBNBONJMLJOHB DPXw'JH4VCTFRVFOUMZ

this same document was again called on to pro-WFNJMLJOHBNPOHUIF#PWJEJBOTPGUIFDFOUSBM4BIBSB 4JNPPOT 4JNPPOT )VBSE"MMBSE)VBSEBMUIPVHIone cannot see in it either the animals uddersor the vessel or collecting the milk. Tereore itis hard to retain this scene as a depiction o mil-king, and Frederick Simoons was already highlyDSJUJDBMPGJUXSJUJOHUIBUJUTIPXFEiBIVNBOHVSF DSPVDIFE CFIJOE B DPX IJT IBOET BSFextended toward where the cows udder, which

is not depicted, would be. Nor is a pot visiblebeneath the animal, though nearby there is anenclosure or hut in which are pots o variousshapes, together with a reclining man and child.Although this may indeed be a milking scene,BT-IPUFDMBJNTUIFIVNBOHVSFNBZJOTUFBEbe assisting at the birth o a cal (the cow lookspregnant). Or he may be blowing up the uterus,which then, as in present-day Arica, may havebeen done to encourage a cow to give milk. Iso, the scene depicts a preliminary to milking,

CVUOPUNJMLJOHJUTFMGw4JNPPOTOne o the paintings at asigmet, in the WadiDjerat, recorded by members o Lhotes team-IPUF#BMBTTFet al. 2000), showstwo cows being milked by a human in the pre-TFODFPGUIFJSDBMG'JHTCVUUIFTUZMFo these images (especially the way o depictinghooves) denotes their relatively recent nature.Te whole o this scene is o the Caballine age,and it is interesting to note that several wheeledvehicles are attached to cattle.

A search o the literature shows that only onereally convincing document rom North Aricawas published in the early days. Located in Djororba, a region o southern Oran which todayis desert, it was the result o excavations carriedPVUIVSSJFEMZEVSJOHUIFXJOUFSPGJOa pre-Islamic necropolis, by Captain Villalonga,but unortunately no precise description wasHJWFOPGJUDPOUFYU-JIPSFBVBOE-IPUF22). It is a triangular limestone block bearing


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an engraving o a cow close to two small incisedTDFOFT'JHFWFUFSJOBSJBO(&TQSBOEJFV

described seated on a stool, a milker is positio-ned beneath a cows belly, acing the unhobbledCBDLMFHTJTNJMLJOHUIFBOJNBMXIJMFthe cal is very close to its mothers head (Es-QSBOEJFVHFEFQPTJUJPOo this kind o element in the unerary monu-ments o Djor orba probably dates back tothe Vth-VIthDFOUVSJFT$&$BNQTand this relatively recent date makes them olittle use to our subject.'JOBMMZ UIF POMZ SFBMMZ iFMPRVFOUwEPDVNFOUT

are those which were discovered in the Libyan.FTTBLBGUFSUIFMBUFTXIFO(SBSE+BD-RVFUSFWFBMFEUIFFYUSBPSEJOBSZFOHSBWFEQBOFMPG 8BEJ 5JLTBUJO +BDRVFU " HFOFSBMview presents a moment in the lie o a camp atNJMLJOHUJNF'JHT$PXTBOEDBMWFTare grouped together close to some big orkedpoles carved rom the trunks o indeterminatetrees (e.g.'JHTBOEBNPOHUIFQFPQMFXIPare busy in the vicinity, two in particular at-USBDUPOFTBUUFOUJPOPOFJTCVTZNJMLJOHBDPX

(Figs 10 & 11), and the other is attaching tothe ork o one o the trunks a vessel which oneDBOJNBHJOFJTGVMMPGNJML'JHFNJMLJOHscene, meticulously engraved in the style asso-ciated with the Messak culture (Le QuellecIBTBMFTTDBSFGVMMZNBEFDPVOUFSQBSUPOa nearby wall at the same site (Fig. 12), perhapsBQSFMJNJOBSZTLFUDI'JHJTFOHSBWJOHhas been subjected to an unortunate attempt atcasting, which has damaged much o it. Never-theless, one can clearly recognize the same typeo cow as in the previous scene, with swollen ud-ders, and the eye drawn with the double line thatis characteristic o the local artists handiwork,but the milker can only be recognized throughDPNQBSJTPOXJUIUIFPUIFSHVSF*OUIFCBD-kground one can see the same orked poles usedor attaching vessels that are ully comparableto the others. Also in the Messak, but arthernorth, in Wadi Eghahar, a third engraving takesup the same theme o the human milking a cow

close to a orked support on which are astenedvessels containing the product o the milking

'JHFNJMLFS'JHDMPTFMZSFTFNCMFTUIFPOFGSPN8BEJ5JLTBUJO'JHTBNFXBZo sitting, same high pointed hair style, sameQPJOUFECFBSETBNFNJMLJOHUFDIOJRVF

Te only other engraving that is even vaguelycomparable to the previous ones is also in Libya,at Ilalen in the region o the Aramat, and itsexistence was reported to me by Yves Gauthier,who was kind enough to send me a photograph.Although its ront part is somewhat hard toread, it clearly represents a cow with voluminous

udders whose our teats are well indicated, andunder which an anthropomorph is sitting. Inront o the animal, a ew lines may indicatethe presence o a cal, and the whole thing isvery strongly evocative o a milking scene or itsQSFMJNJOBSZQIBTF'JH

In the Immidir (massi o the Ahaggar, in Alge-ria), an assemblage at I-n-Sebuk shows peopleresting in enclosures around which a herd isHSPVQFE 'JH "MUIPVHI UIJTQBJOUJOHQSPCBCMZGSPNBMBUFQBTUPSBMJTUQFSJPEJTOPU

very naturalistic, several elements relevant toour subject attract ones attention. o the letPGUIFFODMPTVSFTWFDPXTXJUIVEEFSTEFQJD-ted are in a vertical line, the traditional way oshowing that they are attached. Te three lower-most have their calves acing them, and beneathat last our o them there is a small human whois either reaching or their udders or handlingthe teats (Fig. 18). Under the enclosures, threeother cows acing let are in contact with smallhumans who are likewise in contact with theirVEEFST'JH*OUIJTHSPVQUIFHVSFMP-cated at lower right particularly attracts onesattention. Not only is the seated person han-dling a teat in each hand, but one observes thatanother anthropomorph, this time standing up,JTCFIJOEUIFBOJNBMJOBOJOUSJHVJOHQPTJUJPOone o its hands reaches towards the udder whi-le the other seems to be moving the tail aside,just under the base o which the mans head isclearly coming into contact with the cow. Tis


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curious posture can be understood through exa-mination o another image, located beneath the

preceding ones. Here one can again see a cowwith udders, the our teats o which are welldrawn. It is acing its cal, and surrounded bypeople, one o whom repeats the gesture o theQSFWJPVTPOFCVUXJUIBWBSJBUJPOBMUIPVHIIFtoo is directing his hand towards the animalsudder, he is using the other not to hold the tailaside but to raise it very high, which allows himto place his ace just at the location o the ani-mals vulva (Fig. 20).0OFDBOSFDPHOJ[FJOUIJTBUFDIOJRVFUIBUJTXFMM

known to ethnologists, and which consists oblowing into cows vaginas, either directly romthe mouth or by means o a tube, in order toprovoke the milking refex. We shall see belowthat it has been reported in Arica among thecattle-raising uaregs o Niger, as well as amongUIF8PEBBCF'VMCF/JHFS.BMJ#BOB5FEBDaza (Chad), Suma, Anuak, Dinka, Nuer, Shil-MVL#BHHBSB4VEBO#FEPVJOT&HZQU"GBS,BUTIP 0SPNP 4PNBMJ 4VSNB &UIJPQJB.BBTBJ,FOZB8BHPHP8BSJNJ5VSV;JCB

5BO[BOJB)FSFSP/BNBRVB/BNJCJB3P -MPOH#PUTXBOB5TXBOB/HVOJ/BNB,P-SBOB(POBRVB,IPFLIPFOPGUIF$BQF9PTB(South Arica) (c. reerences in the appendix).Tese data can be compared with a rock engra-ving at Wadi Imrwen in the Messak (Libya)which depicts a hornless bovine held by a hu-man who is kneeling in ront o it. Te linejoining the latters hand to the animals neckMFBWFT OPEPVCU BCPVU UIJT 'JH #FIJOEUIF BOJNBM BOPUIFS IVNBOHVSF JTCFOEJOH

orward until its ace is in contact with the partimmediately under the base o the tail, which isheld up in the air (Fig. 22). It is most probablethat this is once again a depiction o the tech-OJRVFPGJOTVBUJPOVTFEUPQSPWPLFMBDUBUJPOIn another valley o the Messak, that o i-n-Sharuma, a block is decorated with numerousFOHSBWJOHTPGCPWJOFT 'JH POF PGXIJDIcould be linked to another illustration o theTBNFUFDIOJRVFCFDBVTFPOFDBOTFFUIBUIFSF

again, a human seems to be busy beneath theBOJNBMTUBJM'JH"UIJSEEPDVNFOUQV-

blished by Yves and Christine Gauthier, appearssomewhat unconvincing. Te animal is atypi-cal, its tail is not visible, and three o the ourpeople surrounding it are armed; moreover, onePGUIFNJTXFBSJOHB[PPNPSQIJDDSFTUFENBTLit is hard to believe that this merely depicts away o orcing a recalcitrant cow to give its milk(BVUIJFSH

In the Ennedi, a milking scene, reported by G-SBSE#BJMMPVEBU(BPSB)BMMBHBOB*7XBTDPOTJ -

EFSFERVJUFMBUFCZJUTEJTDPWFSFSXIPQMBDFEJUJOIJTi,PLPTUZMFwBOEIFODFBUUIFFOEPGUIFSTU NJMMFOOJVN #$& #BJMMPVE wo comparable images, rom the same regionJODMVEJOHPOFBU4IFLJUJZFJOUIFIFBSUPGUIF&OOFEJIBWFCFFOBUUSJCVUFEUPUIFMP-DBMiFBSMZ#PWJOFwQIBTF+FTTF et al.HXIJDIEBUFTCBDLUPDB#$&-FOT -TFO&S[#PUIPGUIFNTIPXBIV -man handling the udder o a cow whose hornis being held by another human in the secondDBTF'JHTWhere the Libyan desert is concerned, it hasbeen said that the paintings o Jebel el-Uwey-OBUJODMVEFBNJMLJOHHVSF/PUFOet al.HCVUUIFJNBHFJORVFTUJPOTIPXTUXPsmall anthropomorphs drinking directly romthe udders o a cow behind which a coupleBSFTUBOEJOHQFSIBQTUXPDIJMESFOBOEUIFJSparents (Fig. 27). Although in a poor state opreservation, another painting in the same re-

gion shows a cow licking its cal, tied by theMFHUPBCVTIXIJMFBIVNBOVOGPSUVOBUFMZOPUWFSZMFHJCMFJTESJOLJOHEJSFDUMZGSPNthe udder (Fig. 28). Several paintings in thesame massi can be linked with these images(Le Quellec et al.H JO QBSUJDVMBS UIBU PG8BEJ 4VSB XIJDIrepresents an archer pushing a cal away withone hand, while bending towards its mothersVEEFS'JH


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Fig. 2. Rock paintings in a rock shelter at asigmet, in the Wadi Djerat. Among the numerous scenes presented here,UIFNJMLJOHPGDPXTJTEFQJDUFE5BTTJMJO"KKFSBGUFSUIFUSBDJOHQVCMJTIFECZ-IPUF

'JHo%FUBJMPGUIFNJMLJOHTDFOFGSPNUIFQSFWJPVTUSBDJOHBGUFSUIFUSBDJOHCZ#BMBTTFet al. 2000).


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'JHo.JMLJOHTDFOFFOHSBWFEPOBMJNFTUPOFCMPDLGSPN%KPSG5PSCBJOUIFTPVUIFSO0SBOSFHJPO"MHFSJBBGUFS#BMPVU


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'JHo5SBDJOHPGUIFQSFWJPVTTDFOFBGUFS"MCBEBQM

Fig. 5. Camping scene engraved in Wadi iksatin in the Messak, in Libya (Photo JLLQ).


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'JHo)VNBOBUUBDIJOHBWFTTFMUPPOFPGUIFpoles in the previous scene (Photo JLLQ).

Fig. 8. Other poles to which vessels are attached,rom the same scene (Photo JLLQ).

Fig. 7. Forked pole used or hanging vessels on,in the previous scene (Photo JLLQ).


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Fig. 10. Te milking scene rom the engraved panel in the Wadi iksatin (Photo JLLQ).

Fig. 11. Detail o the milker,rom the same scene (Photo JLLQ).


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Fig. 12. Panel close to the previous scene, also including an engraved milking scene (Photo JLLQ).

'JHoFPUIFSNJMLJOHTDFOFJO8BEJ5JLTBUJOVOGPSUVOBUFMZEBNBHFECZBDMVNTZBUUFNQUBUDBTUJOHTe milker is more dicult to recognize than in the previous scene (Photo JLLQ, detail o Fig. 12).


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'JHo"OPUIFSNJMLJOHTDFOFJOUIF.FTTBLUIJTUJNFJO8BEJ&HIBIBSA careul examination reveals that a vessel is attached to a orked pole pole set up in ront o the animal (Photo JLLQ).

Fig. 15. Close-up view o the milking scene in Wadi&HIBIBSUIFQFSTPONJMLJOHUIFDPX1IPUP+--2


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'JHo3PDLFOHSBWJOHBU*MBMFOJOUIFSFHJPOPGUIF"SBNBUTPVUIXFTU-JCZBdepicting a seated human milking a bovine (Photo Yves Gauthier).


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Fig. 17. Camping scene in a rock painting at I-n-Sebuk in the Immidir (Ahaggar, Algeria)5SBDJOHBGUFS(BVUIJFS-MVDIH


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Fig. 18. Photograph o the let part o the previous scene.Note the small schematic humans manipulating the udders o the bovines (Photo Yves Gauthier).


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'JHo"OPUIFSEFUBJMPGUIFTDFOFBU*O4FCVL4NBMMIVNBOTQBJOUFEJOBEJFSFOUTIBEFPGSFEBSFNJMLJOHCPWJOFT1IPUP:WFT(BVUIJFS

Fig. 20. Another detail o the same scene, showing a human insuating a cow (Photo Yves Gauthier).


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Fig. 21. Engraving in Wadi Imrwen in the Messak (Libya) depicting a bovine between two humans,one o whom seems to be insuating (Photo JLLQ).

Fig. 22. Detail o the previous engraving,showing the humans position and attitude

(Photo JLLQ).


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'JHo3PDLXJUIOVNFSPVTCPWJOFTFOHSBWFEPOJUBU8BEJ5JO4IBSNBJOUIF.FTTBL1IPUP+--2

'JHo%FUBJMPGUIFQSFWJPVTFOHSBWJOHTIPXJOHUIFIVNBOTQPTJUJPOBOEBUUJUVEF1IPUP+--2


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Fig. 25. Painted milking scene in the Shekitiye region in the Ennedi (Photo ilman Lenssen-Erz; digital treatment JLLQ).

'JHo"OPUIFSQBJOUFENJMLJOHTDFOFOFBS4IFLJUJZFJOUIF&OOFEJ(Photo ilman Lenssen-Erz; digital treatment JLLQ).


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Fig. 27. Rock painting rom Jebel el-Uweynat (Libyan desert) described as a milking scene by Noten et al. H

Fig. 28. Small human drinking directly rom the udder, in a rock painting at Jebel el-Uweynat, in the Libyan desert (Photo. JLLQ).


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'JHo3PDLQBJOUJOHBU8BEJ4VSBEFQJDUJOHBOBSDIFSQVTIJOHBXBZBDBMGXJUIPOFIBOEwhile bending down to its mothers udder (Photo JLLQ).


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HISORICAL AND EHNOGRAPHIC

DOCUMENAION

FTF JNBHFT SBJTFTFWFSBMRVFTUJPOT *OQBSUJ-cular one would like to be able to explain theEJTUSJCVUJPOPGDMBJNTGPSUIFUFDIOJRVFPGJO -sufation to provoke lactation (Map 2).

JTUFDIOJRVFIBTPGUFOCFFOEFTDSJCFETJODFJUTSTUNFOUJPOCZ)FSPEPUVTBNPOHUIF4DZ-UIJBOT XIP IF XSPUF iCMJOE BMM UIFJS TMBWFTto use them in preparing their milk. Te planthey ollow is to thrust tubes made o bone, notunlike our musical pipes, up the vulva o themare, and then to blow into the tubes with theirmouths, some milking while the others blow(IV-2, translation by G. Rawlinson). It has beensuggested that the existence o the same techni-RVFVTFEGPSNJMLJOHDPXTBNPOHUIF,JSHJ[.FOHIJOBOEPOUIFCBOLTPGUIFriver ung, in 99th-century China, must havea historical connection with the custom pre-sented by the Father o History (Huston Edgar*OBEEJUJPOJUJTLOPXOJOBGFXPUIFSparts o Asia. In the 97***th century, when Jo-hann Eberhard Fischer was to carry out someresearch among the Yakuts (Siberia), Gerhard'SJFESJDI.MMFSJOTUSVDUFEIJN.MMFS#VDIFSUPFYBNJOFiIPXUIF:BLVUTCMPXinto the uterus o their cows to make them givemore milk (wie die Jakuten deren Khen in denUterus blasen, damit sie mehr Milch geben), ac-cording to a tradition that he had probably ob-TFSWFEIJNTFMGEVSJOHBTPKPVSOJO1MJT-DILF*OUIFDPVSTFPGUSBWFMTUPUIFMBOEPGUIF,BMNVLTJOUIFNJE97*** th cen-tury, the same Gerhard Friedrich Mller laternoted this method o overcoming a recalcitrantDPXUIFZiGPSDJCMZJOTFSUGSPNCFIJOEBTNPPUIbung o carved wood, so that, in its desire andJUTFPSUTUPHFUSJEPGJUUIFDPXSFMFBTFTJUTNJMLBUUIFTBNFUJNFw1BMMBT*OIndia, this custom, known as Phooka or doomdevis orbidden by the Prevention o CrueltyUPBOJNBMBDUwQBTTFEPO.BSDIXIJDITQFDJFTUIBUiPhookaor doom devincludes any

process o introducing air or any substance intothe emale organ o a milch animal with the ob-

KFDUPGESBXJOHPGSPNUIF BOJNBMBOZTFDSF-tion o milk. It had already been denounced byGandhi, who considered it loathsome, and itwas described as ollows by the secretary o the"OUJ1IPPLB "TTPDJBUJPO PG $BMDVUUB i5XJDFa day, at each milking session a piece o bam-boo is introduced into the uterus o the cow toblow air into it and to distend the walls. Teresulting inammation causes pressure on theglands, enabling the milker to extract milk tothe very last drop until blood starts to ow rom

the udder. Even though it is illegal, this practi-ce, which has been common in India or a longUJNFTUJMMQFSTJTUTw#VSHBUF UFDIOJRVF JT OPU VOLOPXO JO &VSPQFwhere it was practiced in the 9*9th centuryCZUIFQFBTBOUTPG)VOHBSZBOE#PTOJBXIPblew into the vagina o their cows by means oBTNBMMUVCF1BSBV*UBMTPFYJTUFEJO*SFMBOETJODFJOPNBT%JOFMZNFOUJP -OFEJUJOIJTKPVSOBMJOBTPNFXIBUQJDUVSFTRVFXBZi*O.JMLJOHPG,JOFXIFONJMLEPUIOPU

DPNFGSFFMZXJUIUIFJSNPVUIFTUPCMPXJOas much wind as they can, with which doingUIFZNBOZUJNFTDPNFPXJUIBTIJUUFOOPTFw-BODZ*O'SBODFJUXBTSFQPSUFEJOUIF9*9thDFOUVSZJO"MTBDF,FMMFSBOEJUJTstill practised today in Aubrac (personal com-NVOJDBUJPO CZ "OES #BMMBEJFS IFSETNBO May 2010).Apart rom these sporadic mentions, it is in Ara-bia and especially in Arica that this custom hasbeen observed most oten. Te Eurasian zone

poses particular problems, and henceorth weshall only deal with Arabian and Arican claims,XIJDIBSFSFNBSLBCMZ GSFRVFOU*O UIF97***th

century, Ferdinand Carsten Niebuhr wroteBCPVUXIBUIFIBEPCTFSWFEBU#BTSBJO*SBRi*IFBSEJUTBJEBOETBXGPSNZTFMGBU#BTSBUIBUXIFOBO"SBCNJMLTUIFGFNBMFCVBMPBOPUIFSsticks his hand and arm up to the elbow in thevulva, because they claim to know rom expe-rience that, being tickled in this way, they giveNPSFNJMLw/JFCVIS


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F(FSNBOOBUVSBMJTU1FUFS,PMCJMMVTUSBUFTBcomparable practice in his description o thei)PUUFOUPUTw PG UIF $BQF QVCMJTIFE JO ,PMC'JHBOEEFTDSJCFTJUBTGPMMPXTiFZDBOOPMPOHFSPCUBJONJMLGSPNTVDIBDPXFYDFQUCZtaking the trouble to tie its back legs, so that itcan no longer kick, and then blow into the pla-

DFGSPNXIJDIUIFDBMGDBNFPVU#FDBVTFUIFZhave discovered that they could nevertehelessobtain milk by this method. Tis is work thatcan be done by either men or women, and I haveseen it done by both (IbidUSBOTMBUFErom the German edition). A97**th centuryengraving preserved in the Cape Library givesBGBJUIGVMEFQJDUJPOPGJU'JHBDDPNQBOJFE

.BQo%JTUSJCVUJPOPGDMBJNTGPSUIFUFDIOJRVFPGJOTVBUJPOUPQSPWPLFMBDUBUJPO


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as hard as they can. Tis does not seem to pleaseUIFDPXXIJDIIBTUPCFIFMEw#FSOBU[JL

JTBVUIPSTQFDJFTUIBUUIFTBNFPDDVSTBNPOHUIF%JOLB'JHi"TGPSUIFDPXTwhich have no cal but can nevertheless givemilk, the Dinka, like the Nuer, blow as hardas they can into their anus and their vagina#FSOBU[JL.PSFPWFS UIF FYBNQMFPGUIF%JOLBJTSFHVMBSMZDJUFE'JH1BSBV$BTUJHMJPOJBOEUIFQIP-tos taken by Evans-Pritchard during his sojournamong the Nuer show the insufation tech-OJRVF'JHBOEJUTBTTPDJBUJPOXJUIUIBUPG

UIFQSFTFOUBUJPOPGBGBLFDBMG'JH2

.Among the Peul Wodaabe, milking is gene-rally womens business, but the man interve-nes in dicult cases by blowing air into theDPXTWBHJOB%VQJSF"OPCTFSWB-tion comparable to that made by Niebuhr in*SBRXBTSFQPSUFECZ)FSNBOO3IFTFBNPOHthe Ziba o anzania where, to be able to pro-UGSPNNJML GPS MPOHFSFJUIFS UIFZHJWF UIFDPX BOPUIFS DBMG PS UIFZ GPSDF JU BSUJDJBMMZUPHJWFNJML5XPNFUIPETBSFUIFOQPTTJCMF

they blow into the cows anus, or they stick thehand and arm up to the elbow into there. Inmost cases, ater that, the cow then gives milk3IFTF

*OUIF4VEBO UIF#BHHSB"SBCTPG,PSEPGBOand Darur also practise insufation, accordingUP.BD.JDIBFMi*SFNFNCFSCFJOHUPMEJO%BS-GVSJOUIBUUIFMBUF4VMUBO"MJ%JOSXIFOEFFE UIF QSFWJPVT ZFBS CZ .VTB .BEJCCPUIFQPXFSGVMTIFJLPGUIF3J[FJRU#BHHSBBE -

dressed a letter to his troublesome subject withrather unairly began Ya nafh el buqqer [YouCMPXFSVQPGDPXT]w.BD.JDIBFM*O$IBEUIF#BOBPG-PHPOFBMTPLOPXJU3IFBQVE1MJTDILFQFSIBQTBG-ter being borrowed rom the Arabs (Lagercrantz

2. Morton, Chris. reating Nuer cow Southern Sudan Proj-FDU JOEFWFMPQNFOU +BO 1JUU 3JWFST.VTFVN "D-DFTTFE .BZ IUUQTPVUIFSOTVEBOQSNPYBDVLEFUBJMT FU IUUQTPVUIFSOTVEBOQSNPYBDVLEFUBJMT

*UJTBMTPBUUFTUFEBNPOHUIF.BBTBJ.FOHIJO

In the Horn o Arica, where the custom isLOPXOBNPOHUIF%BOBLJM-BHFSDSBOU[ JU IBT CFFO SFQPSUFE UIBU iJO UIF TPVUIPG(BMMBDPVOUSZUIFZNJMLDPXTXIJDIreceive no other ood than grass, in the mor-ning ater a brie graze, when the cow will giveabout three litres o milk; and at night whenJUHJWFTGSPNUPMJUSFT'PSUIFNJMLJOHUIFZput a cals hide on their head. While the cowJTMJDLJOHJUJUJTQPTTJCMFUPNJMLJURVJFUMZ*GUIFNJMLJOH JTOPU EPOF SBUIFS RVJDLMZ UIFZ

blow violently into the vagina o the goat orthe cow, in the Sudanese way (Paulitschke "OPUIFS JOEJDBUJPO HJWFO GPSAbyssinia in general is provided by J.-Maria)JMEFCSBOEi*GBDPXIPMETCBDLJUTNJMLBTJUoten does when it has lost its cal, the lattersCPEZJTTUVFEBOQMBDFEDMPTFUPUIFNPUIFSat the moment o milking, or it is presentedwith another cows cal which has previouslybeen smeared with the urine o the dead cal.She licks it and accepts it, believing that it is

her own cal. At the same time the real mo-ther continues to suckle her little one, so thatit oten happens that two or three cows shareUIFTBNFDBMG#VUJGEFTQJUFUIFTFTUSBUBHFNTa cow still reuses to give its milk, they tie itsback legs together and they blow hard into itsvagina. Te labia o the vulva are separated,and the herder blows some brie blasts di-rectly into the vagina. Rapidly withdrawinghis head, he manually closes the labia o thevulva, so that the vagina remains distendedby the air. Tis operation is repeated as manytimes as is necessary to orce the cow to stayRVJFUBOEUPCFNJMLFEw)JMEFCSBOEU"NPOH UIF 4PNBMJ i.JMLJOH JTNFOTwork. I a cow reuses to give milk, the nativesuse a very original method to obtain it. A manholds the cows head, another pulls its tail, anda third blows as hard as he can into its anus,ater which the animal willingly gives its milk,FMMFS


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'JHo1IPUPQVCMJTIFECZ)VHP#FSOBU[JLJMMVTUSBUJOHUIFTBNFUFDIOJRVFBNPOHUIF/VFSBGUFS1BSBV

'JHo1IPUPPGUIFTBNFJMMVTUSBUJOHUIFUFDIOJRVFBNPOHUIF%JOLBBGUFS#FSOBU[JL

'JHo"OPUIFSBUUFTUBUJPOPGUIFTBNFUFDIOJRVFBNPOHUIF%JOLBBGUFS$BTUJHMJPOJ


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In East Arica, among the Wagogo, i thecal dies, milk production ceases immedia-tely. So the cow is tricked in the ollowingXBZ UIF IJEF PG UIF DBMG T IFBE BOE OFDL JTstretched over a gourd. Tis naturalised headis brought close to the cow rom behind,she licks it, thinks she recognizes her cal,and lets hersel be milked. Another methodconsists o blowing air into the animals vulva$MBV

In southern Arica, the custom o insufationhas been mentioned among the Nama (Alexan-EFS5TXBOB8JMNBO,PSB-OB(POBRB)FSFSP/HVOJ9PTBBOE3PMPOH-BHFSDSBOU[*OUIF$POHPUIF#BOZBNVMFOHFTUBUFUIBUUPNJML B DPX UIFZ STU USZ UPNBTTBHF JUXIJMFspeaking to it, singing it songs, giving it salt, andi none o those things works, they insert intoits vagina certain herbs which are supposed to

'JHo1IPUPTUBLFOCZ&EXBSE&WBO&WBOT1SJUDIBSEEVSJOHIJTTPKPVSOBNPOHUIF/VFSBOETIPXJOHUIFQSBDUJDFPGJOTVBUJPOBGUFSIUUQTPVUIFSOTVEBOQSNPYBDVLEFUBJMTBMMSJHIUTSFTFSWFE


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make milk ow (inormation obtained in situ byNicole Poissonnier, in litt. 17-iv-2010). A simi-MBSUFDIOJRVFBMPOHXJUIPUIFSTJTGPVOEBTXFhave seen, among the uru o anzania (SickCVUBMTPJO6HBOEBBNPOHUIF#BIJNBiFNFOLOPXOVNFSPVT IFSCT GPSdoctoring their cattle, and administer some herbby injection into the uterus to make a cow yieldmilk when its cal has died; this has to be donewith care, and not too oten, or it causes the ani-

NBMUPCFDPNFCBSSFOw3PTDPFBOEBMTP BNPOH UIF#BHBOEBiF IFSETNFOknew a medicine, which they could insert intothe uterus o a cow that had lost its cal, with theFFDUPGNBLJOHIFSHJWFNPSFNJMLGPSBUJNFbut i the operation was repeated, it caused steri-MJUZw3PTDPFIn these latter cases there is no insufation, but theact o placing herbs into the vagina should, i needbe, be recognizable in some detailed rock images.

'JHo"OPUIFSQIPUPGSPNUIFTBNFTPVSDFTIPXJOHUIFBTTPDJBUJPOPGUIJTUFDIOJRVFXJUIUIBUPGUIFGBLFDBMGBGUFSIUUQTPVUIFSOTVEBOQSNPYBDVLEFUBJMTBMMSJHIUTSFTFSWFE


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5)&0-%&45,/08/$-"*.4

For reasons presented elsewhere (Le2VFMMFD UIF FOHSBWJOHT PG UIF.FTTBLDBO CF QMBDFE JO UIF GUIGPVSUI NJMMFOOJB#$&FQBJOUJOHTPG*NNJEJSBMUIPVHIOPUprecisely dated, are undoubtedly more recentalthough, or climatic reasons, they cannot beMBUFSUIBO#$&-F2VFMMFD

FUFDIOJRVFPGJOTVBUJPOJO"ODJFOU&HZQUhas been mentioned by Philippe Gouin, whounortunately does not indicate his source(PVJOO)PXFWFSBEFUBJM

o resco recorded in a Vth dynasty tomb (ca.#$& BUUSBDUT POFT BUUFOUJPO 'JH Tis image is one o those which show thatthe ancient Egyptians took advantage o thepresence o the cal to obtain the milk, andhere the little animal has a competitor in theorm o a young boy who is suckling the udderEJSFDUMZ #VU XIBU JT UIF BEVMU EPJOH XIP JTKVTU CFIJOE UIF DPX)F TFFNT UP CF QMBDJOHhis right hand under the animals tail, as ito stimulate it manually just as the Dinka dowhen they practise insufation. Although it isnot absolutely convincing, this image thereoreseems to contribute to our dossier, or wanto a more precise illustration. However, suchan illustration may exist in the orm o thedecoration o the tomb o Oukhhotep at Meir9**thEZOBTUZJOXIJDIPOFTFFT'JHMFGUB TDFOF XIJDI +BDRVFT 7BOEJFS EFTDSJCFE JOUIFTFUFSNTiFDPXXBJUTQMBDJEMZXJUIPVUtaking care o its cal, which must have recentlyCFFOXFBOFEBOEXIJDITUBOETRVJFUMZJOGSPOUPGJUTNPUIFS"NBOTRVBUUJOHPOCFOUMFHTwraps his arms around the cows back legs,obviously to immobilize it. His companion,TRVBUUJOHJOUIFTBNFXBZDMPTFUPUIFBOJNBMis bending orward with his head raised. Ione goes by the drawing, the herdsman is notyet actually milking, he is just placing in thecorrect position the vessel into which the milkmust ow. Tis vessel is no longer visible, butit certainly existed, and the man, with his arms

lowered in parallel, was busy putting it exactlyunder the udder o his animal, beore beginning

IJTXPSLw7BOEJFSDPODFSOJOHIJTH/PJTEFTDSJQUJPOJTQFSIBQTnot as aithul to the work as it might seemGSPNUIFSTUSFBEJOH'PSFYBNQMFJGUIFDBMGJTin ront o the cow, this is obviously to acilitatelactation, as is common everywhere, especiallyJOBODJFOU&HZQU'JHT*OUIFUPNCo Oukhhotep, the person located under themother is small, and thus is probably a child oran adolescent learning to suckle directly romthe udder, as is always common in Arica. It is

thereore normal that no vessel is visible, andpointless to imagine that it has disappeared.As or the adult located behind the cow, whywould he be seeking to immobilize the animalby girdling its legs, which would be airly risky,and even dangerous, when it would be so simpleto hobble it, something the Egyptians knewWFSZXFMMIPXUPEP'PSFYBNQMFPOFDBOTFFthis clearly in the decoration o the tombs at4BRRBSB'JHT.PSFMJLFMZKVEHJOHCZthe animals markedly raised tail, it is ar more

probable that this human is preparing to blowinto its vagina, having already knelt down to dothis, adopting a posture that is oten used by the%JOLBBOEUIF/VFSUPEBZ'JHT

In our inventory, the easternmost location isthat o the so-called dairy panel discovered tothe let o the entrance staircase at the temple oNin-hursag. Tis monument was built at ellel-Obeyd (southern Mesopotamia, in present-EBZ*SBRCZLJOH"B/FQBEBJOUIF4VNFSJBOMBOHVBHF'JHBOESFDPOTUSVDUJPO'JHIn this decoration, the position adopted by theNJMLFS GSPN CFIJOE JT DVTUPNBSZ GPSmilking ewes and goats, but is surprising in thecase o a cow because, says Philippe Gouin, itobliges the man to work with arms outstretchedand his ace conronting the animals rear end,which prevents him seeing what he is doing.Moreover, the cows powerul tail is a nuisance,and its droppings are at risk o alling in themilk. Nevertheless, this method o milking is


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GPVOE PO B DZMJOEFSTFBM JO UIF -PVWSF whose general decoration is, moreover, very

close to that o the rieze o el-Obeid as well ason a small ragment o a relie at Ur. In act, themilker thus places himsel beore milking, inorder to be able to blow into the cows uterus(PVJOJTEPDVNFOUTIPXTUIBUUIF4VNFSJBOTLOFXUIJTUFDIOJRVFCZUIFFBSMZ%ZOBTUJD***#BSPVOE#$&"MUIPVHI

incomplete, a ragment o bas-relie at UrDMFBSMZTIPXTBNBOVTJOHUIFTBNFUFDIOJRVF

BTUIFNJMLFSTPG5FMMFM0CFZECZTRVBUUJOHlike them, without a seat behind the animal'JH5PUIFFMFNFOUTPGDPNQBSJTPOUIBUhave just been cited, one can also add a sealPGUIF'JOBM#SPO[F"HFEJTDPWFSFEBU,OPTTPTCZ4JS"SUIVS&WBOT'JHBGUFS%BWJTH

'JHo'SFTDPJOUIFUPNCPG0VLIIPUFQBU.FJS9** thEZOBTUZBGUFS7BOEJFSH/P

'JHo'SFTDPUSBDFEJOBO&HZQUJBOUPNCPGUIF7th EZOBTUZBGUFS)SZ&OFMH


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'JHo.JMLJOHTDFOFGSPNUIFNBTUBCBPG,BHFNOJ0ME,JOHEPNBGUFS%VOBOE-JDIUFOCFSHH


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'JH

o1BOFMLOPXOBTiUIF

EBJSZwEFDPSBUJOHUIFUFNQMFPG/JOIVSTBH

BU5FMMFM0CFZETPVUIFSO.FTPQPUBNJBJOQSFTFOUEBZ*SBRBGUFS1BSBV

H

'JH

o3FDPOTUSVDUJPOPGUIFQSFWJPVTQBOFM

"GUFS4JNPPOTH


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'JHo'JOBM#SPO[F"HFTFBMEJTDPWFSFEBU,OPTTPTCZ4JS"SUIVS&WBOTBOETIPXJOHNJMLJOHGSPNCFIJOEBGUFS%BWJTH


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ORIGIN

"U STU TJHIU UIFNBKPSJUZ PG LOPXO DMBJNTseem to be located outside the region ines-ted by tsetse ies (y that kills cattle in the5TXBOBMBOHVBHFCVUTFWFSBMDBTFT46,'MA, R, WG) seem to contradict the hypo-thesis o an explanation o avoidance o theBSFB PG JOGFTUBUJPO .BQ 4JODF OP SFMB-tionship can apparently be established withany ecozone, it is the idea o a cultural mo-tivation that springs all the more readily toNJOE TJODF UIF UFDIOJRVF PG JOTVBUJPO JT

not systematically linked to pastoralism (themajority o pastoralist societies do not seemto know it) and because the repeated inven-tion o such a specialized and not very ob-vious process appears to be ar less probableUIBUJUTUSBOTNJTTJPO'SBOPJT9BWJFS'BVWFM -le-Aymar sees in it a cultural trait comparableUPUIFSBJTJOHPGXBSDBUUMFBOPUIFSUFDIOJRVFthat is also not universal among pastoralists,and both orm part o a complete pastoralistpackage including certain highly specialized

IFSEJOH UFDIOJRVFTw 'BVWFMMF"ZNBS 2007 & 2008). Te distribution area o warcattle has not been well studied or the mo-ment, but this subject is worthy o urtherstudy, especially as the prehistorian Oswald.FOHIJOBMSFBEZUIPVHIUUIBUUIFUFDIOJRVFo insufation was a typical trait o what hecalled the warrior-pastoralist culture (Sie istein typischer Zug der Hirtenkriegerkulturw.FOHIJO

Te most economical hypothesis is that whichsupposes that this trait spread at the same timeas domestic bovines; it appears that their ar-rival is best documented in the northern halo the continent, even i many uncertaintiesremain, especially where their ultimate originis concerned. Tis may result rom an intro-duction rom the east, or rom a native do-mestication o the Arican aurochs (Lotus etal.#SBEMFZet al.)BOPUUFet al.(BVUJFS F TFDPOE

possibility is not currently avoured by mostBSDIBFPMPHJTUT8FOHSPXBOEUIFJEFB

o an introduction rom the east is generallypreerred, on the one hand because the ar-DIBFP[PPMPHJDBMEBUBEPOPUDPOSNUIFIZ-pothesis o an Arican domestication centre,and on the other because o the very earlyEBUFT #$& PCUBJOFE OPU POMZrom the Cypriot preceramic site o Shillou-rokambos (Guilaine et al.GPSCJHCP-vines transported by boat, but also in Syriaor a diminution o the sexual dimorphism oUIFBVSPDITGSPNUIFOBMMFWFMTPGUIFFBSMZ

11/#XIJDIJOEJDBUFTJUTQSPCBCMFEPNFT-tication around the same period (Arbuckle2005). Whatever precision can be brought tothis subject by uture research, the situationSFNBJOTDMFBSJOUIFDFOUSBM4BIBSBCPWJOFTwere introduced here rom the east, beoreTQSFBEJOHXFTUXBSET.BQ)PXFWFSUIFDMBTTJD EJVTJPOJTU NPEFM PG EPNFTUJDCPWJ-nes arriving in the subcontinent, as presen-ted especially by Ronan Lotus and his col-laborators (Map 5), does not really take into

account their presence in the central Sahara,and is essentially based on two sites whichshould be treated with caution; because theEBUF PG#1 JF DB #$&HJWFOGPSEPNFTUJDCPWJOFTBUUIFSTUPGUIFTFsites, Haua Fteah in Cyrenaica (Clark et al.JOSFBMJUZDPNFTGSPNQSPCMFNB-tic bones scholars cannot decide whetherthey are rom a small aurochs or domesticCPWJOFT,MFJOBOE4DPUU"TGPSthe documentation extracted rom the Ca-QFMMFUUJ$BWF3PVCFUUIFTFDPOETJUFthat is oten invoked, it only proves a possibleQSFTFODFPGEPNFTUJDDBUUMFBGUFS#$&.V[[PMJOJWithout getting trapped by the shortcomings oBTZTUFNBUJDJEFOUJDBUJPOPGMBOHVBHFBOESBDFone can legitimately wonder i the distribution oUIFGBDUTJORVFTUJPOBTUIFZNBZIBWFBQQFBSFEuntil the9*9thDFOUVSZIFODFCFGPSFUIFQSP-DFTTPGSFJDBUJPOPGFUIOJDHSPVQTEFOPVODFEby various ethnologists and historians (Chrtien


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L Q J.-L.

R y, y (

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11Ethnographie Nordost-Ari-kas. Die Materielle Kultur der Dnakil, Gallaund Soml)PMEFS7PITFO#FSMJO

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