Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH...

142
H I LLINOI S UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN PRODUCTION NOTE University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Library Brittle Books Project, 2012.

Transcript of Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH...

Page 1: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

HI LLINOI SUNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN

PRODUCTION NOTE

University of Illinois atUrbana-Champaign LibraryBrittle Books Project, 2012.

Page 2: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

COPYRIGHT NOTIFICATION

In Public Domain.Published prior to 1923.

This digital copy was made from the printed version heldby the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

It was made in compliance with copyright law.

Prepared for the Brittle Books Project, Main Library,University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

byNorthern Micrographics

Brookhaven BinderyLa Crosse, Wisconsin

2012

Page 3: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

UUCS5

Page 4: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

THE UNIVERSITY

OF ILLINOIS

LIBRARY

From the library ofCharles Melviile Moss

Professor ofClassics

Presented by Mrs. IMoss

881S5188G2V.3

Page 5: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

tartnhjan pess Sis

ELECTRA

CAMPBELL AND ABBOTT

Page 6: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

%onbonHENRY FROWDE

OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS WAREHOUSE

AMEN CORNER, E.C.

Page 7: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

SOPHOCLESIN SINGLE PLAYS

FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS

EDITED

WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND

BY

ENGLISH NOTES

LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D.Professor of Greek in the University of St. Andrews

AND

EVELYN ABBOTT, M.A., LL.D.Fellow and Tutor of Balliol College, Oxford

ELECTRA

New and Revised Edition

Oxfort

AT THE CLARENDON PRESS

1890

[All rights reserved]

clarenhn rauss Strits

Page 8: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek
Page 9: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

PREFACE.

THE present edition of the plays of Sophocles has beencompiled from the larger edition of the Plays and Fragments

published by Prof. Campbell I with such alterations and addi-

tions as seemed necessary to adapt the work for use in

schools.The text is almost identical in the two editions, and the

same marks are used. A departure from MS. authority isdistinguished by an asterisk, and a word or phrase which,

though retained from the MSS., is almost certainly corrupt,

is distinguished by an obelus.In the notes, the critical part of the larger edition bearing

on the text has been omitted. Here and there, it is true,various readings have been given, but no attempt is made to

present a connected account of the text. And little or

nothing is said about the metres. Whatever light may havebeen thrown on Greek music and metre by recent researchesin Germany, the results have not been such that they can

1 Sofkoces. By Prof. Campbell. Clarendon Press, 1879-81.

636221

Page 10: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

with any advantage be embodied in an English School

Edition 1

In the illustration of grammatical constructions the smaller

edition is sometimes more full than the larger. It is obvious

that knowledge which may be presumed in an older reader

can be profitably enough imparted to one who is reading

Sophocles for the first time, and reading him principally

with a view to improve his knowledge of Greek. But, in

order to save space, references are sometimes given to

grammatical works, especially to Professor Goodwin's

'Moods and Tenses.' In the larger edition the most im-

portant facts of the language of Sophocles have been

collected, analysed, and arranged, in an introductory essay:

in this edition the matter of that essay has been embodied

in the notes on various passages. This change seemed

necessary in a work which is intended to facilitate the

reading of the author without aiming at a general criticism

of his language. But a use of the indices will enable any

one who wishes to construct for himself a fair conspectus

of the leading features in the style of Sophocles.

It will be observed that in many passages more than one

rendering is given, and it may perhaps be thought that such

alternatives are merely a confession of ignorance. But

although it is true that the writer's meaning is one and one

only, it is often scarcely possible to express this, even when

1 Brambach has published ' Die Sophocleischen Gesiinge fiir denSchulgebrauch metrisch erkliTrt.' Leipzig, 187o.

vi PREFACE.

Page 11: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

perceived, by a single English version, and there are somepassages in which the grounds of interpretation are so nicelybalanced, that the charge of ignorance would rather beapplicable to a dogmatic rendering. Beyond doubt, manypassages admit grammatically of two interpretations, eitherof which is possible in the context in which the words occur.There may be a preference in favour of one or the other,but to exclude either would mark this preference too strongly.Moreover in a work of joint authorship there will necessarilybe some difference of opinion; and although there are butfew passages over which the editors have felt themselves todiffer seriously, this should be noticed as another cause ofthe alternative renderings.

The lines of the plays are quoted according to the notationof Dindorf, which is now almost universally adopted. Thenumbering of the fragments is that of Nauck, in his 'Tragi-corum Graecorum Fragmenta.'

Though the present edition has been compiled mainly fromthe larger work, the notes of other scholars have of coursebeen consulted. The most useful commentaries in Germanare those of Schneidewin-Nauck, Gustav Wolff, and Weck-lein. Of those with Latin notes the most important arethe editions by Hermann, Dindorf, and Wunder, to whichperhaps Linwood's should be added, though most readerswill regret that so able a scholar did not give the world amore elaborate work. The chief English editions have alsobeen consulted. It is needless to enumerate them, and itwould be out of place to criticise them here.

V;!PREFACE.

Page 12: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

vil PREFACE.

Some pains have been taken to make the introductory

analyses, prefixed to the notes, a real help to the young

reader in mastering the structure and the leading motives

of each play. But for further information on these points

the student is referred to the Introductions in the larger

edition.

Page 13: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 14: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 15: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 16: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 17: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 18: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 19: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 20: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 21: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 22: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

20' DOKAE0Y2

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10

Page 23: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

HAEKTPA. 11

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Page 24: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

20O)OKAEOYS

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12

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HIAEKTPA. 13

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2O0IOKAEOY2

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14

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HAEKTPA. 15

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Page 28: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

20 DOKAEOY2

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16

Page 29: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

HAEKTPA. 1.7

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Page 30: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

2OOKAEOY2

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18

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H-AEKTPA. '19

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C2

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204OKAEOY2

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20

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HAEKTPA. 21

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204 OKAEOY2

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22

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ITAEKTPA. 23

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Page 36: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

20OPOKAEOYS

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24

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HAEKTPA. 25.

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MO IOKAEOY2

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Page 40: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 42: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 44: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 46: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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Page 50: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

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TEXOVLtL rov'pyovi AMXXaya 7Tpoo-/ LEVE.XO. irro) L; rt' op pao--O-V(7

HA. 71 /1EV EL T4 j0v 1400.XVf37Ta KOLTiE7 TO) ' 8'/1E0TaTov 7TE'XLLL.

XO. 0-b ' CKTOs 7Jas' rp 7;

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2O0OKAEOYS

HA. povpqxovOr rctMAltyLBOE lir*~r ~ 7 l oxv Ec"olAL'ycOo0. y/a /1 O1 oX 'ro

KA. aiaL.

LI 0TEcyaL

/MXCOV E'PqOL, 7CO) 8 aroXX'VTCOV rXea.

HA. 3oii rL. E'3

0. Ov'K a'KOvE'E, d iXat;

XO q KOVo- avKOVU7a a r-Tavos!, coj-rE OpL~aL.KA. 01/10 7aXaw,. Afyto-Oc, 71O0 ror &W KVPE'LS;

HA. ioio jua'X! a6 Opoe iwCS.

KA. TE KYOl' TEC'VOV'

OLcTELPE TqV TKGuITay.

HA. XX' K cK 4EOE

pKTE'pEO' 0O OR O6 7Evv?(Trav 7Tarlrp.

XO. crp. (' 7r6XLq, 3 yeEVE riXatva, ivP oe

potpa xaOaieptia /Ovea c/JO WEL.

KA. dc~ot 7rc7Xqlyuat.

HA. 7aLLTol', El OOEvELE1 3

L7iXjk

KA. i'4/oc 1XA a6"Oc.

HA. Et yap Alyiop * O/uoV.

XO. rEXov(Tdpat Cj3v ot ya' 01 17rat KE/I'EVOL.

6 *71raXtppv7ol' yap atlk vlWEcnatpov-oL Tro

K~~Y 1 4c Aat 0avlyPlieg,Ticol'0v0l 7ra

Ki L /I7 7rapETLtV ONL' ()OLvaia XE'lP

oT'041 OvnXiv'Apfov, 0)M 'co X'YELl.

*HA. upma, 71-Ol *KVPE-tQc;

oP. Tal' 80'/.01(1- iE"V

1405

1410

1415V.

1420

1425

1430

,aX., 'Airo'XXov EL KaXMO) E0

E0971-YWEV

TEOViKEP ?T 'XaLva;

/fLKE EKcOfOV

JAqTpLpOl' oE TE X?1/. aict/AoeL 7ToE.

vavocrao-Oe. XEv'oco Yap At'ycrOov EK 71-p0&0nX v.

l raZlesy, 00K ugoppov;

ELcOpaTE 21-1

ST7o P

44

HA.

oP.

xo.HA.Op.

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HAEKTPA. 45

HA. rj IT oUo0 CK lrpoaOTtLOV

XWPEL y~yoccjE.XO. aWvT. f&TE Kar- advrtOvpcov &TOv Tcat0-7-

viv, Ta 7TtPiJ CZ OALEVOt, 7a8' c(0,T 7LV.

OP. OaprYet- rfXov-/EV.

A0H. V0GEl E YTEL7E VVV. 1435

OP. Kal 8) )3-E/3Ka.

HA. TaVOa8' AV /AEXOt&' C4LOL1

XO. at wrV aV 7ravpa y' cv ?rtrcovvviret

6 7rpo i'v8pa ro'vaiE uvjzE'Pot, Xa6pa-Lov cWv 1440

OpoVtq 7rp8' &WKav ayctwva.

AITI28~.

TLS9 Ol8EV V/LOW TOV 7T0

0D OL ?COKLV EV0L,

oV9 4a& 'pEoqv ?/.v a-y-itXat /iov

XcXoLtnSO' LI7flrKOLtoL'L' vavaytow,

ale Tot 1 ( KpLvw, vat (TE 7173 EoL' T9 lrapE4 1445

Xpomw Opao-JEav- k ipaXtur a 00L IEL

oqat, Atidura 8' 'w Ka7Et8VLOv 7 pva .

HA. W'$otLa. 7r&^ yhp o Vi; o av)op q ap a

E4oAEV EU71Jy TOW /FL(AW T7E (/)tX0aT17SV7

Al. rov^ 8-r' a8v le'v o' E'ot; &8aa0KE 16. 7450

HA. &'ov /X7lt ya'p 73poE'VoV Ka7nvvoav.

Al. 7) Ka' Oav'Ov rf/yEtLXav 4E ET7tv/ OIE;

HA. olIK, aXXa KaWE8

ELWav , ov' Xy o I'vov.

AL. 7rapEcor dp 17LW COTT Ka/JX/)caf IpaEWi;

HA. -7rapELrtL 8ira Kal t pXa d'1£Xo J Ea. 1455

Al. 7r 7oXXaV Xat'PELt / EI1-(LE OVK ELCW 0'TWO.

HA. Xaipotg aV) el (FOL xaPraL 7T-vXavOl TraE.

AL. crya/ al' or/, Kava8

LKVV'vat rv"Xav

7ra(TtV MvKaot'iv 'Apyclotv 0' 6paL,WE EL 7TL aTro) EX7rI(tt KEVaLE 7rapoE. 146o

4 pEr avl'pOg TovE, LiJL OfJOV L'EKp6

-ToptLa 8EXnmt0 Tai/Wa /pq7

8c 7rpo%. v3iav

410v Koao-a0v 7PO(TvXoWd ~vL;f cpEL'ar.

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2OOKAEOY2

HA. KaLl TXELAc~tTat rar e/LOI r yLp Xpv'cpVOUP c07(oV, ooTre cTVpxubEpELv roi. KElO-0-0ocv. 1465

AL CI Zci3, aca0pKa odT/.Lp Am EV ( vov fIEtV ov

2TTE7TWSO)E' eL) 6' ~ireT N E" o-Lt, o' XeYco.

aXaie 7raV KaXV/FI di r' &/AaXpcv, 05rcM

To aTvYYcEVE -rL Kair E'LOv O()1VJ0V TVXfl7.

OP. av'-oE Trv /38aaa. 00K E.LOV TO', aXXa % Cop 1470TO -a0' OpV TE Ka" ^~O7ypL iOE7-6 rav o a L 7al rpoo-yopetv I~r

AL. AXX E6 7apaivEZ, KdaorureLfoo/atL. ocVEL 7rOV Kar OLtdZJ Lot KXvratpv'o-r-pa, KaX EL.

OP. avorrq 7TXaL cr0^ /A7KE AXXOTCr 0'KO2TEL.

Al. OLoL, T4 XEvo(TW;

OP. Tiva Lo/3JE; t'y dyvoEZE; 1475

Al. rTvwv 7ror' avaptoz cv /Ilea-ot apKVO-TdToVs

IrfoX 6 T h01Y;

OP. ou yap at'0c0VEL 7raXat

cv 7rot avovo-tv OVYiEK' dvravUaa hY to

AL. oqIOL, vv1 Ka Tov'7To. ov Yap EFO' oirct)E

058 K 'OpE'arTc EztO 0 rpoo-(/ovov J/16. 1480

OP. Kal uLavT-i (1Wv aptrov e"(TAAXXov 7a'aX;

AL.A XcoXa 87 adEnLac . a'XXa pLol vrpev

Kav LY/LLKpL' ELi;EWV,

HA. jr17 irc pa XE'YeLv e'a

7rphY OcEc-v, JXk' p17 /\I-KVVELV Xoyovy.

tTL yap 8pOTc#) AV OV'V KaKOLE /LE/LyULeMO V 1485OV1LTKEWV 6 5EXXCO)V TOO XP

6'VV KE I809 /e"POL ;t

jXV Zov a'Xto-,a KTELVE Kal KTavoYv IrpoOCE

TarEvo-Lv, v Tov8' ELKO, ETL TVYXaVetva7r07TOJ T,/L.c'v. I 4Lo TOWa 'v KaKIZ'

Iovov yEvOTro 7&)v 7raXa XvTq'ptov. 1490

OP. a iv EL)o O-vv TaXEL. Xoyow yap ov

'vv ELTTLV iyco)vA aX'L C7 1 VV1E irE/L.

Al.L rIa 'E. &ov alyetE ; iran, -O6 El KaXo'v

TOP)OKTOV 81) OV, rTOftr. EL KTaVfLV;

46

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HAEKTPA. 47

OP. (Vq TracTG-V XC'PEt N ePba7TEp KaTE'KravJe 1495

7raTEpa V T a/ aLoV, co.9 a v EV Ta vp av a v.

AL. 17 rdvcvyK?7 TjVSE T9V rCTY?V JaEwi

T T o'Va Kat /LEXXovTa IIEXoJL&cOV KaKa;

oP. raA yoiv cr ae()yc0L /LaVttiS tE'/.L t ' a Kpo.

AL. a'' ; 'rarpoav Tv TEXvqv EKo/-z0raSav. 1500

OP. 7rOXX JVTLfcOVrnJEL, Y' 8 oa& j8pa6V'VEa.

axx' CPAl. v V.o~

oP. 'O 3aato-,rov 7rap0s.

Al. q vij o LTe;

op. ,d1 )UE'V OV' KaO' OVv

Ocavqv c vX~aL ELa Me 0V T-O OO& 7rLKpOV.

2(* 8' EvOv' ELva& T'V8- r0^L 7TWTLrv &LK9KV, 1505

SaLg 7repa Tcrao(TEv nt TCv v4*coi' OexKTELVELV. To yap 7raVO~pyoz OK v r woXtX

XO. mr e rp'Apecog, cy -7OXXA 7ra90v

at EXEv9Eplay tiXtv iitX~ev7 VVV Op/Ij TEXEWOE6V. 1510

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NOTES.

INTRODUCTORY ANALYSIS.

'E 'yp 'OpkrTao TL7 r f'arTaL 'ATpEL ao,

0rlnii' aV 2T .8 TE icatis ilpeiprat a2q.

Od. 1. 40, 4r.

SOPHOCLES is known to have produced an Oenomaus, an Atreus, anda Clytemnestra, but there is no trace of his having followed the legendof the house of Pelops beyond the death of Aegisthus. However thismay have been, it is certain that in the Electra he represents the ven-geance of Orestes as the final removal of the troubles which had long.beset the family of the Atridae. No scruples beforehand, no Erinyesafterwards, overshadow the just sacrifice. The sun shines forth, andthe lurid clouds are buried in the sea. The father is avenged and theson triumphs; then all is right and well. Orestes is sped like anarrow from the bow of Phoebus. He needs no support, no encourage-ment. But Pylades is at his side; and his sister's resolution is added tohis own, so as to redouble, if that were possible, the already mortalblow. It is through Electra's feelings that the situation is for the mostpart interpreted.

Thus the motive of Sophocles here is very different from that ofAeschylus in the corresponding drama, and may appear at first sight tobe less humane.

His purpose is to set forth a revelation of Divine justice, in thepunishment of the guilty, the vindication of the dead, who have beenwronged, and the restoration of the oppressed. This purpose is main-tained by him with perfect simplicity. He so disposes his materialsas to give the utmost effect to this main object, and the use of the

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ELECTRA.50

third actor enables him to do so with more minuteness of arrangementthan belonged to his predecessor's manner of working.

The time chosen for the opening of the action is not, as in theChoiphoroe, the gloom of evening, but the fresh day-break, whichSophocles loved (cp. Ajax, Antigone). ' The powers of light are in theascendant' (Jebb). No raven croaks the fatal entrance of Orcstes andPylades, but the voice of birds awakened by the rising sun is heard towelcome them, as they approach the palace of the Pelopidae.

Another voice soon thrills to them, that of Electra's sorrow, towhich the morning brings no light. But Orestes is too fully possessedwith his great purpose to risk disclosure now, and he withdraws withPylades to fetch the urn which has been provided for their stratagem,while the old attendant retires and watches his opportunity to preparethe way for the avengers (11. 1-85).

This 7ratlayc-yl is one of those subordinate persons, wvhom Sophoclesknew so well how to employ. (Cp. the obii&rS in O. T.) The veri-similitude of the action is greatly assisted by the introduction of this oldman, who reconnoitres the ground for Orestes, and disposes the minds ofthose in the palace to receive him without suspicion. And a furtherpoint is gained by a device, which makes the two supposed mes-sengers (the 'Paedagogus and Orestes) apparently independent of eachother. Orestes in his disguise professes to bring the urn fromStrophius, the friend of Agamemnon. But the bringer of the news,who precedes him, purports to have been sent by Phanoteus, who,though also a Phocian, is a natural enemy of Strophius, and, as we aredistinctly told, a noted war-friend of Aegisthus.

Besides the part which he directly takes in the action, there are otherways in which the old servant lends interest to the play. He is theconnecting link between the older and the younger generation. Hisfaithfulness is contrasted with the disloyalty and crimes of others. Hehas been like a parent to Orestes in his exile, and in seeing him Electraseems to see her father (1. 1361).

The stage being left vacant by the exits of Orestes and the Paeda-gogus, Electra enters from the house. She is met by the Chorus,consisting, not of captives, but of loyal Argive women, her peers inblood (I yEfviXa "eyvvamw), who in return for her full affection give allthe sympathy in their power, though this is far from reaching to thedepth of her sorrow. If her lamentations seem to a modem reader tobe too far prolonged, it does not follow that they failed to command the

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NOTES.

interest of the ancient spectator. Her insistence on the same note,'like the mournful nightingale,' her refusal of consolation, her piteouspleading for her brother's return, combine to impress upon us theodious and intolerable weariness of her lot, and fill the mlind withhatred of the guilty ones, and admiration of the lonely woman and herconstant spirit. She speaks plainly enough of her own miseries, but itis clearly felt that the chief burden of her grief is for her father, who isstill dishonoured, still unrevenged. Her crowning trouble is that she isforced to witness the insolence of Aegisthus (11. 86-323).

The nobleness of her sorrow appears in a scene in which she is con-trasted with her sister Chrysothemis, who, like Ismene in the Antigone,yields to those in power. - The poet has contrived that Chrysothemis,and not Electra, shall be the bearer of the offerings sent by Clytemnestrato the tomb of Agamemnon in consequence of her dream. Thus insteadof taking from the unity of the chief character, this necessary incident ismade to bring it into fuller relief, through the different effects producedon the two sisters (11. 324-471).

The vision which has troubled the Queen's rest awakens in the Chorusa stronger presage than heretofore of the speedy advent of that Justicewhich must surely overtake the bloody and impure; and they cast abackward glance on the death of Myrtilus, which began the long suc-cession of calamities for the house of Pelops (11. 472-515).

We are next introduced to Clytemnestra, who is designedly lessmajestic here than in the Oresteia, but quite as hateful. The gifts sentby her through Chrysothemis have not relieved her mind, and she nowbrings an offering in person. In her altercation with her daughter, sheis for the moment driven to excuse herself for her crime. She pleadsthe sacrifice of Iphigeneia. But it is at once retorted that in livingopenly with the murderer of her husband she has disclosed a very differ-ent motive for her part in his death (11. 516-659).

The Paedagogus now comes forward, appearing to enter from thecountry, and relates the manner of Orestes' pretended death. Hisspeech contains one of the most spirited extant descriptions of a Greekchariot-race. Then Clytemnestra, after a passing pang of sorrow inwhich Nature asserts her right, withdraws into the palace (11. 660o-803).

The Chorus exclaim against the failure of that Divine Justice inwhich they had lately trusted, and vainly try, to comfort Electra, whois at first utterly cast down (11. 804-870).

But she takes new courage from despair. In order to exhibit thisE2

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ELECTRA.

with full dramatic force, the person of Chrysothemis is again employed.It is she, the shallower nature, who has seen the curl on the ancient tomb,and has leapt to the glad conclusion that Orestes is come. She thussharpens the poignancy of her sister's misery, and Electra is rousedto unfold her resolve to kill Aegisthus, calling earnestly on Chrysothemisfor co-operation. When the latter shrinks, she renounces her, anddeclares that she alone will do the deed, which shall not be left undone.The difference between the sisters here reaches the highest point, andthe Chorus, who are loyal throughout to Agamemnon, lament over thequarrel of his children and the unfilial remissness of some of them, andadmire the resolution of Electra (11. 871-1097).

Hitherto it is chiefly the stern and gloomy aspect of her spirit thathas been displayed. But now, in order at once to counterbalance andto justify the catastrophe towards which the powers of vengeance areswiftly and silently moving, we are allowed to see the height of glad-ness, of which this wronged and bruised heart is capable.

A seeming stranger enters with the urn, which, as already announcedby the supposed messenger, is said to contain the ashes of Orestes.Clytemnestra being still in the palace, he is received by Electra. Sheis overwhelmed with grief and with an irresistible yearning to take theburial-urn into her own hands. It is given to her by Pylades, or oneof the supposed Phocian attendants; and her lament, which must havewrung the most indifferent heart, quite vanquishes the stranger, and hereveals himself as the living OrLxtes. The revulsion from sorrow to joyin Electra, and her wild outburst, when she has realized the truth, formone of the most impressive master-strokes of dramatic poetry. Just asthe fury of delight is subsiding into rational converse, the Paedagogusenters, checks the flow of talk, and, after being welcomed by Electra,announces that all is ready for immediate action. He counsels haste,before Aegisthus and his body-guard return home (11. 1098-1371).

Orestes and Pylades, with their attendants, now enter the palace.Electra follows them, having first offered up a prayer to Apollo. Butshe is not to be an actual witness of the bloody deed; for, when theChorus have chanted a brief strain of solemn augury, (rendered moresolemn through the stage being deserted for the time,) she comes forthagain to watch for Aegisthus, having left her brother and their motherface to face (11. 1372-1403).

Then is heard from within one scream of discovery, one vain summonsto, Aegisthus, one momentary cry for mercy, and lastly the shriek of

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WNOTES. 53

pain. On hearing the appeal for pity, Electra shouts, ' Thou hadst nopity for him, nor for his father.' At the death-shriek, she calls to herbrother, ' Give a, second stroke, if thou hast power.' So little does she'pull in resolution,' or let its ' hue be overcast' with thought.

Orestes enters with his bleeding sword and at the same momentAegisthus is descried. Orestes and Pylades go again within the door-way and stand ready (11. 1404-1441).

Although Aegisthus appears thus late in the Play, his person is noton that account the less important. He is more formidable and lesscontemptible in the Electra than in the Agamemnon and Cho~phoroe.(He is not, however, represented as the chief criminal, nor is his deathintended to be the crowning horror.) IIe is represented as havingtaken an equal part with Clytemnestra in the murder of the king,and he is no cypher in the house or kingdom, but a tyrannical usurper,whose oppressive power is felt at home and abroad. His absenceis a capital point in favour of -the success of Orestes, who gloriesover him fiercely at the last. The threat with which he turns tobay, that the evils of the Pelopidae are not ended, is the only hint ofany possible evil in reserve. Aegisthus is received by Electra with wordsin which the triumph of her soul is cloaked with irony. When he asksto see the remains of Orestes, that he may ' mourn over a kindred corpse,'the dead body of Clytemnestra, covered, is rolled forth. Beside itstands the real Orestes. He makes Aegisthus lift the veil, which disclosesto him Clytemnestra's death, and his own doom. The Avenger makesshort work with him, and drives him sternly in towards the place ofslaughter (11. I442-15IO).

If Orestes, as the executor of Divine Righteousness, is the chief agentin this tragedy, Electra's is the principal character. Her feeling reflectsthe meaning of the action, as the lightning is often magnified in a cloud.Her long-continued endurance of insult and misery, by which herdetermination is only intensified, her sustained passion of desire forOrestes' coming, the spiritual motive which supports her, viz. thefeeling of her father's wounded name, her rebound of triumphant glad-ness, when he whom she has mourned reveals himself, all help to clothewith human and living embodiment the stern act of inexorable retri-bution. When she is left utterly alone, as she believes, and at thatmoment resolves to kill Aegisthus, her undaunted mettle' has all the

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54 ELECTRA.

sublimity of self-devotion, because we know that by a timely compromiseshe might have lived in comfort, like Chrysothemis and Iphianassa(1. 158). But she could not so far forget her father. Sophocles hasnot chosen to relieve the severity of this image of domestic Justice with

any relentings of natural remorse. Electra, like Orestes, is unalterably

possessed with one idea. According to the poet, she is absolutely inthe right, and it would be unworthy weakness in her to shrink in themoment of action. Clytemnestra may feel a transient pang of sorrow

for the supposed death of her son, and remind us that she is human

(cp. Lear, 5.3 'Yet Edmund was beloved'). But Electra's feeling for her

mother has been utterly alienated and embittered. Not that she, ofall people in the world, is without affection or incapable of tenderness.

But here is the tragic consequence of Clytemnestra's crime. The more

devotedly Electra loves her father, the more she clings to her brother,-

the more passionately she must hate her mother, even to the death.

Hence arises that which some have thought the unfeeling hardness of

Electra;-the raiFoov, EL aOivers, trXLv. No doubt this is terribly

unchristian. So is the curse of Oedipus, so is Ajax' invocation of the

Furies. Greek poetry does not shrink from what is terrible, when,

according to Greek feeling, it is appropriate. But let it be remembered

that Electra's hatred springs from the same root with her love:-the

sacredness of the domestic hearth. She is certainly a different sort of

heroine from Antigonfe. She is past the flower of her age; she has

no lover; she does more than defy authority, for, though her hand

remains unspotted, her heart is set on blood. Yet through all this, and

because this is so, we see unmistakably the deep truth of her woman's

nature, the young freshness of home-feeling remaining through the

desolate years, and bursting forth uncontrollably when she clasps her

brother (11. 1232 foll.).

To the spectators, to Orestes and the old servant, the catastrophe

is known from the beginning. The secret counsel of Apollo has been

revealed to them,-how that in Phocis, near his own Delphi, the god

has kept Orestes as in his quiver. But on Clytemnestra and Aegisthus

the end falls with fearful suddenness, just as they are exulting in an

imaginary triumph, which sets their guilt in the strongest light. And

on Electra the sun bursts no less suddenly from the dark cloud, justwhen her night appeared the deepest. The intrigue, which makes this

possible, and which,, like Clytemnestra's dream, belonged to an earlier

version of the story, is deprived by Sophocles of all appearance of

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NOTES.

artificiality, and made conducive to the main effect, through the reasonfor it in the necessity of the situation and also in the will of Phoebus.Thus only could one man hope to vanquish many, and thus had theoracle commanded, that the right should triumph, not by force of armsbut keenness of mind (cp. Aesch. Prom. 212). The righteous guileobtains a further sanction from the imagined intervention of Hermes,who clouds it from detection to the very end (11. 1395-7).

The function of the Chorus is more than usually subordinated to thedialogue. The Antigone has 5 choral odes, including the parodos,occupying 249 lines; the Electra has no regular parodos, and only 3choral odes, occupying no more than 139 lines. The reason of thispeculiarity is probably to be sought in the economy of the drama. (t) Theuse of the chorus is to idealize the feeling of the situation. But thisis already done to a great extent through the character of Electra,who rightly has the chief prominence in the expression of feeling, theChorus only adding a sympathetic accompaniment. Their tone isobbligato throughout. (2) But the motive of the play also makes itnecessary that the feeling should be bound up with the action. Nothingcan be allowed to impair the sense of a swift, unimpeded, onwardmovement. The moment is one, not for brooding reflection, but fordirect activity. And the idea of retributive justice, which is presentthroughout, is one that does not brook delay when the hour has struck,but passes over 'incontinently' from thought to practical realization.

The simplicity of his design, rather than any preference for theantique, has made Sophocles return in many points to the Epic versionof the story, disregarding such additions of the Lyric poets as thepursuit of Orestes by the Furies. In at least one point, however, hehas had recourse to invention. According to Pindar, Orestes wasrescued at the time of his father's murder, by Arsinob, his faithfulnurse. According to Aeschylus, he had been previously sent awayby Clytemnestra. Sophocles, by assuming that Electra rescued himand entrusted him to the care of the Paedagogus, has added somethingto the consistency both of his plot and of the character of his heroine.

It is Electra who saved the child Orestes, when her father's deathhad pressed from her such a bitter cry; who sent him to the houseof Strophius by the hand of the one faithful servant, and, while shelived with the murderers and bore their obloquy, oppression, and scorn,had cherished one solitary hope,-the hope that Orestes, whose bright

.youth was shielded from present sorrow, would return to vindicate his

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rights and hers, and, above all, their father's honour. This purpose thefaithful monitor was to instil into him, and this she has kept alive bymany secret messages, receiving as many promises in return. But justwhen performance is most looked for, the hope is crushed. We see hersorrow at this; we also see her constancy confirmed by despair. Andwhen the realization of the hope suddenly breaks in upon her, whenher brother isthere-who wonders at her excess of joy ? Or who, thatis acquainted with Greek feeling, finds any incongruity in the intensevindictiveness which follows close upon the outpouring of her tenderestaffection? No character more commends the rule:-

' Servetur ad imum

Qualis ab incepto, simplex dumtaxat, et unus.'

THE scene includes the vale of Argos, on which the persons of thedrama look from some place near Mycenae. In the further distance isseen the city of Argos, with the conspicuous temple of Apollo Lyceius;nearer, and on the left, is the temple of Hera, about halfway betweenArgos and Mycenae. The Paedagogus enters from the left with Orestesand Pylades. (At Athens a slave was usually employed to attend uponboys when going to and from school; cp. Plato, Lysis 208. This wasthe raLcbaoywyds.)

Lines 1-85 . Prologos. The Paedagogus describes the scene, andOrestes briefly indicates the plot by which he intends to entrap Aegis-thus and Clytemnestra.

1. 1. In the opening scenes of a Greek drama it was necessary togive the audience some means of identifying the persons; and hencethey usually address each other by name. Cp. O. T. init. 'zror'r, theprecise occasion is not recalled here, as infra 1. 278 where 76;E is used.(Cp. infra 11. 694, 5.)

1. 3. Av .. Ad. ' On which thy heart was ever set,' i.e. while growingup roa4dv' ls i~Bqs (1. 14) . The gen. is not found elsewhere with rp

6-

OvFor, but the construction is easily explained by the meaning (av r -Ov'p;tr). For the sense cp. Od. I. 41 rrrT'7' av.. i@JS 1EIpErat ai17.

1. 4. ,r .. rraXatv"'Apyos. Argos is here the district rather than thecity, inasmuch as Mycenae was the chief object of the desires ofOrestes. For this wider use of the word (which occurs in Homer)cp. Thuc. 6. xo5 it Tb "Apyos oLrP8aXov. The plain of the Inachus wasone of the earliest settlements in Greece; hence the epithet raXatrv.

1. 5. 6Ao-os, 'precinct.' Cp. Ant. 845 Oelias Erappa'rov d'xaos. As

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NOTES. LINE S I-14. 57JXoa"- frpaea is found in Hesychius, the word is perhaps connected withapaEi . 'r-s oLorporXfyos.. K6pals= Io ; cp. Aesch. P. V. 68 i.

11. 6, 7. XvKoK0'urvo .. AVtKeLOS. These epithets are no doubt intendedto be connected here (for such a play upon words is found elsewherein Sophocles, e. g. O. T. 7

o, 1 fIvOuci .. d0otlO'), and were connected in

the popular feeling. Cp. Aesch. S. c. T. 145 AvicEt' &va$, At'ICEos 7Evo^

r pat ati. Moreover Apollo was the 'destroyer.' But A'ictos wasalso to some extent confused with Atctos. The ciyopa Ad,/ccos is themarket-place of Argos, on the north side of which stood the templeof Apollo-rCv v 7 - iao' iravraTrov iEpo'v (Paus. 2. 19. 3).

1. 8. "Hpas 0 KXELWiS va6s. The Heraeum was distant about twomiles from Mycenae, in the direction of Argos. The irXchX r va6s herealluded to was burnt down in 423 B.c. (Thuc. 4. 133). MUvcrvav 8' ivApt crp L TETC dr'yeL /ai t'ca ordia r3 'Hpaiov (Paus. 2. 17).

1. 9. dlo-KV.. 6pay, 'assure yourself that you see.' (ciricaLv is hereused of the assurance that arises from perfect knowledge; cp. O. T. 4621idt0canv iC' ly) tlayrucj, 7tiv ppovrv. It checks any incredulity whichmight linger in Orestes about the realization of a hope long deferred.Tds iroXvxp6orovs. The graves and treasuries at Mycenae attest theancient wealth of the place (Leake, loc. cit. p. 255, Schliemann, Mykenae).On the length of the first v in 7roXvXp1ovs cp. O. T. 640 and note.

1. ii. ~I 46vCv. For the plural, which is intensive, cp. infra 11. 206,779. I c = 'immediately after.' Cp. c Tc v'iE.

1. 12. The chief person of the play is brought prominently forward,and attention directed to the relation between her and Orestes. KacGLy-vrTrns is a more definite word than 6baclpov; cp. O.T. 639 with Ant.915.

1. 3. OpsPE4G lv, 'nursed thee up.' For the middle cp. Aj. 45, andnote.

1. 14. roor6 v8' is jys. For the position of i cp. O. C. 126.

Orestes is in his early youth, but not quite on the threshold, orElectra could not have complained of his inaction (infra 1. 171), norwould the story of his achievements at the Pythian games be sufficientlycredible. The chronology of the story cannot be pressed. At the deathof Agamemnon, Orestes is a mere child, yet he was born before his fatherset out to Troy. Electra again is represented as considerably olderthan her brother (infra 1. I14 3 ff.). If, therefore, we assume that theaction of the drama opens twenty years after the death of Agamemnon(Jebb, on 1. 86), Orestes is more than thirty years of age, Electra isthirty-five or forty, and Clytemnestra fifty-five or more. But these are'ao-ya E'w 70CT 8paarog in ELE va. In the Homeric poems Orestes takesvengeance on Aegisthus in the eighth year after the fall of Troy,Od. 3. 3o6, 7.

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1. 17. il4 tv. This abbreviated form of the dat. plur. of ly4, occurstwenty-six times in all in the extant works of Sophocles; of these,seven instances are in the O. T. and nine in the Electra. hXajp6 v=AaywpoY b'v.

1. I8. KCLvE .. craff, ' wakes into clearness.' In O. C. 18 there is alsoan allusion to the singing of birds, and there, as here, we can hardlysuppose that the songs are only heard in imagination. In the open-airtheatres of the Greeks the sights and sounds of external nature wereperhaps available for scenic purposes. Cp. Aj. 845.

1. 19. FiXadLv& r' d&rpcov .. e'vpdv, ' the dark night of stars;' i.e.the dark night when the stars show themselves. The genitive (see Index),though implying a description, is really possessive. The night belongsto the stars, as the stars to the night.

1. 21. EvvdrrETOv. The speaker is addressing Orestes and Pylades.The word has been suspected because no discussion follows betweenthe two friends, but without reason, for Orestes in his speech unfoldsthe plans they had already discussed. v'racLO' * pyEV, 'we are moving ina region.' i'lev here loses somewhat of its meaning, as e. g. in B3l& ~Gcqrlov. Compare the use of ferpycEjvaL (0. C. Index), and i'/Eev (O. T. 1519adh i OEos 7' ExOta r eros jK). The MSS. have U'pEv= E'aEV, a form other-wise unknown till Callimachus (7yp Es ' uv frag. 294), and improbablehere. Other corrections are cr bvravOa iav I othe erT' r"' 2Kyvry, i. ..Ws Lv' lETaIE I OVcK E'T ET, K. T. A.

1. 26. iv TroL'- swvots, ' in the hour of danger,' i. e. ' in battle.' Anrj-Xso-ev.. ' Lo-rcrLV, the aorist is equivalent to a present, and can thereforebe combined with one. This use of the aorist is common in similes.

1. 27. 84. For the use of 8' in the apodosis cp. Ant. 426, Tr. 116,O. T. 1267. 6pe6v os Lo-ryyLv, cp. Hdt. 4. 129 POd hl67rVTEr 'r& rTa.1. 28. 4v qrp~r'oIs 'rEL, 'art with the first to follow.' The words

accurately describe the part taken by the rat3aywyo's in the drama,without at the same time excluding Pylades.

1. 31. dt ILj .. rvyxdvo, 'if I haply (Tt) fail to hit the right mark,'i.e. to say the seasonable word; cp. Aesch. S. c. T. I Xp XE'dTEiv 7rKalpta.

1. 32. yAp is added to introduce the narrative, as in Dem. de Cor.p. 284 br ipa p/ 7 ~yp Jv, t. T. A.

1. 34. Apol-vy, probably aor. 2; cp. Tr. 190o dmu' b8rcr.. tEpVaILcu,O. T. 1256, Phil. 351.

1. 35. rotav0'. A similar abbreviation is not uncommon in roiao3e,ol's r, and ,roi^. rdXa, 'at once;' cp. O. T. 84 T X' EidCteoCOa. Saidwith reference to the next line.

1. 36. ' Alone without the preparation of an armed host.' The geni-tives dericv and xpaTroI (which must be combined) go with d

6fevov,

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NOTES. LINES 17-49. 59partly as a privative word,= dvev, and partly as containing the sub-stantive alcsv4. Cp. infra 1. 1002 'hvrros 'TyS, O.T. 90o dIaXicor

1. 37. KX'at.. oScL- ys, 'to steal a death-blow,' i. e. give a death-blow in a stealthy attack; cp. Aj. 1137 roXx' av .. ab icA.?Etas icaicd.

XELp6s must be joined with opa-yhs, 'death-blow dealt by the hand;'cp. infra 1. 206 OavTdovr XELpoLv.

1. 38. i'rE, ' since;' cp. Aj. I231.1 . eOL ir&v Q Spb Cp.vov, ' learn all that is going on.'1. 42. y pa rE Ka Xp6vo. These are datives of the cause; cp. Eur.

Hec. 1167 M'OetL yvvaucvP oV~6v 4vvov iXokar.

11. 42, 3. Cp. Cymbeline, 4. 4 'Yourself I so out of thought andthereto so o'ergrown I cannot be questioned.'

1. 43, 1'vOcTcvov, 'coloured,' ' disguised.' It is not necessary, in spiteof XEvcavOis cipa in O. T. 742, to restrict the word to the alterationproduced by age. The Scholiast explains it by vicy~y z'ivov. For thechange of construction, o IA) 7yvWaLv .. oit' inrorr~Evowiv , cp. O. C. 450.

1. 45, 'rap' &v8pbs I'avo'rEos, 'from Phanoteus.' The addition ofCV4p attaches a slight importance to the name; cp. Aj. 817 avapos"ErTopos, Hdt. 8. 82 jpXe dv4p Ilavainosr. Phanoteus (cp. infra 1. 670)was a Phocian friend of Aegisthus, and an enemy of Strophius, the Phocianto whose care Electra had entrusted Orestes. Hence Aegisthus is to re-ceive his intelligence from Phanoteus, but those who bring the urn withthe ashes of Orestes (infra 1. 1111) are supposed to come from Strophius.

1. 46. 'rvyX&vs. For the omission of cjv cp. infra 1. 313, Aj. 9 Ev5vv

ydp dvJp .. TrvyXaYE. Sopuvcov, 'of allies.' Cp. Aesch. Cho. 562 E'os-s ical Iopi4pvos. In ib. Ag. 880 Strophius is spoken of as the EiryEv7s

Sopv'eCvo of Agamemnon; and in O. C. 632 the relation betweenTheseus and Oedipus is expressed by 4 3opv'evosz r ia.

1. 47. p. rPKC ITpo r 'LOE s, 'adding (your narration) to an oath.' Cp.Pind. Nem. 3. 120 s Ta7vi Va/aov bAE''" 7rpoaCercE xdyw. Others takel'pic, with d-yyEXX and supply ab-rdv with rpoaU OEsi (' adding it'), com-paring Aristoph. Av. 1004 0 p ~ErpTp aw icavo'vi ,poamTOELS. (Fr. 428 N.Opiov 7Tpoa-rECO~ To.)

1. 48. &vayicaCas -rViX-ls. These words have been construed, 'a violentdeath' (L. and S.), 'a fatal accident' (Jebb), but they mean rather' an inevitable mischance,' i. e. not arising from carelessness, ignorance,or the like. The expression occurs twice in the Ajax (485, 803), but ina different sense. Cp. O. C. 1585 Odes Icrvo rX'p.

1. 49. i0XoLo-L Iv0LKOcrLV. It is, of course, an anachronism to repre-sent the Pythian games (instituted in the forty-eighth Olympiad) asexisting in the time of Orestes. For the quasi-temporal dative cp. thephrase rpaywloios ,catvols.

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1. 51. ~4C4ro, sc. 6 0E'&. Cp. O. T. io E' Tp-' oaalocE Y7.1. 52. KpcLr6LOLS XXLSBaS, i. e. ' with shorn locks.' KapaTr6'LL is lit.

'cut from the head.' XXLSats expresses the luxuriance of the hair;cp. Eur. Phoen. 224 cluar pi .. 7rapOsvtov xXtr&v. Infra 1. 90go thehair is spoken of as 3

6 arpvov, and in 1. 908 as dyXa'aua.1. 53. dtloppov.. hr6Av. For similar pleonasms, which are not un-

common in Greek, cp. O. T. 430, Thuc. 3. 39 79 4'2ELra 7rpoo,6ov.. To

Xovro'y apTEp77EUOE.

1. 54. rOJLMpa .. iptE'voL. The verb is middle, not passive. WithXak6nrrcuvpov cp. Aesch. Cho. 686 XE'n~lro xaXicov 7rXEvpCAaTa.

1. 5.5. 'rov must be taken with oto-Oa, 'which, as you too are, I suppose,aware.' The irov gives a reason for not having mentioned the conceal-ment of the urn.

1. 56. X6yC KX1Trov'rES, 'deceiving them.' Cp. supra 1. 37 for theuse of kXlata, and Aj. 189 Et 8' inropaXX

6 svoI KARXTIrovU I'ovS.

1. 57. EPploJ V. The MS. authority is in favour of pipotwev. Theoptative, if it can be supported at all, must refer to oToBd 7rov uKEipv.-yivov, as giving the intention with which the vessel was concealed.

1. 59. 'What grief is in this (i. e. in this story or counterfeit of death),since, though dead in story, I shall in reality have been saved,' etc.

1. 61. 8oicw V v. pb, merely marks the emphatic word; there is noU' to answer it. Cp. O. C. 995 o8ic J'v, CY'lp ~Sriy tXEli', ic. 7. A.;

Thuc. 3. 39 dr'aTraatlr pl y~ v TW atoV T rTa 7raXVUoTWU riv. The useis similar in the phrases lyc o p , obIac p . For the meaning cp. Eur.Hel. Io50 ff. : EA. ov'NXEt Ltj EO0at, yg Oaa'vcv, Xyp Oave^v ; MEN. itxca

i' OprIS, El 3' sp3avw Mywv , iE Lrop 's El/U y Oavv AdyY 0w avev : Hdt.

3. 72 i v0a 7dp rLt ~EF 60 lo X.~'yEa0at, XE7iOcw, IC. T. X., where Steinquotes Soph. Fr. 325 (N.) 057, 8' 6AeOpov ILyV' &a'X,9' alet JI avyyVwaTO'yEuLV lET cL ai Ob P7 i Kh0V.

1. 62. Here, as in 1. 49, Sophocles is more in harmony with his owntimes than with the age he has chosen to represent in the drama.There were probably accredited instances of such aopol at Athens.Though it is not necessary to assume a definite reference to any par-ticular person, Aristeas of Proconnesus naturally occurs to the mind;Hdt. 4. 13-15.

1. 64. eiTETLJVqVTa.r rrXov, 'are established in greater honour.' Cp.O. C. 1304 ical reti'r?7vrat a&pet.

1. 66. 8eBopc6&r', 'with eyes of life.' ZXOpois goes with XcaEtv. Theappearance of Orestes above the horizon will strike terror into hisenemies, like a meteor 4 vadqurep TipaS 1si aoparCp abpt ' Aa) v (I1. 4. 76).

1. 68. 84caxcr Ii' eWrvxov'ra, 'welcome me to prosperity.' TOai8sE,rats 680os, 'in this enterprise.' Cp. O. C. 1400. The word unites theideas of a journey and an attempt. For the plur. cp. Ant. 226.

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NOTES. LINES 51-92. 61

1. 70o. 8K KCOLapT'rS, 'a righteous purifier.'

1. 71. &rpov, 'an outcast;' i.e. rejected in my appeal to you, failingin my plan of vengeance, and deprived of my possessions.

1. 72. (I) 'But receive me back to my ancestral wealth.' ikaoaOe, orsome word of kindred meaning, must be supplied from the negativeclause q /'" droirdX7p'e, cp. O. T. 236 ff. Or (2), 'Accept me as the(new) beginner of wealth and founder of my halls.'

1. 74. The construction is 7r aoh Xplos .e~AEUo ao I&rTE f3vat Ka

<cpovp~jat abWrd.

1. 75, K1Lp6

3, sc. Eo7.

1. 78. Kai (aijv, 'surely.' This phrase calls attention to an incident,which gives a new turn to, the conversation. Ovptv must be takenwith alaO~oa. It is an ablative genitive of the source whence thesound proceeds. Cp. infra 1. 324. The voice of Electra is now heardfrom within.

11. 80, I. OeXERs ] pdevew.v is a construction formed on the analogyof the more common foheL with the subjunct. K&vaKoaUco±Ev. If theword is dvacoyrwtqv, we may perhaps translate,' listen anew.' Hermannunderstood vaicodv'ooper, Schndw. read Zraco rw.pv.

1. 83. apX-'YE-re^v, 'take our initiation,'=' exauspicare.' There is, ofcourse, an allusion to 'AnodXAhwv dPXy?&,yrT: cp. L. and S. sub voc.

1. 85. vLcKv ' ' i4iv. ' This brings victory within our reach,' or moreliterally, 'so that it is in our power;' cp. infra 1. 1431.

11. 86-120. MAhry ci&r acyqVe. Electra comes out from the palace tolament her sorrows.

11. 86 ff. With this address cp. Aesch. P. V. 88 ff., Eur. Med. 57 ff.,Eur. El. 59 ff., and Macbeth, 4. 3. 193 ' I have words I That would behowled out in the desert air j Where hearing could not latch them.'

1. 8. yjs * '6abpoLp' d-lp, ' air co-extensive with earth.' Cp. Macbeth,'As broad and general as the casing air.' In a similar spirit we find-Aesch. Cho. 318 aricy pio (o lo'dlotpov.

189. 89 . 0ov. The aorist, though strictly past, conveys a generalstatement which might have been expressed by the present.

1. 90. crrpvowv is an objective gen. with phrX-ydT, to which dv'TpE7l isadded in the sense of 'falling full upon.'

1. g91. biroXet40-, ' is left behind,' i. e. outrun by the approachihg day.The subjunctive follows the implied present tenses (Op'vovs w, orepva

rAioacopat).1. 92. 418q is to be taken closely with rravvuX8wv, 'when the time

comes for my nightly revels.' Other maidens spend the night in glad-ness, but Electra wakes to sorrow only. Cp. Od. 19. 5 5 f. ai-rp is'vvb{ O J, 'Apyi rc e JoroS iTaTa. i tnS, CtLr p ia Xl Trpc, wwtcalV 5 poi d~p1 p?

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wahlvv ~ip b e Iat phE'EVSiV 6vpopdruV IpElovCtLv. ovuyepa~. cKOV.4 The hateful chamber in my weary home.' Cp. Job 7. 4 'When Ilie down, I say, When shall I arise, and the night be gone ?'

1. 95. ' Whom Ares welcomed not in the land of strangers.' Thehospitality of Ares, i. e. death in the field, would have been a happy endas compared with the reception at home. Cp. Aesch. Cho. 345 if. EL

ayp Tr' 'I' 7 ps r7vor Avicouv', TdrTp, 8opirTroS icarpYvapaOrsq, and forthe metaphor, ib. Suppl. 157, 8 Tv'y roTXVEV'TraToV Z va rcv KEK ?-CdroWv. It is chosen with reference to the EitW'cov app~rTwo adX7.

1. 99. Kpa further defines "v in 1. 95. Cp. Aj. 1062, 3 arbvy .. aU^laand note, 0. C. 113 Ov' if 6803o r6oSa ( icp4o.

1. 101. OpeT ac, 'comes forth from.' The word is used of impulsivemovement (L. and S. s. v. B. II); cp. O. T. 1310.

1. 103. o0' Iv. Cp. supra 1. 61 and note.1. lo 5. i'r' Iv, K.r. X. The verb (XadeVO), which is expressed in the

second clause, must be supplied in the first; cp. O. T. 1135 I.dv ~IhoteotlrotL/viots, iyo 5' v I X7yirlaov. This form of ellipse is most common

with prepositions; cp. infra 1. 193. In the MSS. X iEaco is also insertedafter or' lv, but this destroys the metre.- 1. :o8. T'L KCOKUT , 'With constant wailing;' cp. Ant. 759 i r zo'yotat,Eur. Troad. 315 nIdi 8cepvot ica ydo"o, Hel. 176. Hermann translates,'clamor ad luctus provocans alios.'

1. I 1. ' Hermes of the under-world' is invoked as conductor of souls.Cp. Aesch. Choeph. I. 'Ap&. The curse is here distinguished from theErinyes; cp. 11. 9. 567 if.

1. 112. Oe^v rratss. The expression is intended to denote their divinenature; cp. Ant. 1075 A'0Sov ia i Ow^v 'EpvbEs. In O. C. o06 raicbs ~cdrovis used in a more exact sense.

1. 114. 'roKelrTopJLtVvs. Porson was inclined to reject this line: theErinyes, he thought, did not stoop to punish any crime less thanmurder or incest. But in Aesch. Cho. 7- ff. the crimes of murder andadultery are placed on the same level, for both are inexpiable; and inthe present case adultery and murder were closely connected. Cp. Eur.Or. 619, 20. The word is probably passive in meaning.

1. 119. dyew,' draw up,' as in a balance, 'sustain.' otcW is a rareword, used apparently of physical force; cp. Aesch. Eum. 36.

1. 120. &vdrppowrov,' in the opposite scale,' i. e. weighing against myefforts.

11. 121-250. Parodos. A Commos in which the Chorus sympathisewith Electra. Cho. 'Why these vain lamentations ? El. Leave me, Imust weep. C/ho. It is impossible to recall the dead by tears. El. Itis foolish to leave them unwept. Cho. Not on you only has the sorrowcome, Orestes lives. El. Yes, he lives and returns not. Cho, Courage !

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NOTES. LINES 95-140.

he will come, with divine power to aid him. El. My life is wasted inmisery. Cho. It was a terrible scene, and dire were the passions whichprompted it. El. Terrible indeed. May the gods grant retribution!Cho. Hush ! be cautious lest you come to worse evil. El. My passionis uncontrollable, but I have cause. Cho. I spoke in kindness. El. Mywoes are boundless. I will put no restraint on my lamentation. It isrighteous to cry for vengeance.'

1. 121. Svo-ravorras, ' most miserable,'= most abandoned. Cp. theuse of *raXhav infra l. 273, 7Xwv 1. 275, a-irlvos 1. 806, Aj. 11290. Inthis Play the Chorus is composed of women, who are naturally inclinedto sympathise with Electra.

11. 122 ff. 'Why dost thou waste away in lamentation over?' Cp.infra 1. 328 riv' ai .. qcvEsi pdrtv; otpLwyav is to be regarded as anacc. of the 'inner object' (= ,n771eva). For the double acc. cp. Tr.50, I o6ipLara I 7rv 'HIpaKXEta oov yowuvy'vq, Aesch. S. c. T. 289, 290

(worvpo0rLt rdpPos -rav A1pE1rex? XE6.'v.

1. 124. ic, of the agent, as frequently in Sophocles; cp. infra 1. 526.1. 126. KaK .. r'p68o'rov, ' betrayed by wicked violence.' Bs, ' would

that;' Hermann, who denies this use of j.s on Aj. 921 (904), translatesby quemadmodum.

1. 127. J .. abS&v. Cp. Tr. 809 El OIts 8', Ev'xoLat. The godsof the Greeks were severe and jealous deities (Od. 5. 118), whose angermight be roused by any thoughtless or presumptuous word (infra 1. 570,Aj. 777).

1. I30. rapaL 'iOov is ace. in apposition to the verbal notion; such atleast seems the correct view, judging from the analogy of passages likeAesch. Ag. 225 ff. 'TXra 5' o'hv I OvTrp -yEvaat Ovyarp, 7vvaLtco7roovcv

rohilwvr dpwydv.1. 132. oi8'. The 8 has a strongly adversative force, as in Aj. 629

o'8' olirp-g 6yov 'pYtOos.

1. 134. (I) 'Ye who in everything make a sweet response of love.'iTravToCLa 4tLX6r-ls is an affection which shows itself in everything, andsuch is the affection between Electra and the Chorus; she never appealsto them in vain. Or (2) 'In return for all my kindness in all ways.'

1. 137. i 'A8a with dvrciartr (=dvarmtersct). The expression is con-densed =7ry iv 'Ati'. if 'Ata. Cp. Thuc. I. 18 rvpavvot .. ol iK r7^7Is d"XE'EXAdo .. icarEM 'Oo'7av.

1. 139. The text is doubtful owing to the metre (y6os corresponds toraICfs), but Hermann's correction, rrarip' dvy IradrE OiVTE Y05o01CL oir'avratY , which Dindorf adopts, can hardly be admitted upon the authorityadduced for &Trav.

1. 140. &rra r&v LE'rpoV, 'leaving moderation behind.' Cp. infra1. 1127 dre,' ZAiXW, Aj. Io83 i~ oipcIv Opa.yoaa.

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1. 141. SLb6XXOva-, ' goest wildly on towards ruin.'

1. I4 2. v ots refers vaguely to what has gone before, ' in whichcourse.' With the context cp. infra 1. 230 wrcie yap dcivra sEICAXgEraL.AviXaJvoLs is not .found elsewhere in the sense of 'remission,' 'releasefrom.'

11. 145 ff. The thought of the stanza is, ' It is folly to cease lamentinga dead parent; I love the bird whose sorrow is eternal; thou, ever weep-ing Niobe, art my goddess.' Cp. infra 11. 242 ff. The use of the masc.in P'irt or b'r, and of the plur. in yovi wv, makes the sentiment quite general;Electra expresses her private feeling in pl4 yE, Ic. 7. A. (For Niobe cp.Ant. 8 24.)

1. 147. iE y'.. apaprEv pi(vvas. For the acc. cp. Aj. 136 ah Apv E57rp'orovr' ilrtxafpcw. 4fpvas is added in further definition of ii': cp.supra 1. 99. The Scholiast remarks that the swallow is the messengerof Zeus, because she is the harbinger of spring. But (I) it is notcertain that the swallow is meant, and (2) such a reference would beout of place here. The nightingale is the bird of sorrow (olarpciAj. 629, r"iVvpTror infr. 1077); and birds were regarded as the messen-gers of Zeus to men (Il. 24. 296). Electra at least feels that this'Creature of a fiery heart' is divinely inspired. (Cp. Aesch. Ag.

1145.)1. 150. 'yoye, 'I, at any rate,' whatever others may do. With the

position of o- 8' after the vocative cp. Aesch. P.V. 3 "HpaloerT, co acXP, /. T. X.

1. 151. On OcrTE and its use in Attic Greek Hermann has a note onO. T. 694. Here the addition of -e gives a causal force to the relative,and we might use y~ in the place of Tr, with little difference of meaning,except that yE is more restrictive, less general, than rE.

1. 152. aiat. The interjection is best taken M& 1iEov, though somecommentators have connected it with Batcpv'dtr (' weepest, alas !') as ex-pressing the actual language of the lament. (Observe the correspondencewith 1. 136.)

11. 153 ff. 'Whatever be your woe, you do not suffer more than others.'The Chorus speak of the cause of Electra's sorrow in vague terms.

1. 156. 61

60ev, ' from the same source.' Cp. 6SpiolTrptor.

1. 157. oLac Xpvo-60ELts g'e, ' like the happy Chrysothemis.' o'Ca isequivalent to an adverb, and ge'o includes the idea of joyous existence(L. and S. s. v. II). Iphianassa is not Iphigeneia (as in Lucretius 1. 85),for Sophocles adopts the story of the death of Iphigeneia, infra 11. 530, I.In Il. 9. 145 Agamemnon speaks of his three daughters, Chrysothemis,Laodice, and Iphianassa. Electra is not mentioned in Homer. Cp.1. 539 for a similar discrepancy between Homer and Sophocles.

1. 159. &Xov is gen. plur. with pvrr, 'in a life hidden away from

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NOTES. LINES 14I-185.

sorrow.' Cp. Aesch. Suppl. 296' ipvrr' "Hpar., So at least Electraseems to understand the words, though she speaks in a different tone,infra 1. 6o0. The Chorus contrast the excessive grief of Electra firstwith the comfortable life of her sisters, and then with the calmyouth of Orestes, who is far from harm, and will one day return intriumph.

1. 162. Ei7ranrplSav, 'as the son of a noble sire.' Cp. infra 1. 858.1. 163. PL /rT is causal, i. e. it has the meaning of the first aor. of

faaivw =' speeding forth.' The use is curious, but cp. 'IAa, 'an eye,' i. e.that with which we see, as well as 'a sight;' in c.xijaya also the activemeaning is still felt.

1. 165. otXva, ' I pace;' cp. Aj. 564 T77-yc'rb~ oXvXPL.1. 167. 'rv av4VUTvov [ otrov, ' this endless doom.' Electra is convinced

of the hopelessness of her case; her doom is not dvvvTros merely, but 6avjivror = stamped and marked off as such.

1. 169. Av .. 486q , i. e. the wrongs he has suffered, and the messagesI have sent bidding him come. This is better than to suppose that cii67refers to the instructions of the wrataywyoo6, for these would not be sovividly present to the mind of Electra as her own messages.

1. I7o. ' Which of my messages goes not forth without result ?' Thewords refer to &v T' Uy. da1 irraT Evov, 'baffled,' is proleptic.

1. 173. piov, ' I pray thee,' is an ' ethic' dative.S1. 174. *opavW. Dative of place with y'Tya, ' mighty in heaven.' Cp.

infra 1. 313.1. 176. '6v is quasi-possessive, 'thy.'1. 177. oLS is masculine. With wLXh0dov supply abr&'.1. 179. 'Time is a facile god,' i. e. makes even a difficult thing easy of

attainment. Cp. O. C. 609 6 irayicpa'rl XpO'vor.1. 181. povojPov.. aKT&v. The words are in apposition to 7av Kpt^iav

(which is perhaps really an epithet of yiv or Xcpav). The' Crisaeanplain' in the time of Sophocles was consecrated land and, therefore,could not be tilled (Dem. de Corona, p. 277); but it is doubtful whetherBov'voyov refers to this, especially as, apparently, even oxen were notallowed to pasture in the sacred district (Dem. loc. cit.).

1. 183. &replrpofros, 'non redux,' Hermann, who remarks that theword also conveys the idea of negligence, and can therefore be appliedin a slightly different sense in the next line.

1. 184. 6 rap&.. &vo'or v. Agamemnon is meant, and not Hades.For the language cp. infra 1. 841 rdtpvXos dvavcircs, and Aesch. Cho.355 tcart XOovbS rpTwv aeY p4'6tlos dvaixCrwp 7rpo'roXo' TE Trw V IZEyi'TwY

XOoviwv b'Ein 7vp6vvwv.1. 185. 6 wrokXs .. ploros,' the great part' (as opposed to the small);

so pacsps 0 Xp6vos. Of Electra's life, hitherto, the greater part has been

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passed in sorrow. aTroXiXoFrrE, 'has abandoned me,' 'left me behind;'/ioro. is personified as in O. T. 612 rov rap' abrc Piorov.

1. 186. &v'XirL-Tos, 'without hope.' Electra could have no hope tillOrestes was grown up to youth.

1. 189. 'Like some despised alien;' 'nroLKos is an alien in reference tothe house or country in which he is settled, liroicos in reference to thehouse which he has left; ioLucos therefore conveys the idea of a strangerand intruder.

1. 190o. otKovot-, ' serve.' Electra is made to wait upon the chamberof her father.

1. 191. 0o-v cr-roXa. For the preposition cp. O.C. 1258 A@OT7rL ov'T016qE, /C. T. h.

1. 192. ' And I stand at a meagre table,' i. e. to the scantiness of herfood is added the discomfort of the way in which she takes it; she isnot allowed a iAivq. Cp. infra 11. 361, 2, and Od. 20. 259 8ippovaEtcaXeLov caraE0d fiy Y 7 Tpai n~av.

11. 193 ff. The connection is not very easy to follow. The unhappinessof Electra's position in her father's house brings to mind the absence ofthe father, and the circumstances of his death, a86 is' generally takento mean a vague rumour like the 'roAXhrovo a'Fs of Aesch. Eum. 380,or the shriek of Agamemnon. But it may refer to Electra, who, kniow-ing the relations of Clytemnestra and Aegisthus, lamented at herfather's return, and of course at his death; cp. Aesch. Pers. 935. Sothe Scholiast takes the passage; Hermann interprets avS of the cry ofthe people. v6cTTOLs, dat. of the occasion, or iv may be supplied fromthe next clause. For the plur. cp. Aj. 900 c'6pot p&v Yv vo'cov. See 1. 203.

1. 195. The MSS. have otL, which is dat. ethic. with reference toElectra. Herm. conjectures ol; see preceding note. For the hiatus inthis case cp. Trach. 650 & 86 of qika 6ipuap.

1. 196. -yviowv. Cp. Phil. 1204, 5 i195O, ct IoOEy, j 4 y4'vv, 4 ewvrT, TP07olrEarT. For the plur. cp. Aj. 231 IcXhaavo' ~tLEar.

1. 198. bELV&v.. pop~&v. For a moment the Chorus have before themthe dreadful vision of Clytemnestra, axe in hand, striking down herhusband with the help of Aegisthus. It is treachery and lust whichhave transformed her from herself into that shape, and, therefore, these arespoken of as the parents of it. Then the Chorus ask whether it reallywas Clytemnestra, and not some supernatural power who did the deedin her shape. Cp. Clytemnestra's language in Aesch. Ag. 1500 ff.pavaC6 rvos NE yvvaKi vrpo [rov8 ' 6 raAats 8ptiLpt dAdciTwp I 'A7p~Ws

Xaerrov Oovaripos I royv' adr'LaEr rITEEO vEapotcs inOv'as.1. 2o0. ' Most hateful beyond any other.' The particle 377 intensifies

the force of the superlative.1. 203. In the Odyssey, Agamemnon is slain at a banquet; in

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NOTES. LINES 186-226.

Aeschylus he is killed by Clytemnestra alone, in the bath, when shehas covered him and in-a manner fettered him with a robe. Sophoclesspeaks of dim/nvw here, and supra 1. 194 of CoiLratr. Perhaps xolraL may beregarded as synonymous with /xivy-the word being chosen (and usedin the plural) to signify ' rest' or 'resting-place' generally.

1. 205. rovs is= the relative, and refers to BE&Trva, though it takes thegender of Oavd'rovy. The banquet is, in fact, identified with the murder.' At which my father found cruel slaughter at the hands of two, handswhich took my life by treachery,' etc. In JXov .. rp680o0ov there seemsto be a metaphor borrowed from a city betrayed to an enemy. ForOav'rovs in the plur. cp. O. T. 497.

1. 209. ots is masc. as referring to the owners of the hands.1. 210. For the alliteration cp. Aj. 866 r6vo, r iv, r6vov qipei,

infra 1. 544-1. 21i. &yXatcs is gen. sing. The word denotes the glory and

splendour which attend wealth and position. Cp. Od. 17. 244 'i K70ot d-kata -ye 8taearIcEctev aindiaas das v^v vcfipi Cwv popEEi~. C&TovaCLLTo.

Ionic 3rd plur., cp. O. T. 1274.1. 213. TyVdW'LV Lr

ytev is to have discernment =' to perceive ;' cp. infra

1. 551 yvvlu)v &eala a aXovrOa=' when you can see things in a right light.'1. 214. E' o"Wv, i. e. i oi'cv p67prov, in consequence of what behaviour.1. 215. otid as Els 'iras, 'into woes of your own making;' cp. Aj. 260

1. 218. -cr 8vo-04 cgg.. tivX , ' by thy melancholy spirit.' Cp. Hamlet,1. 2 ' Good Hamlet, cast thy nighted colour off, j And let thine eye looklike a friend on Denmark.'

1. 219. 'TOXM'ovs are contentions with Aegisthus and Clytemnestra.1. 220. 4pto . is predicative, but we must supply some word of cognate

meaning with r& 5' ^roiTr vVdrotr, e. g. 7roX1AEo0U Eva, ' in battles withthe powerful one cannot contend so as to come near them.' Cp. Ant.873, 4 cpCdroi ', b'r xpdroS IIp hEl, rrapalarbv oia i rChkt.

1. 221. 'VayKa'cr qv, 'I was driven to this strife.' The aorist goesback to the time when the contentions first began.

1. 223. &XXh&.. y&p, 'at enim,' as often.1. 224. 'raV aS -rask , 'this wildness.' In Sophocles ar7 is no longer

an irresistible impulse leading men to ruin; the supernatural meaningconveyed by the word in Homer and Aeschylus is gone, and it means nomore than an action which causes misery, as here, or the misery socaused, as in infra 1. 235-

1. 225. For the use of 6'4pa with subj., d'v being omitted, cp. the useof 'Gws. bppa does not occur elsewhere in Sophocles.

1. 226. ,rLv'; ' At whose lips?' Cp. Aj. 722 IUvdccra To^s T raiov'ApydoLs d6Ipo, and Aesch. Cho. 762 ieSea46irpv raTrp'.

F2

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1. 227. wrp6o~-opov and Kcpapt are used relatively to each other.' From what person, who knew the right thing to say, should I heara good word ?'

1. 230. 'My sorrows shall be known as past remedy;' KEKXIarE'TaLis a stronger expression than rTat, = ' shall be, and shall be known to be;'cp. infra 1. 366 cao3 T7 IA) Trpo', 970 XEvOE'pa /ahXErb hotr6v.

1. 231. iK KcL~L&ay d'roVra crooLcL. For the slight pleonasm cp.Ant. 150 ic j IA roXiv r& ro'izv vV OcrOE XrAoCohvav.

1. 232. vapLOt os Oplvyov. For the gen. cp. O. T. 179 11v TOrXlIavptOtov 6X'AAvat.

1. 235. QITav Trats, 'woe upon woes.' The dative is used of that towhich something is added, as in Aj. 866 7rwvo 7dvr d'vov ,pC , O. T.175 1khov 8' Av ihA , .r.hA., and note.

1. 236. For cat with a question, implying an objection, cp. O. T. 976tai 7rWis b 7 IoTpS rpoXE'ICTP OC fvo i yEi~y AE 8d; Aj. 462. The expression

must be carefully distinguished from the interrog. followed by Kal,which generally asks for additional information (infra 1. 385). k'v. Theaorist is used, like iv, with an appeal to experience; cp. infra 1. 238

,3Xaarn. 4pe. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 545 0EPp' O iaap Xdp, cpfiXos"EVlr, 7TOV Tl'X/iC;

1. 239. 'roTOLs, i. e. those who are wont to neglect the dead. Cp.Hdt. 9. 79 I47rE Ay'l'tv'T(qt ai1AL / o76TE T aOLrL To avT'a adPE'icErat.

1. 240. 'Nor, if I have fallen in with any good, may I dwell with itin peace.' For the construction cp. infra 1. 1040 a u rp6lEraL man .

1. 241. yovcov, plur. for sing. Cp. infra 1. 1233 yova acupm&rycv 4lpo'lXT hritlOV, O. T. 1007. The genitive depends on the privative notion

contained in bicri2ovs : cp. supra 1. 36.1. 242. EKTLJOJS = "W 70T 7tp$laV is proleptic,-' so as to dishonour, or

cease from honouring.'1. 244. y-, ' earth,' and nothing more. Cp. Eur. Frag. 536 (N.) iaTOavWv

63 mas dv ap 7yi7 al a~ ctc, Theognis 878 iyd B Oav&v yai'a I~hatv'lEoptat. ob~8v (not Arji6v) is used because the word is not a part of thehypothesis.

1. 249. The apodosis begins with this line. For ippOL cp. O. T. 91o

EppEt rTa Oda in a similar context.11. 251-471. First Epeisodion. Electra is telling her trouble to

the Chorus when Chrysothemis enters, bearing offerings to the tombof Agamemnon. She has been sent by Clytemnestra, whom a dreamhas terrified. Electra urges her to throw these offerings away andcarry others in their place.

11. 251 ff. ' I have your interests and my own at heart in what I say;still, if my counsel seems unwise, lead the way and I will follow.' Threelines are here allotted to the Chorus, as infra 1. I171, Aj. 784, Tr. 731.

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NOTES. LINES 227-28I.

1. 255. rootorL Op4vots, ' by reason of my many lamentations.' Cp.Ant. 691 \6yotr Troo0ot70L o 1 a6, IC.T.X.

1. 258. wCraCrpga ir'ja'a, 'the evils of her father's house.' It is cnAgamemnon's account that Electra chiefly grieves.

1. 26 . r& ~qTp6s, ' my relations towards my mother.' Cp. Aj. 547

rd raTp60ev.1. 263. The line is crowded with articles, which add stress to each

word, ' these halls of mine,' (as the daughter of the house) 'those murder-ers,' ' my father.'

1. 264. 4K 'rav8' &pxolt. Sophocles delights to use this prepositionin the place of the more prosaic ibr6. Cp. Aj. 1241 4ic TEv'/cpov, Ant.63, infra 1. 526 drs i$ &o0 Tf'",~ OVy Ev.

1. 265. XaPfev may be the infinitive after rE' eL, as in Ant. 478 ob y pEIcn~L ) cppoveirV /LEy' iarnt 80ioX6 ~rt rT&^v IrhXas-but it is easier tomake it, with r Tr'ra^eOal, the subject to wir~E. For the somewhatrare omission of the article cp. Thuc. 3. 38 duAyvarOas N ac r raO8dv

6 'r 4yvrdTrJ ice7iLEVOv.

1. 267. 8 co.. EdLco. Similar combinations of the simple and com-pound word, with little, if any, difference of meaning, are found, e. g. O. T.133 $raaic . d cor, ib. 566 CaXr. . irapkeXopEv, 0. C. 17o4 E'rpae~v..

fifrpa~ev, Ant. 898 iX. . irpoapXh, Phil. 329 f*epc^ .. Ep&, infra 1. 671.1. 269. rabr&, ' the very same,' oibX bO'ota aacrthcaz, dhd Ar& cEdvov

(Schol.). TrapcrClovs .. EvOa, ' at the hearth (of the house) in which.'1. 272. 1Ytv. For the dative cp. infra 1. 357 aj 5' # lAv J t 4 ooa, .-r.h.1. 273- EL XPEdv, ' if it is fitting,' 0. C. 268 e' ao 7-d a?Trp

3' ara aTpl

1. 275. rk' i~yv. Cp. O. T. I175 'rEoXaa TXhCav, 'abandoned,' as-raXaly in 273. Cp. Aj. 954 and note, supra 1. 121.

1. 277. y-yeX -a rois rOtov.yvots, 'exulting in her actions.' Themore usual compound would be Er77yefXbaa.

1. 278. The Scholiast remarks, T6b Eipovra r3

v ir6Oov ai 7 v rtOvtLfayTrs Y'vatilBr a lyaivet. An ancient authority, probably identifying thiswith some local festival, fixed the I 3th Gamelion as the day. (Thiswould nearly correspond with our New Year's day.)

1. 280. I-Tqc l is causative,' causes to be set up.' Cp. Aesch. Ag. 23Xopcv caT'rdaraatv I orokX'v.

1. 281. (lfx v' ip&. This appears to mean 'a festival occurring eachmonth.' Such an interpretation is against the authority mentionedabove, who evidently regarded the festival as occurring once a yearonly, nor is it in itself very probable from the context (6ipoVaa). Butas Z'pprva can hardly admit of any other interpretations we must supposea monthly festival to be meant; the frequent recurrence marks thedesire of Clytemnestra to appease the Geo2I owTrdpLot, and adds to the

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vexation of Electra. In Od. 3. 273 Aegisthus offers a great sacrifice tothe gods, when he has won Clytemnestra. The 7rav45yvpt~ with dancingmay have been annual, and there may also have been monthly sacrifices.

1. 283. IrTap6 s is to be taken with 8ar', but EinvoAapitrqv stands in

close connection; cp. O. C. 107, 8 7r', & Eayido'YrS HaNXd65CO xaov'ZEvaL

rraoiev 'AOivat 71tcl rLrdT(r irdA'l. The festival was named after Aga-memnon.

1. 285. For avtr'v = /pltavTv cp. O. T. i3 7,8 4 r(p 7yp o6xv TW^ a7rv TEripW

A)hwov I aXX' abrcis a6ro 70rov' d .OCKE6W$ IAV'OO.1. 286. iSovqv fipEC, so. Too ichafELV, ' has' (lit. 'bears') 'pleasure in

weeping.' The delight and satisfaction in weeping are characteristicof Greek feeling; cp. Od. 4. 183 Trotat raoir p'v ip'Ey'pov posE 7do0o,

C.T.h., I . 211, 2 6Ppa ral deli 'AiSao <phas rrepi XELpE 0ahXdvrfE I AporTPW

icpvepoi'o revapir76uEoaa a ydoo, Aesch. Ag. 442 8Pm~Vrcpvrov.1. 287. XhoyroL. o, vrpdaEot Schol. It means rather, 'in outward

esteem.'1. 289. For jx rldax (' abomination') cp. Ant. 756 yvvatIcs cv lo EVpa,

O. T. 85.1. 290. Cp. Hamlet, I. 2 ' Ay-, Madam, it is common. If it be, I

why seems it so particular to thee?'1. 292. o' KC'LTcO GEOL have to do with sorrow and vengeance. Ant.

451 oba' 4 edvouco riv KaTW G0E&v Aic-7, supra 11. Iio ff. They are thehope of Electra as of Antigone.

1. 295. -rv8', i. e. of the evils apprehended from the possible returnof Orestes.

1. 297. nL-5geov, 'had him placed out of my reach.' Causativemiddle (' tollendum curavisti').

1. 299. JXaKTET, 'howls,' 'screams.' Cp. Eur. Alc. 760 altova'vXar1r&v. oa3v 8' 4TwoTrpvEL. For the adverbial preposition cp. Aj.1288 abv 8' icb irapiv.

1. 300. Oar'T is either (I) dat. of indirect reference with the wholesentence and especially with 6 ic ,es vvypios, ' her famous bridegroomis there abetting her,' or (2) with -rabrd, 'urges the same course with her.'

1. 301. avatKLS is an epithet applied to Aegisthus in Od. 3. 310.For the addition of the adverbial rCinvra cp. infra 1. 1326 & -ThrEWTa ALwpot,O. T. 1198 ro70^ tavr' e3abrtlovo 6APov. -1 w6o-a PXhP r. The phraseoccurs again, Phil. 622 icEvLS 4 Iraeoa X'37#. It may be= 6 ra &P,

Aad6py, or 6 7raeOa &P OXd67. 'Nothing but harm' or 'every harm.'The analogy of 6 rcvr' (rather than wair) dva s~ is in favour of thelatter. -Though here -Ax makes position even with the final vowelof the preceding word, in infra 1. 440 the combination, contrary tothe common use, does not make position even in the same word.

1. 302. 'rds s)(c s, ' his battles,' i. e. whatever battles he does under-

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NOTES. LINES 283-323. 71take. Aegisthus fights with women, i. e. in their cause or as theirally.

11. 305, 6. '"as o"ocas re'F o KaV cT s &roo-as a'Xrl8as. Thesewords are usually explained as='my hopes of every kind,' i.e. 'thehopes I had, and those I had not,' as in Ant. 11o09 o T O VrTES of T'

drcn6 Es (birdoves) are slaves of every kind. But if s Ea6ydpaxa 'yaglavTreic (0. T. 480) are oracles from the centre of the earth, droeatEAnT8les may be 'hopes of the absent,' with reference to Orestes. Cp.also (for c&v=irapiv) Thuc. 7. 14 rTd ' b'vra a dravaXrtio' 1Aea.

1. 307. 0povJev .. e-epe'ev. Electra cannot control her feelings,(aceppoev), nor can she treat her mother as a daughter should

1. 309. KaL marks the correspondence of the acts and the circumstances.1. 312. K6pT'C is used with a bitter emphasis; cp. Aesch. Ag. 1252

Sdpr' C dp' Av 7rapE90A7rTl Xpto,&iv iiA iv.1. 313. vv 8' &PotL ' rvyXCivsL. For the omission of cdv cp. supra

1. 46. The dative is locative, as in Od. I. 197 CarTEpV'1rae EVplE' nrvPTJ.

1. 314. 1 8&v ,e'yc. 8&v= 8 & is the reading of the first hand of thebest MS., and, in spite of the somewhat unusual crasis, there seems to beno reason to read Icalt

1. 316. In this line we are met by the difficulty whether Tis, Ti can beused as= oarts, b,T except in indirect questions. Similar passages inSophocles are (i) infra 1. 1176 Ti 3' raXEr iAyor 7rpbO 7 TOVar' eircv ivpEs;(2) O. T. 1144 Ti " Pb'aTlpiS ri 70T TO TO roS 1TroprS; (3) Tr. 339i 8' " rTl roi JAE TrV41' ~irarats 6acr v; In all these, as in the present

line, some editors have commenced an independent interrogative witharp39 i-i, r70o. In Latin and in English the interrogative and the relativepronouns are connected, and, in consequence, this difficulty is not felt.On the whole it seems best to suppose that, in Greek, also, theinterrogative was by a rare use allowed to pass into the relative;this explanation suits (I) and (3) and the present passage better thanthe independent interrogative.

1. 317.T o) Ka oLyViTO Ti c S; Cp. Od. I1. 174 3Eir /o rpd rEicac vior.

1. 318. For the participle after qj' cp. O. T. 464 hET .. TEA 'va .1. 319. 4c&TKoV is equivalent to the participle of yplyi. When emphatic,

as here, it points to an assertion as opposed to reality. Not as supra 1. 9,O. T. Io.

1. 323. ' Non possunt haec verba significare, quod volunt interpretes,alioqui non tam diu vixissem, sed hoc dicit Electra: non enim diu viverem,nempe si ille non veniret.' Hermann. But the suppressed hypothesisis rather to be derived from iriwoe,' I do trust in him; if I did not, mylife would not be a long one' (i. e. would come to an end at once).

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1. 324. 861c v. The genitive is to be taken partly with 6pS-cp.supra 1. 78, and partly with the more remote p'povaav.

1. 325. ('crLY, ' in her birth,' as Aj. 472 jTo70L p ,rY 7' li arXaTyvor bIceivov yey-bs, Tr. To62 yvv 5, OXvs oica /cob'c dv8ps pSioev.

1. 326. In the Choiiphoroe of Aeschylus, Electra and the captivemaidens (who form the Chorus) are the bearers of these libations. Thisdifference in the ' economy' of the two poets is an instance of the wayin which Sophocles introduces finer gradations of character. It wouldhave been at once inconsistent and untrue to nature to represent theElectra of Sophocles as consenting to carry such offerings.

1. 328. 'Why thus again making moan at the outlet of the gateway?'Cp. infra 11. 5 6 ff.

1. 330. Observe that this line is without caesura, like infr. o036.1. 333. -rots rrapoo0o-v is ieut.; but a'-roi's in the next line is masc.1. 336. Observe (i) the use of 8oceivv immediately after boicei, and in a

different sense. (2) The independence of the two negatives, /A Bocdyiv8pay..,4WaEvlvw a i?. The latter helps to illustrate O. C. 277, 8 ica

pI) eoirS TLeWYTes dra roirs e Oi /olpanS noLetuoE lGe papr.

1. 337. rotLaa 8' XXkka, 'the like course;' the prose expression isiGpao 701aVa.

1. 339. ~ 0- KP lELS, ' as you decide.' There is something like irony inthe use of the word xevOE'pav, as though, in the mind of Chrysothemis,voluntary slavery constituted freedom. Like Ismene, in the Antigone,she strives to support herself by the dicta of proverbial wisdom.

1. 342. 1r^s TLK'r0'o i. T4 TiCTova is ' the bearer' as opposed to thebegetter (cp. O. T. 1247, and infra 1. 533); but 4 ercoiva is ' the bearer'as opposed to the child; cp. infra 1. 141 T. If IkE'wLV is impersonal, asit usually is, ool must be supplied, but Hermann suggested a personaluse (cp. Ellendt. Lex. sub voc.).

1. 343. r&~d& vov0ernijxa a,' your admonishings of me.' The possessivehere denotes the object, as e. g. in O. T. 969 rie'c5 ~n0de;, etc.

1. 344, KELis SSLaKT&, 'come of her instructions.' The verbal isderived from the middle, and the gen. is used as with 1tavOavELV, e. g.O. T. 545.

11. 345 ff. ' Choose one reputation out of two, either to be of weakdiscourse, or, being sound in reason, to be oblivious of your friends.''rsr, ' in that case.' Chrysothemis is the daughter of Agamemnonbut takes her part from Clytemnestra; Electra compels her to seethe inconsistency of such conduct; one or the other must be sacri-ficed. KaK)s 4povety, 'non sana mente esse,' not to see things in theirtrue light.

1. 349. T' Lcpovl Wlqs. The middle is here put for the more usualactive, perhaps because Electra, in avenging her father, satisfies her

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NOTES. LINES 324-373- 73

own feeling; cp. infra 1. 399 EEroV510', el XPJ, wrarpt rLupWpoV,'EoL. Con-versely the active is used for the middle in O. T. Io7, 140.

1. 352. inte 81agov. For this use of TErd cp. O. C. 969, O. T. 390,and for the general turn of the expression cp. infra 1. 563 ipo9 6k..

1. 354. o0t Wc ; KaK AS p'v. Cp. Phil. 1043 ' S i olIctrp. hrrap-K0ov'rTc expresses a bare sufficiency; there is less authority for dirap-Covvrc ,S, which is over-emphatic.

11. 355, 6. oaTE r 'rEOV1IK6TL, K. Tr.., ' So that by my actions I renderhonour to the dead, if in the grave there is any feeling of kindnessdone.' The Greeks, even when they admitted the existence of thedead as spirits, seem to have doubted the power of those on earth toreach and touch them, Cp. Aeschin. in Timarch. § 14 rEhxvrToavra 8a

ariTv, vibca 6 tAEv 6

1EpPETOVLEVOS obcVIdT aloAv&EratL WV e4 7rad~E, Lycurg.

in Leocr. § 136 Er L d'pa 'Tly a'io0?er7L TO1ls eICEL rEptl T iV EVaE 7tYLYVOIE-yoWv, Aesch. Cho. 517 Oav6Vn 6' ob ppovo V^TL GELXala Xap.

1. 360. 4 ' oto vGv Xh8Vs. There is a scornful allusion to the hand-some dress of Chrysothemis as compared with the mean attire of Electra.Cp. infra 1. 45i. A similar contrast will be found between Antigone(fasting, sunburnt, and barefoot) and Ismene (mounted on a mule, witha shady hat, and attended) in the 0. C. 311 ff.

1. 362. WEPLppElrTW. This metaphorical use of the word appears tobe unique in classical Greek.

1. 363. "roipR * F Xvrroev, 'let only such things minister to me asdo not vex my heart.' It seems necessary to read *AXvro^v for XvWrEIV,

because in 70ro6/b pI) XvTELdV, p must be taken as= pavr'v, and thisuse, though supported by Eur. I. A. 677, Cycl. 340, is rare, and alsobecause Electra cannot be said not to 'vex herself,' and p) Xvrr ,VEIA can hardly be =' do no violence to my own feelings.' For 1o'a-t rcla cp. Aesch. S. c. T. 244, Cho. 26.

1. 364. -TLjCis, i. e. the position you enjoy in the house.

1. 367. r~is Rj-rp6s, i. e. acknowledge publicly that Agamemnon hasno part in you. Cp. o)r'pcv rTEpaaprE'va of the timid maidens inAesch. S. c. T. 792.

1. 368. Electra ends, as she began, with showing that it is impossiblefor her sister to remain neutral. This unswerving justice, which willhave nothing to do with the compromises so useful in smoothing thecourse of ordinary life, is one great ethical element in the Electra.Such justice is hardly consonant with the gentleness which modernsentiment requires from women, but to the Greeks justice was 7ra-lr rrap-Oio~ At6s, and the Erinyes are ad IrapOEVOL.

1. 369. rp6s 6pyv, 'angrily.'1. 373. Chrysothemis, who adopts an injured tone, is inured tc her

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sister's violence, and would not for her own part have called attentionto it, only that it may bring Electra into trouble. It is in compassionthat she tells what she has to say. Such are her excuses toherself.

1. 376. Et ydp p-v84 fLOL. Elmsley held this to be a violation of thecretic, and proposed to read b' for yap. But this is not required, becauseydp is a monosyllable. We find vov oia5va Ant. 68, roT0', rv ~i 7oVO. C. 505, 7 ro7T' ijpTEv, infra 1. 409, and even IvEYv 7s ~1Air O. C.664, 2ydrT' Oiio0Ev Aj. IIOI, arjatv' e"T 7

XEt Phil. 22.

1. 379. For el with the subj. cp. O. T. 874, Ant. 71o.1. 380. For Evl Vy( cp. O. T. 1412.

1. 382. V1j0lc K&K, 'drone out your ill-omened strain.' Chryso-themis is irritated by the constant and, in her view, the perverse lamenta-tion of her sister, ' this unprevailing woe.' From the point of view ofAegisthus and Clytemnestra it is not only vexatious but ill-boding.

1. 384. iv KaL. Cp. O. C. 1'575 ic a0ap fiva, Dem. Fals. Leg.§ 152 v d~qaXEe, Ant. Io97 iv 8ieLv rarapa.

1. 385. *.. KCLi P6OXEvVTL, ' have they really determined to-?' salafter an interrogative particle is used in questions which ask in aninterested or indignant tone for further information to confirm whathas been said. Cp. infra 1. 663, Aj. 44, 48. In Ant. 770 Adppc' ydpabvT iao icarnaiCtLa voEds; the interrog. particle is omitted. Here thequestion is ironical.

1. 389. 4X0Evy, sc. brapGpai. rTL 'vSe =' this, or any part of it.'1. 391. ~TpOo'TaTrL is an unusual form for rpo0oTrda . Electra now

includes her sister among her enemies.1. 392. PLov 700 rap6aVos, 'your life here.'

1. 397. aO TaV'O w rvfu', 'do you use such flattering terms,' i. e. trans-late baseness and treachery into submission to the stronger. o 6c 41olsrprTrovs MYELS, 'you do not speak after my ways,' your words do notexpress my disposition.

1. 399. Cp. supra 1. 349. For the idiom which allows the masc. plur.to be used of a woman see the note on O. C. 832.

1. 401. ' Only from the evil can words like these win praise,' i. e. Ta 7'7 btrav'a a To rpTr ica~ Xv. Cp. Aj. 319.1. 403. 4 i zrco, K. . X. Chrysothemis had reproached her sister as orc

E ppovo^aa. Electra, replies that she hopes she is not so lost to reasonas to take her sister's view. For 7n cp. O. T. io5 and note.

1. 405. 4vrupa is here used as a general word for funeral offerings,the special meaning being overlooked. iEprvpa is strictly' what is placedon the fire,' i. e. burnt offerings; in Ant. oo5 the word is used for divina-tion by means of burnt offerings.

1; 406. rvyePoiLra XOd~S~=eLV viLovs Xods bi&6Va. The epithet ap-

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NOTES. LINES 376-440. 75

plied to Xoc& is embodied in the verb, which thus becomes more graphic.Cp. Tr. 62o 'EppoD 7~va5E oTOmrEUrw ix /vy. Expressions like 7ypws C Xvna=- yev Avapov yhpw7 are similar.

1. 409. To crrELa o'ea supply TiA/neL oe, and for the double questioncp. O. T. II55 d'VT 70D ; Ti rrpooxpCwv /Epov l;

1. 4II. Electra instinctively connects the nightly apparition with herfather; cp. infra 1. 459.

1. 414. 'I know but little, so that my story can go but a short way.'Eri O .Tpvb with 4pio-aL. For KcaroLa, followed by an adverb, cp. O. T.

1134 ICarot&ev LOS, I.T.X.

1. 415. roXXk& 'roL. rol, as often, introduces a general statement; cp.Aesch. P. V. 275, 6 7rav7a -rot rXav bv9 jll Irpos &XXOT' hXXov Trayov'

7rpocrLi1es.

1. 418. BjMXCav. Abstract for concrete. Cp. O. C. 1044 3atwiv dv 8p.. inE70rpopal, Eur. Alc. 606 Avapv ,lpalovv iEv'js rapovevia.

1. 419. E~'-rLov with ri~at = iri 2y cria riat. For the sceptre cp.11. 2. 1 I -ff.

1. 422. '.. yevTOact. For the use of the infinitive in relative clausescp. Thuc. 5. 63 a'vEv v I jA uptov drat abrdy w p rpaTav i/C T7^1 a wXs

(Kriiger), and Hdt. passim.

1. 424. 0ro) W~p6vros, though masc., refers to the female attendant ofClytemnestra, cp. supra 1. 399 and note, infra 1. I1o5. For the customof showing dreams to the sun cp. Eur. I. T. 42, Plaut. Mil. Glor. 394.The participle is in the imperfect tense.

1. 430. Chrysothemis is afraid that Clytemnestra will be driven tosome fresh outrage now that she is terrified by this nightly vision. a"v

KaK^ jiEL T XLtV, 'you will come to seek me in a day of evil' (with evilat your side).

1. 433. tria vc has here the sense of the Latin instituere=' to set onfoot;' the use is the same in Xopo's Ixrivat.

1. 435. IrvocioWv. Supply 6s or some word of general meaning fromcplfbov. For this ' zeugma' cp. supra 1. 72.

1. 437. 'Let them be kept in store for her against the day of herdeath.' Though thrown to the winds or poured out upon the earth, thelibations will not be lost. Account will be taken of the fact that theywere offered, and of the spirit in which the offering was sent. The in-consistency is merely verbal.

1. 439. aPX4v, 'to begin with,' ' at all,'= 'omnino,' and used mostlyin negative sentences. Cp. Hdt. I. 9, etc.

1. 440. w7rTOo-v X tha- E. Cp. supra 1. 3or and note. On thisprosody Schndw. observes,-' Dobree proposed E3Ac UaTE wraucIv, because8A usually lengthens the preceding vowel. Cp. however Phil. 13II i$Js /3XAaTs with O. T. 717, O. C. 972, Frag. (N.) i19, 501, 529, Trag.

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adesp. 376. Euripides rarely has a short vowel before OX as Med. 1256,Frag. (N.) 432, 698.' With the exception of the last instance quotedfrom Euripides (dpiuq(pihrIXa), the OA form part of the verb fX3aXTuvw orthe subs. dcairq. In Sophocles there is no instance of a short vowelbefore OA in Bai7Trc, Xa3, X4ww. 8vUTOeivts, 'tainted with hatred.'

1. 441. EWrE'&TErE, 'put,' or, 'poured on as a tribute.' Cp. supra 1. 53,Ant. 431 Xoa L T Ldv0r7a V v'V' aTies't/)l.

1. 442. af'rr, ' at her hand ;' cp. supra 1. 226.1. 444. ULTIos is explained by iLTaE v eYeVi'S. Instead of being treated

like a friend and honoured with funeral rites, he is treated as an enemy.Cp. the use of E'VTLpo in Ant. 25 TOL E IVEpOEY EVT71OV VEIpOir.

1. 445. i lagXaXlcr0~. The object of these mutilations appears to havebeen the disablement of the dead, who were supposed to continue in thesame bodily condition in which they died. Compare the descriptionof the shade of Deiphobus in Virgil, Aen. 6. 495 :-

'lacerum crudeliter ora,Ora manusque ambas, populataque tempora raptisAuribus, et truncas inhonesto volnere nares;'

O. T. 1371, Aescl. Cho. 439. KdrL Xovurpoio-La, K. T. X. Two interpre-tations have been given of these words: (I) For purification she wipedaway the stains of blood on his head,-this involves a change ofsubject. (2) At the purification he wiped away the stains with hishead; i. e. he was made to do so, as a passive instrument,-he (i. e. hisbody) was subjected to this degradation. This is probably right. Themetaphorical expression arr paA. dvaptet E (Od. 19. 92, cp. Hdt. I.i55) may help to illustrate the feeling which these words convey.

1. 449. KpaTbs is to be taken with relo^a, as abl. gen.

1. 450. Kc~.LO IX aLv-s, i.e. and taking this hair of mine. rJptLKp,i. e. U&ipa.

1. 451. A&Xrcap- is an obscure word. It has been derived from d-,XAtrape6v, and translated, ' hair unfit for a suppliant.' Cp. infra 1. 1378XtrapEL Xp. Another reading is 7'ySv hArap^ -rpxa, which maypossibly mean, ' that has persevered so long,' i. e. ' lasted through somany miseries.'

1. 455. b rEp'ritpas Xep6s. The expression is adverbial= ' with

superior might.'

1. 456. '^ovr' ErtP.pvaL ro81. Commentators have hesitated whetherOCwTr' is for &vra or CnirTt. The accusative can of course be maintained,but the dative is more simple; cp. O. C. 1436 Oavdo'v', and note. InFrag. incert. 7r7 N. we find Cuvrt rol XpW'y.evov, &s #l qet S)opotxs.

1. 459. ' I think, verily, I think some care of his too sent:' JXov isthe subject to 7rlPat, the participle being used as an abstract noun and

JUE h A7't 71 PEtP iV MP.9r.

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NOTES. LINES 441-497. 77

1. 461. ,a s 8e answers ot"iaL h, and is= whether he did or not.croL = aavr.

1. 464. wrpos ebo-lr taev. Cp. supra 1. 369 7rpo' p',Pv.1. 4 66. r6 yap SiLKa ov, i. r. X., 'justice admits no plea for two to con-

tend about it (i. e.' about a just matter there should be no differenceof opinion'), but (it contains a ground) for hastening the doing of it.'

1. 467. 'ro Spay is an accusative, as in O. C.442. This interpretation seemsbetter than to supply BdE with inTrrESEvew from obs E'XEL Ah0yov in animpersonal sense, for 7r Sicatov seems to be the nominative to Xc*L.

1. 468. rTEpoWLv. Chrysothemis speaks like a person about to setout on a perilous venture. Cp. 1. 471.

11. 472-5 15. First Stasimon. Justice will come; this dream inspiresme with hope. The avenging Erinyes will come, and the guilty shallbe slain; this vision cannot fail us. Alas! how long has been the taleof guilt and woe, which had its origin in the death of Myrtilus.

1. 473. V'rTs.. yv&jips. The same words are joined in O. T. io86,7 d'frEp Ely' irn'Vts E!Li acard 'yv i ay 'fpt. Cp. also O. T. 398, 500.

1. 475 'rp6Vavrts, ' prophetic,' as announcing her coming by dreams.

1. 476. ' Bringing with her righteous deeds of might.' <4

popat usuallymeans to bring or take for oneself, not with oneself; cp. infra 1. 1095.

1. 480. tKAuovo-av. The acc. is used nar ' a or eaw as though ivithpripr7Et. Cp. infra 11. 556, 7 Eid 5 ' 8' dE X, dyovs I iCPXE~ ,

re. T. A. Forthe metaphor in 78vdcrrv&ov cp. Aesch. Ag. i80 AatArp s 8' (6 Xppto'y~6)'oLe'v Xiooiov ip's dVToXS j rnc'V iO7ieLtv, Cho. 34 i fiTrvov ,6rov aVicov.

1. 484. oO .. Wror is not to be taken strictly of time, but rather= ' inno case.' 6 ( o'as, K. T. X.,' the princely lord of Hellas, whose seed ye are.'

1. 485. ' The biting two-edged bronze, which gave of old the deadlyblow.' XCXK61rXrKTor , ' bronze-smiting;' others translate ' forged ofbronze,' but this leaves -rXauroeo without much force. For yev1s cp.supra 1. 197 and note. It was customary among the Greeks to passsentence even on the inanimate instruments of murder; cp. Plato, Laws,

9. 873.1. 486. atcLXcrcJ-ms 1v a KaLs, 'by a deed of cruel shame;' cp. infra 1. 511.

1. 488. 'Yes! the Avenger will come; swift and strong will hercoming be, from the darkness of her awful lair. For with shame tobed and bride there came on those who might not be wed a desire andspeed for wedlock, even to the shedding of blood.' wroXk6ovs .. rrokX-

XELp, 'with abundant might of foot and hand,' i. e. never flagging inpursuit, not ' with the might of many feet,' etc.

1. 491. XCak6rXovS, 'unwearied.' Cp. Aesch. Eum. 371 opaXep& 'ravv-6

p6doots ichXa (of the Erinyes), O.'T. 418 bELV6ovs dpi.

1. 495. 'rp 6 r<V<SE, ' wherefore.'

1. 497. a.cyhs .. ,ripas, 'a blameless portent,' i.e. a portent in which

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there is nothing to wish otherwise than what it is. Cp. Aesch. Ag.145 85GE 4 V pcardoppQU a 8' 9'dopLara [a-rpovO&v], where the portent isof mixed good and evil. rrcXav is fut. inf.

1. 499. 'ro's.. crvv8pc^rLv, i.e. Clytemnestra and Aegisthus. ppo'-fvis 'subjective' genitive. Men have no power of divination in dreams,etc., cp. supra 1. 250.

1. 50o. EG K Ta-X4-1OrtL, 'shall come home safe to land.' For themetaphor cp. Tr. 826 iai 7r68' 6pOe0 I 4ctriea tarovpi~sL.

1. 504. wrp6o0Ev, 'at the first.' The crime accompanying this race ofPelops, to win Hippodameia, was the rpcWrapxos adry of the Pelopidae.

1. 505. roX&wrovos, 'fruitful in toil,' infra 1. 515 the word is passive,'fraught with toil.'

1. 506. 'lokXes. Pelops was a Phrygian. For alavh4s, 'dreary,' cp.Aj. 672 and note.

1. 509. 41OLtLS.j0, ' sank to sleep.' There is contrast drawn betweenthe restless woe of the house of Pelops, and the rest of Myrtilus, fromwhom the woe arose. Myrtilus, the charioteer of Oenomaus, the fatherof Hippodameia, had been bribed by Pelops to loosen the linch-pinin the chariot of Oenomaus, which in consequence came out during therace. Pelops afterwards threw Myrtilus into the sea (Pausan. 8. 14. 11).

1. 51 . a'LKaLS, cp. supra 1. 486.1. 514. ~i T08', ' from that time forth.' For the use of b'SE referring to

a time, not actually present, but spoken of at the time in avivid manner, cp.O. T. 1157 iic', 6X&ArOa 8' cipheov 7 8' lp'pa. Some edd. read o'cov foroi'cov, in which case i'Ahtrrv iK ro' o'cov is to be compared with Ant. 15o.

1. 515. WoWiovos aCKiL E, 'sorrow and shame.' In 11. 486 and 511the 'word aidca appears to be active, and is used in the ' concrete' plural= ' an outrage;' and this with the added notion of an outrage to theperson is the meaning of the word in prose. But here and in 0. C.748 alica is passive = the result of outrage, 'misery,' ' disgrace.' For'rroXrrovos cp. supra 1. 505. It is characteristic of Sophocles to repeatthe word which, more than any other, sums up the burden of theChorus. Cp. ICTS9 "ras Ant. 614 and 625.

11. 516-1057. Second Epeisodion. In the first part of this long scene(11. 516-822) Clytemnestra enters and upbraids Electra, who retortswith vehemence. After an altercation Clytemnestra proceeds to offersacrifice, to Apollo. Then the Paedagogus enters with news of the deathof Orestes. Sorrow of Electra.

1. 516. &veLRp~EV jiv. The corresponding 84 is to be sought in vVvU4 1. 59, the primary connection of the clauses being, dv iL E'VIryGTpE'EL, EVTpE'1EL 8' OidEV Z/OV.

1. 5i8. a'Loivey c[1Xovs, ' shame your friends' (by word or appearance),sc. Ovpalav y' oora, whatever she might do in the palace; cp. supra 1. 312.

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NOTES. LINES 499-549- 791. 522. rcaL, rd o&, ep. Aj. 491 cS qpov&i rc d.

1. 523. Clytemnestra is not guilty of Optrs--she is not the first tobegin the strife, she merely retaliates when attacked.

1. 525. ofi8iv 'XXo .. dci. These words, though a parenthesis, havean influence on the construction of the words which follow.

1. 528. A yap Aiyc. Clytemnestra does not deny that she slewAgamemnon or even wish to deny it; she maintains that she was onlythe minister of justice in what she did. Aesch. Ag. 1499 ff.

1. 529. XPqv. Observe the idiomatic use of the imperfect, ' oportu-isse aliquid, quod factum non sit, fieri significans.'

1. 531. pxoevos TX4vov. The words are literally true inasmuch asAgamemnon was the only Greek who sacrificed his daughter; but themeaning is rather -' Of all the Greeks he alone brought himself toslay.' Cp. Ant. 508 ob 7o0ro odivo rin^VE KaIALiov 6pa.. Clytemnestramakes no mention of the <pLXdLaXotL paf&r of Aeschyvlus (Ag. 230).Libvos is often used to fix the responsibility for an action, Trach. 261, 355.

1. 533. Xai-rns is gen. with f'rov. 1'rrEp 4 'K'ovrO' Cy, SC. 6T

i E7Lov. ' As I her mother did in bearing her.'

1. 534. rov- XdpLv r(vyov, ' Out of favour to whom?' lit. 'Paying a favourto whom ?' It is, of course, quite possible to take ravwv as gen. plur. ofrhi and assume a double interrogative, as in Tr. 707 0TlevY yp .. vTi

70V;

1. 535 iroTrpov 'Apycov, sc. MEvZA ow.1. 537. &AXX introduces the second alternative suggested by dTrTEpov.

Avri='for the sake of.' Cp. Tr. 707 v'ri 70o; O. C. 1326.1. 539. wIT6Epov.. -(.. ". A number of impossible excuses are ironically

suggested in defence of Agamemnon. 8vrrot. In Od. 4. 10 ff. Mene-laus is represented as having one daughter only by Helen (Hermione),and one son by a slave (Megapenthes), but Hesiod, in a passage quotedby the Scholiast, speaks of two children of Helen and Menelaus,Hermione and Nicostratus.

1. 541. js. The feminine is used because Helen was more imme-diately the cause.

1. 544. wravrctvd, 'lost,' i. e. to all sense of right feeling, as in Phil.1357. (For the alliteration cp. supra 1. 210.)

1. 545. MekvXEo 8' iv^v, i. e. MEvE' E Brs' vw ,rOos iv.v. For thiscondensed mode of expression, which is usually found in comparisons;cp. Ant. 74, 5 iTnl irXeicov Xpovor j Iy 0E ' apiaICEwt 70o KITW 71To iOl/ V E,Od. 2. 121, 2 'ardov o" 7O 6/ToITa ovlara rIvE ory jYey , ib. 4. 279

4pOeviv 'o sova' d'h6Xo'rtv, etc.

1. 549. otv has its proper force here, and I.yc' iv' is answered by eLa aol, cp. supra 1. 459. 'rots irwTrpayLivots is the dative of the cause,

as in Thuc. 3. 98 70i^s 7rarpay/-ivoe pio8yJevor Trob 'AOvaieovr.

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1. 551. yvlvqV BLKalav aoXloo-a, 'when you have got a just mind,'i.e. the capability of judging rightly. Clytemnestra challenges a replyto her plea, and hints that hitherto Electra's reproaches have beenprejudiced. With ,rols rrehas cp. Ant. 479 b'O5Lr 60V

6d & arrc 7^v Vrehas.Observe the repetition of the word yvVi'oI in 11. 546, 547, 551.-

1. 552. Cp. supra 1. 524. On this occasion Clytemnestra cannot pleadthat her harsh words are spoken in self-defence.

1. 555. X4a p' &v 6pOGs, ' I would give you the true account.'1. 556. Kal pvqv 4krj1','certainly, I give you permission '-/Av raising

the expectation of something to come. Contrast the phrase with a? 8Aisyw in 1. 558, =' well, then, as you have given permission, I speak.'X6yous is a better reading than xdoyot, and the words A0lyovr &P pX Eform one verbal notion to which e is the accusative. Cp. Aj. Io107 -rAplY' e'rj I o'XAa' 69iVOVS, O. C. 1120 TE'JV' Ei pivsT' &dAgrTa p1yaqv'co

Xyov.1. 56o. civ' ov SLKaICS ELE pr0 , 'whether justly (as you assert) or

not.' This is a slight variation on the usual meaning of drT' o'V (supra1. 199). It makes a concession in favour of Clytemnestra in so far asit assumes, for the sake of argument, that Agamemnon may haveperished a tIcLas. Cp. infra 1. 577 El 8' o'v, 'p^ iydp /ca' 3 odv, f. .A.

1. 562. Compare the language of the Chorus, supra 11. 198 ff.1. 563. Zpo) 84, ' for ask.' For this sense of 54 cp. Od. I. 433 X6 ov

8' dXE'Ehve yuvatico, ib. 6. 6.1. 564. rotv&s is acc. plur. Cp. Aesch. P. V. 563 -ivo dp prhaiad

voivas b6iEcE; rd wroXrd Irvev4p' o-Xev ALM8X . These words have

been taken, as in the gloss dvrT T70 iaE'rXEv, to mean' she checked themany winds (which usually blow) at Aulis,' and in support of this ren-dering cp. Eur. I. A. Io arya 8' d cvrpcoa rdv3E oTar' Ei6pcrov lXovaOv, andinfra 1. 574, which implies the absence of any wind. In the accountof Aeschylus it is owing to contrary winds, and not to a calm, that theAchaeans were unable to sail. The words a troAxa& irevV'ara wouldseem to favour this version of the legend. Translate:-' kept thoseincessant winds blowing at Aulis.' foXev, 'held the winds in thatdirection.' Cp. L. and S. A. II. 7.

1. 567. -ragov, 'taking his pleasure in.' The word neither excludeshunting, nor implies that it was the main object in view.

1. 568. o0 K r a -y&S, K. T. X., 'over the slaughter of which he

happened to let fall some vainglorious word.' Cp. Eur. Ale. 68o oPBah3X oilv'rr 're, Od. 4. 503 El pE ibrrppiaXov ' ros 'EBaXe.

1. 569. TVYX&Ve~ paXdv explains and excuses 'icoynrdas-the wordwas vainglorious, but dropped in "a moment of excitement. Otherstake pahAcv as=' on hitting the deer,' or join -rvyXvPi Sahx/v, 'shotat and hit.' But this is already expressed in icaT& oqa6ys.

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NOTES. LINES 55 -6o5. 81

1. 572. cO&E V is 'to remove a ban by sacrificing,' to ' offer a favour-able sacrifice,' litare. Cp. Hdt. 6. 91 adoro ov Ib Eai dyo1s aq 17,yvro7r 3O caOa a oi' ool TE 7lyvoro ieCLpXave6'eLevo.

1. 575. plcaLres, cp. Ant. 66 Sr 8ai'opat rcae. iroXd& KI~vpM&S isequivalent to ica roXXd dvr3Pis. For this order of words cp. Ant. 726ols nqXacolSe icaL 8ao'jeaoa r5, I.r.X.

1. 579. For ovEla similarly put out of its place cp. O. T. 857 6ar'

ovy3 y.aTear y' &y ore 798' ia I RAil3Xasy' aV ovYE/' ohTe 7r' &Vtirepov.

1. 580. Epa .. is} .. r0 iqs, 'see that you are not setting up.' Cp. infra1. 584. The indicative in this construction is used of something whichis actually being done, not merely contemplated in the future.

1. 582 av rot, 'you' (as every one will allow). TOi is frequentlyused to introduce generally received maxims, but here, as infra 1. 871, itmerely gives emphatic prominence to the word after which it is placed.

1. 584. OcrKjLV 0oiK oo'av, 'a groundless excuse.' When Clytem-nestra leans on this support she will find that there is nothing there.

1. 585. et ydp O'kXEL, 'if you will.' Clytemnestra's conduct towardsAegisthus is a point which she omitted in her plea, and Electra desiresto hear it justified.

1. 588. rp6reEv, ' in time past;' in the next line rrpcr0ev=' in theformer marriage,' the same word being repeated in a slightly differentsense.

1. 589. E ~oEEts j & K&E ¢ eoPv, i.e. 'born in honourable wedlock;'cp. Phil. 384 7rpo 70'T aKrta7o icdai icaiciv 'O5vcoecs.

1. 593 o6 yap KCX6

v. The phrase ob iaX6dv conveys strong moralreprobation; cp. Thuc. 3. 55 "rpoaoGvas abrobis oir& irv jiaXadv (of theAthenians and Plataeans), Phil. 130.

1. 596. &l(rav 'Ls yXGkro rv, 'give full license to thy tongue.' racrav-'to the full,' both of extent and variety. For the phrase cp. Plato,Laws, 890 D S^ 7- vy vo/LoOA7Tv, T3

b Ahy6tovov, aeraV <Covirv hivra rv

6 W rizLovpov yT yveaOa A

6'yc, and also O. T. 1440. (is must be takenwith i ~s yXAaaav, =' saying that we.'

1. 597. KaLC ('and indeed') introduces Electra's view of the relationbetween herself and her mother, in which BeaiarvV takes the place of,L?)Tpa.

1. 6o0. In 6 8' dXXos the article is not to be taken with dlxor,but Homerice with 'Op4arlts in the next line; cp. Phil. 371 6 8' jr''O8vaerv', O. T. 19 and note.

1. 603. If Electra had been able, she would herself be rearingOrestes, and teaching him his lesson of vengeance.

1. 6o05. ro~8~ y' oive~a, i. e. so far as my wish for vengeance, andconduct in regard to Orestes is concerned.

G

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1. 609. OXe6v r. EI may say.' The phrase sarcastically hints a nearapproach to the action spoken of; cp. Ant. 47o0 eXe6v v1 'P9 I piav6iA~oqscivco. r'qv av .. (4daLV, 'the nature I derive from you.' cfalris that which passes from parent to child; cp. Aj. 472 ~T 7o 4aorv 'y'

aoXayxvos i ctdvov yEyes.1. 61o. Linwood and Jebb, following Hermann, take Electra to be

the subject of the verb ,vYEorT. If this is right, vovoicav also refersto Electra, and the two lines spoken by the Chorus are a criticismon the preceding speech. But it is more probable, from the rejoinderof Clytemnestra, iroh U, m. ,. A., that the lines refer to Clytemnestra,who, while listening to Electra's words, has made certain significantgestures, which lead the Chorus to expect an outburst. (The Scholiasttakes jgvos as the nom. to vYEasr supplying ari7, i. e. 'HANlTpa, andsupposes a covert reference to Clytemnestra in the words TOGE..

EulopcW.)1. 611. 'ro~e, i. e. d ay SkB7 tbveoT. Clytemnestra is heedless now

whether her anger is justified or not, so falsifying the plea of justiceadvanced above, 4 ydp a' vy V hAsv, obvi 'yc~i ,y'y.

1. 614. 'rqXLKVoOTOS. Cp. O. C. 75 "ltXuoiiroS, o0 ycicawv i rrespor (ofAntigone). Here, however, the word refers to Electra's riper age-she is not a mere child to be carried away by passion.

1. 618. Zcopa is used with reference to 7tvAsscoror, SrporOLK6ra withreference to Electra's relation to her mother.

1. 619. ].. ZK roO 8vcrpivea. Cp. Ant. 95 Ti)v fl l.oO BvaovXlar,Thuc. 3. 37 i i~ 'avr^v [vvELt.

1. 622. 'Impudent creature, I and my doings are too often the themeof your discourse.' Unable to deny the truth of Electra's words,Clytemnestra points to the impudence of the daughter in criticisinga mother; she does not feel, as Electra feels, that her conduct asa wife has destroyed her claims as a mother.

1. 626. "ApT~qELv. The old adjuration remains on Clytemnestra'slips, though the next line brings in the mention of Aegisthus. Cp.supra 1. 563, infra 1. 1238.

1. 630. oilouv anticipates itrEL8, 1. r. A., 'Will you not in your turnsilence your outcry and let me sacrifice in peace ?' The gods were sup-posed to come in person to the sacrifices offered to them, so that it wasnecessary at such times to avoid any language or behaviour whichmight be displeasing to them.

1. 634. i irapo'o-& l oL. Cp. Aj. 541, 2 epo irpordracv y' abr'r7Terr XepaOLY ebOGva6 , vpsis. The attendants are always nameless in

Greek Tragedy, for in Aesch. Cho. 732 Kitcra is merely the nameof the nation, and is moreover the name given by a fellow-slave.

1. 635. van'rL 'Si', i.e. Phoebus, whose altar was beside the entrance

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NOTES. LINES 609-656.

to the palace-door; cp. O. T. 919 7rp's a', @ AdScre' 'AiroXXov, lYX'-

aroS -ap 1.

1. 636. 8ELX&'TCv must be taken with Xvrptovs, 'prayers which askfor relief from terror;' cp. infra 1. 1490, and the construction of oan'i--pros in Aj. 779, and 7ravarpto in O. T. I5o. With & v0v iXm cp.O. T. 294 E t r/ 1Ah ELf84 .LIcor, 'XEL I'po. The meaning is the samewhether we say wXco 6erLa or dtELa XeL ye.

1. 637. KX1OLs lv. The optative with liv conveys an entreaty depend-ing on a condition, sc. el 04Aotl, ' will hear' (if inclined). Cp. Tr. 624rTEixoLr v 441, Phil. 674. Without dv the optative implies a wish orentreaty without any condition attached to it.

1. 639. Clytemnestra does not scruple to reveal to a god what sheis ashamed to utter in the presence of Electra; compare the story otGlaucus in Hdt. 6. 86.

1. 641. For o-v=' with the help of,' cp. supra l. 312, Phil. 1251 &j# TMSCac T

3V 'V rbV od rapPi p6'ov (0. T. 17 and note).

1. 642. iaLcrav p~cL, 'a mischievous report;' itLrat s,= that can dono good, is here used by a litotes as a word of blame. So in Tr. 940taTras, ' groundlessly'=' with inexcusable folly.'

1. 643 8e .. ,rilj8 are identical in meaning ='silently.'1. 644. d y&p. The ycip merely introduces the narrative; cp. supra

1. 32.1. 645. Swo-o&v, (I) "double' in meaning. The word does not seem to'

have this sense elsewhere in the tragedians, though Aristotle uses Tb

8Trrdo, errw^r, for 'ambiguity,' 'ambiguously :' or, (2) ' twofold,' i. e.'repeated.' The repetition of a dream or vision was a sign of the im-minence of the reality. The Scholiast distinguishes the vision in whichshe offers prayer to Apollo, from the vision which led to the sendingof Chrysothemis, supra 1. 417. The lines which follow prove that thedream seen by Clytemnestra was ambiguous.

1. 647. 'cjn&Xv J0Les, 'let them fall back upon.' Clytemnestra regards

any evils foreboded by the dream as aimed at her by her enemies, thoughunder the guidance of Apollo.

1. 65o. With 8e supply 86&, or some word of kindred meaning. Donot allow my enemies to, etc., but grant that I, etc.

1. 652. 4LXhocL, i.e. Aegisthus.1. 653.- 'rKvov (for 'rEvots) is attracted into the case of g'wv. The

genitive expresses the source from which the obavota comes; it is theablative, cp. supra 1. 78. The irbeva are the children Clytemnestrahas borne to Aegisthus, perhaps also including Chrysothemis andIphianassa.

1. 656. 83s WQO'LVw (lt'v. In concluding, she unites Aegisthus and herchildren as fellow-suppliants with herself.

G2

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1. 657. Td 8' d XXa 'vrca. These words refer to the danger fromOrestes. Clytemnestra does not venture even to speak of this, orframe any prayer for the death of Orestes, which she has most at heart.

1. 659. Cp. Phil. 139 ff., where kings are supposed to derive superiorwisdom from Zeus. The report of the Paedagogus has the appearanceof a sudden answer to the prayer of Clytemnestra; cp. O. T. 924, where,in like manner, the arrival of the Messenger seems to be an answer tothe prayer of Jocasta.

1. 660. tf'aL yvvYaKES. Electra, Clytemnestra, and the Chorus arepresent. By the use of the word tvat the new comer wishes to give theimpression that he is a complete stranger. With Irws Q'v cp. O. T. 765.

1. 661. TroO 'rup&vvov, 'prince.' The later associations of the wordare ignored in tragedy; cp. infra 1. 664, 0. T. 925, etc.

1. 663. 4 KCa . . ETrELK&gWOv Iup, ' Am I right in this conjecture too ?'Cp. Aesch. Cho. 14 1 7rarp vTCIop TdCa' ~arsecasLs 71TVC I Xo

'gS cppo'ars;supra 1. 385.

1. 665. &Xwt'rcra wrcwyov, sc. ICpEVs.

1. 668. 48eCE4Lv r6 ql0Ev, 'I welcome the word,' so as to appro-priate the omen which it contains. Cp. Hdt. I. 63 p3s SEhcwOal T'

Xp9oa0v, Aesch. Ag. 1653 8

EXopt&ois AE'-YE OaverYv ae. The aorist impliesa welcome which is instantaneous and complete, as in Aj. 536 irprea'pyov ca rpodvoLav (v iOov. For etSiva c ro cp. the construction of pav-

dcivELv in O. T. 545, 6 pavOiveyv coG.1. 670o. ~@avoevs, cp. supra 1. 45 and note. wroprivvy, 'furthering,'

i. e. forwarding the news of; the great matter is the death of Orestes.1. 671. .AXoA.. .rpocrLXies, cp. Ant. 898 pitXl j-Cv (fEw lrarpi, Irpoc-

ptX,)r N ao. For similar combinations of the simple and compoundsee 0. T. 133, supra 1. 267 and note.

1. 675. t s, rl. 40Fs; The repetition is a mark of eager interest;cp. O. C. 1099 roD ro0; Ti 4Prs; r&s etas;

1. 676. vOv 're KQa w &Xa, 'now as at the first.' lr&XtL goes.back tothe beginning of the interview, but not beyond it; the word must notbe'pressed into meaning a long time (cp. O. T. I I 12 vby cak ral al lTro-per), though perhaps it is intended to imply a certain amount of im-patience at Clytemnestra's repeated question.

1. 680. KCk .. Ka(. Cp. Ant. 577 cai coi yE ci sot.11. 681, 2. els ,ro KLowv 'EXX68os I wjrpo'x l)p' iyivos. i.e. els T7o

XOLy3

V cdy va 'EAAdao8r rp6aXq~a-to the public games which are thepride of Hellas. The gen. dayf&vos defines 'p 6

bxryla; it is that inwhich the rp

6aXlua consists, the paiticular form which it takes. For

the anachronism cp. supra 1. 49. Similar anachronisms will be foundin O. C. 695, and Aj. 598.

1. 686. t~ft 4TEL, ' to his appearance.' Orestes was the ' observed

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NOTES. LINES 657-709o

of all observers' for his beauty (1. 685), and his deeds did not fall shortof his appearance. Musgrave corrected T; ppv'arE into 7, '(icEL (Tiq'aE),i. e. 'to the starting,' as though Orestes had completed the course in im-perceptible time-a somewhat difficult hyperbole. For qv' s, as above,cp. Tr. 379-

11. 688, 9. (i) ' to speak briefly where there is much to tell,' (iy owXoibeing like iv icvor in Aj. 971), 'I know not the deeds and prowess ofa man like this:' or, (2) ' And I know not indeed how to tell you afew amongst the many feats of such a hero.' For Kp&CT in the sense ofmighty deeds cp. Aj. 446 avaphs 70OS' drdwVravre7 Kpi7r)y.

1. 691. *&OX' Lilrep. This is Porson's correction for rvrTaOX' , whichis faulty in point of metre. Other editors have regarded the whole lineas spurious. If we accept the conjecture we must suppose the 8pd0'Pwa&aaAx to differ from the Epd6ov of 1. 686, and translate a" a as 'con-tests,' the plural being used poetically of a race in which many com-petitors contend.

1. 693. &vKaXobyevos, 'having himself proclaimed as.'1. 697. P3X&r , ' cut short.' Cp. Aj. 455 El Ed ns OEwv AXrrol, i. 7. X.,

Aesch. Ag. I20 Xap/3Era AotaOlev Bp6pwv. &v .. Av. There is no repeti-tion here; the first adv goes with bv'vatro, the second with laXV'cy.

1. 698. tirwuccrcv is probably neuter.1. 699. Kirovs &ydv. Cp. Aj. 935 pAor aptirca XEtp .. ''rawv 'eTr'

1. 702. Apves. Cp. infra 1. 727 BapIcaotL Xocs. The Greek colonyof Cyrene, from which Barca was an offshoot, attained great celebrityfor its victories in the games. Three of Pindar's extant Pythian odesare in honour of Cyrenaeans. The word vywTrdTr is not found elsewhere;it may be used in allusion to the fact mentioned by Hdt. 4. 189 ecalTcr epac inrovs av~Evyvvvat rrapd AitoAvim oi EAAyves teya0ltcaol. Cp. also

4. 170.1. 705. -rWXoLs, 'mares.' Magnesia is the district extending from Mount

Ossa to Sepias, eastward of Lakes Nessonis and Boebeis, and the SinusPagasaeus.1. 706. The Aenians were a tribe in southern Thessaly, near the

Spercheius, at the head of the Sinus Maliacus.1. 708. 1cKaTrov Kw rXp^v 6'Xov, i. e. whose chariot completed the

number of ten. The participle is used with reference to the numberof the chariots, more than to the particular chariot which was tenth.Cp. Hdt. 9. 30 aby v O~ ardwv 7Toat VrapEOat e .TApoVro al i'vBea

V)pP"BEr.

1. 709. <rT&Vres 8' i0', c. r. X. abTrov's is the accusative after cad-'orgT)aaV, and is further defined by bippovs, cp. Aj. 1063, and supra 1. 99.The preceding clause icA1pots ghrnXav is treated as though it were par-

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ticipial, ,= IXp bav're. If iAcpoti is correct, it is a dative of mannerexplaining f grrhav.

1. 7II. serrc crahrLyyos, 'at the sound of a trumpet;' for this senseof b8'd cp. L. and S., A. 4; and with the form brral cp. &tai=& Ed, iaral

1. 713. Iv 84. 1v is adverbial -='within? The course was filled inevery part of it. Cp. Ant. 420 vh, 8' Cp'ear074 4 '4yar I al'0p. But itis doubtful whether i 8' can have this meaning; it usually signifies'also,' 'at the same time,' as in O. T. 27, 183, Aj. 675, etc. HenceHermann reads bc in the present passage.

1. 714. Kporqrrv, 'rattling.' In II. 15. 453 we find cedv' XEa lcpo-7ioTET. Others translate 'welded' = oXXqrrd, but cp. Frag. 221 N.icpoTj Ir a 7ICTLWY WXi .

1. 7 6. cs 17repfdXho' , K.r. A. &T may be either temporal-' wheneverany one got away, and passed beyond the crowd of axletrees,' etc.,-orfinal, ' in order that,' etc., in which case Trs a'br&T distributes the pre-ceding ravrTEs. The first rendering is most probable, because agreeingbetter with the two lines which follow.

1. 719. do-paXkov, 'kept striking upon them' (imperf.); i.e. thebreath of the horses immediately behind kept striking on the man infront. Cp. Ant. 1238, Il. 13. 384, 5 7T 8' "Aatos XOev dA~iV7wp I e5d3

1rpdaO' 'irrr*v" Tb 8 IrvS~ et'e icar' pciopV I ai'v 'X' r(vLioXos OEpcircnv.1. 72o. ~XcOV, sc. T~ds rr'ovs, 'when guiding his horses;' for this use

of ~XcwV cp. the passage of Homer quoted in the last note. The 'lastpillar' is apparently the pillar which stood last of the two or threeat the turning-place. au'rijv contrasts the pillar with the space aboutit='the actual pillar,' or, quasi-adverbially, ' close by the pillar.' Onthe whole passage cp. Il. 23. 334, 5 if.

1. 722. Are the chariots here described harnessed with two or fourhorses? In the time of Sophocles, the Olympian and Pythian raceswere always run with four horses, but in Epic, as in later times, two-horse chariots were in use. The question is difficult to decide, forarguments drawn from chronology are of little value in Sophocles, andthe language is not precise. Yet oaEpa'ov is strictly used of a horseharnessed in traces outside the yoke, and the use of the article in rbvrpocc.EVov cannot be pressed so far as to prove that the wholenumber of horses was two, for whether it was two or four, the lefthand horse would still be 6 rpoaic iAvos. Cp. the note on 'vywrcT&v

-supra 1. 702; and on the four-horse chariot cp. Eur. I. A. 221-4 T'ob

p6v tgosovs Cvyiovs I AXvoCTlicTc Irpx'L faaXtois I rois 8' iw$ aTELpoq6povVSdurT7pL s Icai.LLrattS 8ptLWV ] irvpp'67ptxas.

1. 725. 0,9 cIpovrLv, 'run away;' cp. Eur. Hipp. 1223, 4 al 8' fv8a-soras at7 rrya vp7EYJj *yvdOotir Sii jppovrvYw. e ' {8irorTTpoc4s. These

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NOTES. LINES 711-740. 87

words have been translated, (I) ' after making the turn,' (2) 'ex iterato,'Herm., (3) 'turning sharply round.' The last rendering-which is thatof the Scholiast-agrees with the use of the word broa7poq5 in Hdt. andPolyb. (cp. L. and S.), and with the use of broarp poae.

1. 726. reXoOvr'es is probably in the masculine, because it is intendedto include the charioteer with the rXwot, cp. O. C. o016 of ucp ifyp-7raalvoL J arev'6ovv. Translate, ' While they were finishing the sixth,and were already upon the seventh course.'

1. 727. If i wroarpo 4 jrs is translated 'turning round,' the sense ofthis line is quite clear; if not, we must suppose that there was no spina,-i. e. nothing to separate the up and down side-in this course, so thatthe runaway horses on the down course swerved to the left and dashedagainst the Libyan chariot which was coming up on the other side; orwe must translate iTrocra o'vRiraov L, ' they dash their front against,'implying that the front of the Aenian chariot came into collision withsome part of the Libyan, not that the two met front to front.

1. 729. 0'pQav KnITwC-E, i.e. each beat down the other, and fell uponhim. With ' E'1vrr7E supply a6'r. Or, possibly, dvi&irE, i. e. therearing of the horses threw the riders out of the chariots.

1. 731. yvou's, 'perceiving it.'1. 732. -rapaarnI, 'draws out of the course.' AvarcxedeL, ' heaves to.'

wacpE(s, 'allowing to pass him.'1. 733. iv ja&ry, ' in the midst' of the course.11. 734, 5. 4Xvve 8' 'XeCros REv, K.r.X. ' Now Orestes drove last,

holding his horses in the rear, because he placed his hopes in the finish.'pchv prepares for 86 in 1. 736. Hermann, reading b'rrpas 8', translates,' posterior quidem vehebatur Orestes, sed, quum minus validos equoshaberet, in fine ponens fiduciam,' quoting Il. 23. 319 ff. The horseswhich were last would of course gain space at the turn, as they wouldbe able to keep quite close to the Trqdy, and make the least possible curve.

1. 736. 3wars 8' 6pga .. vw, ' but when he saw him (the Athenian) aloneleft in the field.'

1. 737. For rf'w in this connection cp. Eur. Or. 255 J) 'Irkaed iL I Tdalia'rnrovs . . par.

1. 738. r6dXoLs with rvalfEar.

1. 740. Klipa Irpo0f XXov, 'advancing the front of his chariot andhorses.' dpa, T.7. r. means literally, ' the head of the horse-drawnchariot.' Others take irrucWP

6XqyI6TuO with 7rpo in 7rpoI3aoXwv, and

c6pa as referring to the driver 'showing his head in front of the equi-pages' (Jebb). Against this it may be urged that iw7r7rue bXajra isthe chariot and horses, and the head of the driver could not be in frontof his own horses, nor is there much point in saying that one driver'shead was in front of the horses of the other.

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88 ELECTRA.

1. 742. For the repetition of 5p0 6s cp. O. T. 528 t bCtprw)v 6p0W^v T

a~i bp0os ppEvs. i4 is used of the driver standing in his chariot anddirecting his horses out of it. Probably we are intended to suppose a,course twelve times repeated as at Olympia.

1. 743. While the horse on the left was still turning, and thereforeshould have been held in, Orestes slackened the left rein. The resultwas that the horses, instead of completing the semicircle, dashed acrossa segment of it in a straight line. Cp. the word avripets in the passagequoted from Eur. on 1. 722.

1. 745. eOpavcr.. l 4acs, ' broke it asunder in the midst.' Observe howthe plural is used of the chariot and its parts: 6X'o 727, &X 17rWvY 740,

ifppwv 742, 750, Xvdar 745, 1'ry'-7wV 746.1. 746. cy6v is due to tmesis, as Ellendt and Wolff think, quoting Ant.

432 aby v U vtv I Op gpbdO' ev0v's. The reins were passed round the body.

1. 749. o'rpar6s. Cp. Tr. 795 iv wroXX 3 arpaTrc I 8aipvppoo~vTa.1. 752. 4Opod1LEvos, i. e. AoTE (opo'jvos. Cp. Eur. Hec. 28 aidpcia

8' WIr dicra&, daXXor' Iv 6rov abX, Trach. iI.1. 754. t'rLc6v 8p61ov, ' the motion of the running horses.'1. 756. dv must be taken with yv6vva.1. 757. rp K icv'7s, K.r. X. This announcement prepares us for

receiving the ashes, and not the body of Orestes; a device which obviatesany difficulties that might arise from an examination of the body.Observe that Aegisthus (infra i. 1458) assumes that the dead body hasbeen brought. ei60s, with pipovv.

1. 758. IyLmorov or ia 8~XaL(CLs rro8o0. The gen. is descriptive-'a body which is dust,' and tyzurov merely points the contrast betweenopar.a and arroo0. (Cp. however Hdt. J. 68 I~irain5Xde.) Cp. Aesch. Ag.

444 Adritpopo aro8~0 yeuioo A4wv X~7aIOr ~O~irovs.1. 760. INX&Xot. The optative is due to e-rayLvot--the men were

appointed in order that Orestes might obtain burial at home.11. 761 ff. Cp. O. T. 1237 v 3' 7paXO06vwv Ta h Lv yar' drearTv, 4

yip oLS ovb ardpa. The contrast between the sight and hearing is madeprominent by the repetition isoIraw, daopv, 6brrva.

1. 764. Ser6'crta rOLS vr&XcL t, i. e. Agamemnon, as opposed to

Aegisthus. For the plur. cp. O. T. o096 &s i~itrpa pipovra ro'01 tCOl~srvpduvois, Ant. o1057.

1. 766. For a moment Clytemnestra is overcome; her gain is toodearly bought: but she hastens to excuse her weakness, and proves byreasons her satisfaction at the intelligence.

1. 769. Observe the irony of the question; the relation of Orestes andClytemnestra is-entirely put out of sight. She is treated as one who hasrenounced all natural feelings, and placed herself outside them; cp. infra

1. 1415 waikaov, dc aG04vea, rAf.v, and note.

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NOTES. LINES 742-793. 89

1. 77o. Cp. Eur. I. A. 917 7eLv3 ry TG I TEIw /ai pipei ppirpov /'ya, Aesch.

S. c. T. Io31 GELvBv rba ,Covv ra XciyXvov o$ 7rcpica1ev, Prom. V. 39.1. 771. 'r&oXovrL. The masc. is used as in a general statement; cp.

infra 1. 11o 5 . For r&I without av cp. O.T. I231, O. C. 395 Os vios Vr,7.

1. 772. Cp. O.T. oo5, 6 ,al piv paci .ara 700'o dageie6rlv i6nEs I aoi,rps jAp5ovs XOdvros e; 7rp6 dapi u , Trach. 19o0.

-1. 773. dr'nv in the mouth of the Paedagogus means, 'on a bootlesserrand,' but Clytemnestra means ' on an errand of no importance.' Theintelligence is painful, but it is the fulfilment of a long hope, and con-tains a promise of security for the future. The sequel of the play givesquite another meaning to this and the preceding lines.

11. 775 ff. ~~rLs .. &nTEEVoTo, 'who, though drawing his life frommine, became a rebel to his mother's breast and nursing care, an alienand an exile.' *rpo4ys is active as in 1. 1143. Here, as before, Clytem-nestra is attempting to justify her conduct.

1. 779. *6vous. For the plur. cp. supra 1. 20o6.1. 78. 6o.' ' o{-rE. MireY I' is usual with the infinitive except in oratio

obliqua. But Clytemnestra is insisting on the fact that her sleep is neverpleasant or undisturbed; and the real incidence of the negative is onS tv, not on areTycid5e . 4' 4ipas, ' by day.' L. and S. quote bc vxrc^uv

Od. 12. 286, iK VV19os Xen. Cyr. 1. 4. 2, ir pE&ov d'/aros Theocr. Io. 5.is brings out the partitive notion, 'de die.'

11. 781, 2. 6 rpoorwT v I Xp6Vos, K.r.X. The usual expression is BeyEvVXp6 vov, but the inversion (cp. O. C. 358 ri o' 4pev oficoev or?-6os),brings out the helplessness of Clytemnestra, who is as it were in thehands of Time, merely waiting till the end comes. -rpoor'rv is morethan v'aTna/e Evor. Time is the 7rpoardr~S of Clytemnestra, and her lifeis in his hands.

1. 783. vvv 8' is resumed in 1. 786. &rrqXX&ylv. The emancipationis complete, and can be spoken of as a fact of the past; cp. supra 1. 668

1. 785. (4voLos, sc. oiha. E'Kirvovoa, cp. Ant. 531 oib 8' Ka-' o'iCovT

ws 'XLav' s1peEjrE' AX5Ooved Pe e' 7iTvs, Tr. 1055.

1. 786. VuXrijs KpaLrov aLpt means in the first instance, 'my very lifeblood,' but the words also gather another association from the phraseaipaov rivrev =' to drink for intoxication,' as though Electra made her-self drunk with the very life-blood of her mother. irov. There is a sortof triumphant irony in this particle, as Clytemnestra turns to see theeffect of the news upon Electra.

1. 788. rrpa, ' it is time;' cp. Aj. 904, 982, o1010.1. 79. &P' 'Xet KQXfis; ' Is it well ?' ' Is it as it should be ?'1. 793. 4'ovOev, i.e. Nemesis in the wider sense, not Nemesis 70o

Oav6vros. It was fitting that Nemesis should listen to a mother when

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menaced by her son. Clytemnestra is confirmed by the supposed eventin the righteousness of her cause. Cp. supra 1. 528.

1. 795. o1KoOV .. r&SE. These words are best taken as an ironicalquestion, reminding Electra of the threats which are fruitless now.

1. 796. oix irws= nedum, i. e. the question is not how we shall checkyou.

1. 797. &V ICots, 'it would seem that you have come.' Cp. O. T.1182 a 7radvrT' ~it id 'Cot ( oaa, Aj. 186 7'icot y-p v Nia v6oo and note.The meaning is that the bringer of the news must be worthy of a greatrecompense, if he has checked Electra, as she declares that he has insaying wreraaI0' ?/ETYs. On receiving this compliment as to the successof his mission the rataywyo' s turns to leave.

1. 798. et.. ETavouas, cp. supra 11. 774, 5 d. . rpooqhes .1. 8oo. *KaT4aL' Ev. The MSS. are in favour of icaraL, s, but dv seems

necessary here, where the hypothesis is so definite. Other passages inwhich dv has been read against the MSS. are 0. C. 42 vOd' dv for dv,infra 1. 913 AdvOav' dv for E'Xdvavv (without reason, see note), infra1. 1023 srav yap av for rdv'ra ydp (an improvement in grammar, butharsh in sound). For the omission of av with the optative see 0. C.1418 (where av is read for aZ), ib. 70, Ant. 6o0, Phil. 895. Comparealso Aj. 921 and note, 0. T. 937 and note. [cbre rdv' is possible.]

1. 801. upi ftLas is intransitive, ' you would fare.' To let you go thuswould be unworthy of myself, says Clytemnestra, and of him who sent you.

1. 803. rv' XMov, ' her friends,' i. e. Orestes.1. 805. SeLvws SapI'craL, ' to weep passionately.' BSLwvs refers to the

vehemence which real sorrow gives to weeping.1. 806. 41 84"'rvos, cp. supra 1. 121 W ra, sra varavordwras I 'HXie'rpa

/arp's and note.1. 809. Cp. O. C. 866 's Y', @ acoiurlTE, aL.bv 6'pIp' aroricras..

E oiXEs.1. 811. The accus. and infin. are of course dependent on the word

x7ri wv in the preceding line.1. 813. &'eorTEpPrL vy1q, 'robbed of.' 'Both father and brother have

been taken away by a violent death.1. 814. Cp. infra 1. 1192 E ra ro7oE c ovX65w Bia, and supra 1. 19o.

Electra speaks as though she had been for a time free from this slavery.This is not strictly true, but she has lost the hope of the freedom, which,as Orestes was grown up, might come to her at any moment.

1. 818. *e'L ej.',' enter' the house. The word is due to Hermann, whosubstituted it for the 'raoyat of the MSS.

1. 819. rapE-c' p av''Vriv, 'abandoning myself.' She suits the action tothe word by dropping listlessly at the gate.

1. 820. Cp. supra 11. 380 ff.

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NOTES. LINES 795-841.

11. 823-870. Commos. The Chorus attempt to console Electra bydwelling on the power of the dead, but she will not be comforted. Inthis commos it has been observed that the Chorus speaks fourteen times(viz. four times (bis) in orp. -and &dV. a', and three times (bis) in '), andis always addressed in the singular; and the inference has been drawnthat each member of the Chorus, except the coryphaeus, addresses Electrain turn. But (I) there is no reason why the coryphaeus should be sup-posed to be silent; (2) there is nothing in the replies of Electra to showthat she turns from one person to another; and (3) no argument can bebased upon the fact that the Chorus is addressed in the singular.

1. 826. -rcO', ' this' failure of justice. Kpihrr'ovorw. Hermann withMonk regards this word as intransitive, like EbE6

E0v. But it may mean'hide it,' (sc. 6rb Apop^v,) or 'hide it' in a negative sense, i.e. 'donot proclaim it.' Cp. Aesch. Cho. 739 isdOova' 7' pyots ltav~Errpay-

1. 830. I lg8Ev pry' 'da-s, 'nihil est, nisi, ne nimis luge,' Hermann, whichrendering gives the proper force to diagr. But Ellendt, Schneidewin,and others interpret the expression as= E 6gp a 4c'VEL ('ne quid graviusdicas'), comparing Aj. 386 palyrv ey' dpr. The first rendering suitsthe context better than the second, for the Chorus are attempting torestrain Electra from utter despair.

1. 834. 'rwv .. olXopivcov is an objective genitive depending on i riSa.1. 835. swnrO(oEes, 'suggest.' KaG' 'jooi. This is a stronger ex-

pression than the dative which we have in 1. 456 XO0potirV avTroV CivT'

1. 837. Amphiaraus perished by the evil counsels of his wife, Eriphyle,but there came an avenger in the person of his son Alcmaeon. Thusthe Chorus strive to comfort Electra. In a similar manner, in Ant.944 ff. the Chorus quote instances from mythology in regard to Antigone.vpIcErv. As 'pIcos, 'enclosure,' may mean both ' necklace,' and' net,' theattempt to combine this double meaning has led to the selection of theword.

1. 838. KpvU4O ra1. The word is used in reference to the peculiarmanner of the death of Amphiaraus. He was swallowed up in theearth on the banks of the river Ismenus.- yvvatwciv. The plural isused to avoid too great minuteness; cp. O. T. 1007.

1. 841. ii4ruXos Av&aceL, ' is king in all the power of his soul.'Amphiaraus is not like the other shades-ovXy4 xai edaoXov, 'rap Op'pevobsC EL redjprav, but, as a prophet, he retains, like Teiresias, his ppEveeven under the earth. Schol. ' &aodcora r oav 'r)v lavro ,vX-v.Amphiaraus was supposed to give oracles after his death. For v0cvroorcp. Aesch. Pers. 691 of Darius, ~.IEivoig 1O vaoarv oarE b, I '/cw, Cho.358 rp6rnoX's re T'i^v ~yloEY OTW XWv 00 ov T' rvpivw (of Agamemnon).

91

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ELECTRA.

1. 842. Electra's eo is for her father in Hades. The Chorus echo theinterjection in still dwelling on the tragedy of Eriphyle.

1. 843. bhod y&p. There is probably some corruption of the texthere. The force of ydp, at any rate, is not quite clear. It may be thatthe Chorus were intending to say-' Alas! indeed, for his murderouswife (deceived him)'-and are interrupted by Electra, who contrasts thefate of Clytemnestra and Eriphyle by the word 4i84/, or, again, theChorus, thinking of the whole tragedy, intend to say,' Alas ! indeed, forfatal was the end of Eriphyle too'-when Electra, anticipating theirmeaning, interrupts them in a different tone, saying sternly,' She wascrushed.'

1. 84. f.EM op, i.e. Amphilochus who came to the help of Alc-maeon.

1. 847. rIvy v 'VA. For this use of 4v cp. L. and S. sub voc. II.Alcmaeon had one to help him, Electra has none. The Scholiast andothers understand /PEA&r'p of Alcmaeon and b'v iv r~ivOeL-' him whowas mourned '-of Amphiaraus, but this does not suit with what follows.

1. 850. TV08', i. e. that I am unhappy. rtwep~To p. For the compound

cp. O. C. 1741 Ti 80' 'rEpyoE1^s;11. 851, 2. ' By reason of a burden of many dread and loathed (sorrows),

swept from every side, continuing through every month.' The readingof the text is due to E. L. Lushington. In Travcprcp a metaphoris borrowed from a river in which many streams meet, and mingletheir burdens. Such a river is Electra's life, into which fresh floodsof sorrow pour from month to month. * d xOL is a dative of the cause.

1. 853. OpoEts does not agree with the antistrophe (Ad3Ba 1. 864), andtherefore some editors read Opqvul. But cp. Phil. I76 Ov7TW^v, and thecorresponding line 187. 'i is long before Op; cp. O. C. 687 'depcov.

1. 855. trapayylis, ' draw me aside,' i. e. make me forgetful of myposition. 'v' oi 'in a case, in which,' or ' at a time, when.' Cp. Phil.

429.1. 857. 'There is no longer the support of hopes reposed in one of

common birth from the same noble sire with me.' aipyai iX'lr8ovis either ' succour consisting of hope,' or 'a succour which is hoped for,'(cp. Aj. 159 r1Pyov Ai3a, and note). The adjectives COLvorTroCv

vTrpr i5v TE probably agree with iXWiaov, i. e. 'hopes of those,' etc.For this condensed use of the adjective, to represent a genitive, cp. infra1. 86o Xaxapyot^ painas, 'contests of swift feet;' Aj. 935 dPLCTTXEldycvw, 'a contest of noble hands;' O. T. 26 dye iat^s . ovvdo'ot, Ant.119 a 7TdiVXov ardpa.

1. 859. 'Cv, ' is appointed;' qv'a and porpa tend to become two aspectsof the same thing: cp. O. C. 1444 cal 7'Z e 4^pvar Xdrps.

1. 863. T'rW7TOIS ioTyKi prcG-. With T'.JlTOZS cp. supra 1. 747. The

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NOTES. LINES 842-89I. 93

word suggests the sharp edge of the reins. iyKOpGaa ='to come intocontact with.'

1. 864. UCKooros, 'beyond thought:' cp. Aj. 21 7rpa^yo dogorov, andnote.1. 865. tvos. Cp. O. C. 184 tciVos .7' ~vir, Phil. 135 Iv tvfa ~evov,

and infra 1. I141.1. 867. rafat is strictly used of physical pain, and so opposed todn0rot, but here the word expresses a sharp cry of horror; cp. O. C. 544ra7ra TEvripav raioras,. Jr vaw Yaov, Phil. 895.

11. 870o-o57. Second Epeisodion continued. Chrysothemis enters(from her mission to the tomb of Agamemnon) in a flutter of delight.She had found offerings at the tomb which prove that Orestes has come.Electra undeceives her, and urges her to join in the deed of vengeance,which they two alone must now perform. Chrysothemis refuses. Thesisters part in anger.

1. 871. Tro, 'you must know.' Cp. supra 1. 624, and 582 note, infra1. I1445 o- TOt, oi /xpir-Brunck wished to read aot, but cp. Aesch.P. V. 1040 eidSTL ToL pot aa ' dyYeiXaT, .r.h.. 8tcko L, 'I am urgedto speed;' Od. 13. 161 j5ippa tcwxolvyj of a ship before the wind.

1. 872. rb k6 LOY p Ov,0aioas. Chrysothemis apologizes for her un-

becoming haste. She is always thinking of externals, and the Greeks,even in ordinary life, were peculiarly sensitive to such matters. Cp.Aristot. Ethics 4. 9 ial icivYos Ba Ipat a o TOyD eyaXotl/XOov ~oIC ly as, .T.h.

1. 873. lSovis. Observe the plural after the sing. in 87r. Therepleasure is the feeling, here it is a fact giving pleasure as a result.For Q4pco cp. O. C. 420 dhyi cX 'ovaa 7aT' y&, pEpw 8' 0b'pcs.

1. 878. ivapyGs, 'in bodily presence.' Chrysothemis is carried awayby her delight, and speaks hyperbolically. Cp. Aesch. Cho. 229aV*drTEpJ04s c ad S6CELs 6pal 4,4.

1. 882. ~KEIvov, i. e. cyco.1. 884. iLrO E1ELs dyac, sc. 7- x6dy, 'place such extravagant reliance

on the things you tell.'1. 885. 6 oO, 'furnished by,' 'proceeding from myself.' In aXX-ls

the gender is perhaps determined by E4uo9, but see supra 1. ioo.1. 887. El L ... f3lXa-cr ; ' With what hope in view?' Cp. infra 1.

958 ls riv' Thi',cv 1 arr' aa' 6p'Ov ; poL = ' beseech you!'1. 888. O&XrEL rp8' vLVqK&rT rupl, 'Art thou infected by this

incurable heat?' The words would be literally applicable to one inthe delirium of fever.

1. 891. o- 8' otv MXy', 'speak on then,' said with listless acquiescence;cp. O.T. 669 6 8' o'Y frtw, Aj. 961 ol 8' oiv y eh'rcov. ('b' o'Y nectendisermonis cum ratiocinatione vim habet,' Ellendt sub voc. U'. On theuses and meaning of oiv cp. Matthiae, § 625). rji X6y, 'in the recital.'

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1. 893. lrarpas &pxaoov 'rdcov, 'the ancient tomb where our fatherrests.' The epithet is applied to the burial-place of the Pelopidae.

1. 894., KoX6Aivs A QKpcs, ' from the top of the mound;' cp. Ant. 411dpcopv ic dciywv. The words may be taken closely with vEopprovs.

1. 896. &v0owv is to be taken with 7rEptu TE'7. Cp. O. T. 83 7roXv-

a r~oEs .. 8iqw4s. The 0~cy is the special receptacle of Agamemnon(cp. O. C. 1763).

1. go900. 4aX~rs .. rups, 'on the edge of the pyre,' i.e. coming from it,as it were. Cp. supra 1. 78 Ovpiv .. aior~'Oat, and 1. 324 ds "Aco

6pc^,cr..A. The rvpi appears to be the same as the 0'jIc 1. 896.

1. 902. For rdXaLva cp. O. C. 318, Aesch. Cho. 195 q~E. E' CL IL..

oppaC, 'my heart is struck as by a familiar sight;' p p3ua is here usedin a passive sense, as in Aj. 1004 & variarov 8pu@a.

1. 904. 6payv. The infinitive depends on the preceding words, i 'watEL.. 6a which= E'Uge. The familiar sight gave rise to the reflection,

and this is expressed in the infinitive as it would be after i'EoNf ot.1. 905. O'ardo-aoa, ' taking it up.' 8vo !).-o giv oi, ' I utter no

ominous word,' ' I say nothing which might break the spell.' Theplace is sanctified by the religious rite which has recently taken place,and, therefore, Chrysothemis behaves as if in the presence of somedeity-i. e. she remains silent. Cp. supra 1. 630.

1. 906. LrrwirXqlL'.. 5RJqpa, 'my eye is filled.' Observe the activevoice as in Aj. 1077 ic&v au5a yevv7'gy ~La, O. T. 914 ~pov 'yp aifpeOvpLdv.

1. 908. r68' &yX&o.pa, ' this ornament,' i. e. of our father's tomb.The same word is used of Orestes' hair by Aesch. Cho. 193; it denotesthe bright glossiness of the curl. For the gen. with pLokXeL cp. O. T.151 IIvv0vos . . 4'ar.

1. 911. Electra cannot leave the palace, even to worship the gods,without being in some way punished, much less then would she beallowed to visit the tomb of her father, and hold communion withhis spirit. The enforced privacy of Athenian women was relaxed forpurposes of worship; cp. Lysias I. 2o (is (4 'yvv) Oeaoopopiots 4o iv

odypp bvro eX ro dls -3 lepv ier& 7ris 7rpbs rjs Hevov.1. 93,. Cp. Aesch. Cho. 189 d.' otbE A hv vty.

1. 914. With 8p^ca supply 4 Jip Jp. ~X&vavev, 'was she likely toescape notice.' For the imperfect cp. Thuc. 8. 86. 4 v ' rap'eara'Iwviav /cal 'EXXjo-rorTov 6b0is dJXOV of Io kEoLt. Some editors wouldread ~Xdv0av' dv, cp. supra 1. 8oo.

1. 915. 'r&wrL LrLC. The sense here required, 'honours,' 'offerings,'is unusual for 4mripta, but there seems no reason why Sophoclesshould not have used the word in a sense which, though unusual, isclosely related to the etymology. Compare his use of rpoevenw,

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NOTES. LINES 893-952. 95

rpoor6r',r, etc. Herodotus, 6. 39, uses the verb rinrjAiYv in a similar sense,of paying honours to the dead. Dindorf adopts the conjecture ErrirbaBLa.

1. 916. Odpovve is intransitive. 'rots a~Jroto'L( TOL, K.r.X. Cp. Aesch.P. V. 275, 6 Tav Trd T 71rXavcvIE'rl v 7rpos lAAorT' ov rryov4l 7rpotLaviEL.

1. 919. w&pTPeEL K3pOS (nom.), 'will initiate the certainty of,' i. e. willinaugurate. Cp. O. C. 1779 n7racr yap E'XEL rasE Jcpos.

1. 920. rqs &volas is to be taken with iroLKirEpI'. Compare theconstruction of 'yalpa,, and infra 1. 1027. For Iraat cp. supra 1. 676.

1. 922. The meaning of this line is:-' You know not whither yourcourse is tending either outwardly or in your mind.' Chrysothemisis utterly ignorant of her real position. Cp. 'roi yvC'o1.T ror' Et Ant. 42.

1. 924. T&KE(VOU .. OrlWT~pCa, ' the hope of rescue coming from him.'1. 927. v7ME' XAAvro. The imperfect carries us back to the cir-

cumstantial narrative of the Paedagogus.1. 928. oU'ros, sc. 6 irXjuov rap&'v.1. 929. 48s, i.e. pqpov S4a, cp. O. T. 82 &XX' EiKciat p4v, 85s.

o84 Lrp, ' not even to his mother;'-not even the mother of the deadforms an exception to the joy within the house.

1. 930. ydp is often used in questions. Here it points out the difficultywhich Chrysothemis feels in accepting the story of Electra and recon-ciling it with what she has seen. 'Whose, then, - ?'

1. 931. rd wroXX& .. crp{troara, ' those many offerings.' Cp. Thuc.I. 86 rob X67ovs robs roXobs Tr^v 'AOrvaov ob 'yLY'PvcW, O. C. 1514, 5ra 7roAXaX r5E I urpaavra, r.7.A., supra 1. 564-

1. 935. dpc, ' as it seems.' Chrysothemis is reflecting on her ownfoolishness. Cp. supra 1. 773.

1. 939. MX aes, 'you will remove.' Aj. 7o6 'Av ev aivav diXos rn'b~prwv "'Aprr.

1. 942- &v iyS 46piyyuos, ' of which I am capable,' ' the performanceof which I can guarantee.'

1. 943. 'rX vaL .. 8pco-av,' bear your part in doing.' The constructionwith the participle is rare; cp. Phil. 536, 7 oidac ydp oblS' av o'qyaayiAtqv Olav d'AXXov Xab6vra, rXiiv i lolO, TX7rvat rde.

1. 945. Cp. O.C. 587 Spa ye 7t7Mv ob' aotpacpt, of', dyc'V S E.

1. 947. 8 4 vuv, 'well then, prithee.' T .. r eZV, ' the purpose I am

resolved to execute.'1. 949. Xcapv, sc. 'rob' ixov. For drarprlpce cp. supra 1. 813-1. 950. X XEsILEOov. Of this rare form but three instances are found:

(i) Xp.A6ov here; (2) 'pptIAEtOov Phil. 1079; (3) 'rsptS8&cEOov II.23. 485. For the expression cp. Ant. 58.

1. 952. OXkov'r' * *r'. For the acc. particip. cp. Tr. 6Io abrbv .. cw-

0&ra . . ic;XoS%. The MSS. have 0cAAXovrc 7', which Hermann retains,explaining (( ) Pi (Svra), OdAAovT rTE.

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96 ELECTRA,

1. 955. awwrp'ov 6vov. The article is omitted, as in <pdvov 7'aTp6s1. 953.

1. 957. Hitherto Electra has kept her counsels and plans for the earof Orestes, and Chrysothemis has been a nobody. Now in her despera-tion she opens all to Chrysothemis, whom she attempts to rouse fromher life of easy acquiescence, by giving a picture of the evils whichawait her in the future.

1. 958. Irot ydp Levers; ' To what point will you go on remaining?'1. 959. 6Cpiv, 'that is not wrecked.'1. 960. arVELVw .. 4rr ppJL'v must be taken together, ' to wail over the

loss of.' Hence the accusative ( rT^rwY), which would perhaps be hardlyjustified with ETrep1A4iv.

1. 961. To Xp6vou. The article is added because Xpvor here signifiesthe time allotted to life--'your time.' Cp. O. C. 7 Xc' XPd6vo s vvcv/app.

1. 962. For the neut. pl. cp. O. T. 883 el BE 7r br4po7ra .. ropEtEa.The construction is charnged from the dat. to the acc. Cp. supra 1. 479.

1. 963. Ka .. iVTroL, 'and yet though you have waited long,' etc.1. 966. rrlloviv is in apposition to the whole sentence, and not to

yivos merely.1. 968. 4K rrarpS KC T&co Oav6vvros, i. e. c iranrp8 Oavovro, irat Kcaif

oEVros. ETi'priwav = the praise of E~crELa, as apET4 often = the reputationof dpemrg.

1. 971. K XEi, fut. mid. for pass., supra 1. 230 MicXrjarar is used. SeeVeitch's Irr. Gr. Verbs. yy&pov, for the plur. cp. O. T. 1492 cAX' )svic'av 87 7rporg y6aiyc 7'7O7qT aasr, ic. r. X.

1. 973. *Xhywov is a conjectural emendation for X6odyV. Cp. Aj. 465 &vanbs EOXE uTEpaov ebicXElas pLEyaY.

1. 975. I. e. on the occasion of some great festival. Cp. infra 1. 982,O. T. 1489 ff.

1. 976. 8E& LurME , ' welcome.' BeGtov^eOat is to give sign of admiringwelcome by extending the right hand towards a person. Cp. Plat. Rep.5. 468 B i 84 ; e wOiva ;

1. 977. Observe that the masc. dual is used throughout, though in1. 950 we have jy6va. Sophocles may have availed himself of a real un-certainty in the usage in order to bring out here the masculine spirit ofthe woman who had ventured on this great enterprise. But cp. O. C.1676 3180' Ical 7raOov'ea.

1. 979. Z PEP31K6 0V, ' established in prosperity.' The first meaning

of the phrase seems to be,' to be firm on one's legs;' from which isderived the meaning' to stand firmly;' cp. Hdt. 7. 164 'rvpavvi8a Kdicrv

1. 980. , 'lavish of, and so careless f theirav.

1. 980. 4Igvs &#ELtS~travre, 'lavish of, and so 'careless of their

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NOTES. LINES 955-1006. 97lives.' Cp. Ant. 414. zrpo~crrjrv 6vov. This expression has beenexplained, (1) ' were irpoo-rdra, (ministers) of murder,' the gen. beingdependent on the substantive concealed in the verb, or better (2) 'cameforth to avenge' the murder,' the gen. being dependent on the pre-position in composition, quasi EaTr?7rv 7rpb (p6vov. The word is usedagain in a different, though still a metaphorical, sense below 1. 1378.

1. 982. Cp. O.T. 1489 70olas yap daarv 'er' Els B.tlas, irolas S'EoprTa, Ic. 7. A., supra 1. 9 11 and note.

1. 985. ;dcoL-aw OavookaLwv 0'. These words are probably in the dativecase, after EItArLE'.

11. 986, 7. Electra calls upon her sister to aid her father and brotherin the work of vengeance. She seems to regard Orestes as helping in,or at least anxious for, the work of vengeance, though dead; and shepoints out to her sister that though she is free from actual physicalmiseries, she is living a base and ignoble life.

1. 989. Tots K~XGS rTWrUK6orv, ' to those of noble nature and lineage.'

1. 991. For the omission of the article with KXAovTL cp. Thuic. I. Io7a /IEYi7aTa (vavs) /caZ ENzaXoaTg, tic. 7r. X.

11. 992, 3. EL.. KaKcV. ' If she had happened to possess a mind notdisordered.' The negative goes with Iaccuv, not with 4TvrYXav.

1 994. rv EaXM3 eLav. The article is used as with an abstract noun;cp. irpolpyOia in 1. 99 o . lawrrep .. o-QETal is inserted to point the con-trast between Electra's proposals and the actions of a sane person.

1. 995. rrot.. 4E'PXcrio-a. These words answer supra 11. 958 ff. rotoGrovOp&o-os .. 61rfTEL, 'arm yourself with such courage.' The acc. is cognate.

1. 996. prEET'cv, sc. drAtoyEivy.1. 997. Compare the arguments of Ismene, Ant. 6I ff.1. 999 Bs(aLWv, the genius of their lives. KaO' {iLpEpav seems to have

the meaning of in dies, i. e. day by day, and more each day.1. Iooo. Judging from Phil. 259 os 3' l vo I dd iTEOE Icir'i t iy^ov

irpXErat, the metaphor is taken from a flower or plant, not from a stream.Cp. supra 1. 260.

1. IooI. TotoLrov dv~pa. Aegisthus is the chief difficulty in the wayof the restoration of the house of the Atridae; and against him there.fore any plots would be mainly aimed. Translate, 'a man in suchprosperity.'

1. oo002. dr ls must be taken with dAhv7ro. Cp. O. C. 1519 7ypwr d'p Xvra.1. 1005. XueL y "q&p as obSiv. The verb Xv'eL is not used here in the

sense of 'it pays,' or 'is, of advantage,' i. e. = AvorEXEh , but in the moreliteral sense, 'sets at liberty,' ' extricates from misfortune.' Cp. supra1. 939 riS vvr'v irapodiv i'rwqyovS XV'6ELS 86pos.

1. ioo6. The attempt would win a certain amount of glory, but failurewould end in a miserable and shameful death.

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98 ELECTRA.

1. Ioio. 4fpqpW-cuat,. The subj. is ais-Er.1. Ioli. 6py 1v, 'impetuosity.' Cp. infra 1. 1282 'XoV r py&v 1 'vavsov.

1. 1012. I.e. ' I will keep them no less secret than unperformed.'1. 1013. Cp. O. C. 804.1. 1015. Cp. Ant. 1050 1cpTw16TOV ICT77yT WV Ei)3ovX Ua, and ib. 1348.1. 1016. XapeyLV is of course epexegetic of acs~evov.1. 1018. &rrqyykEXXkblqv, 'my overtures.' Electra has made a liberal

offer, which Chrysothemis rejects. Cp. O. T. 148 '8' ayyh'AAerai.1. I020. KEv6v, 'an idle project.' Cp. infra 1. 1054 -TB Oqsp^aOa

1. 1022. Ir&VT' y&p KaTEtpy&crCo, 'thou hadst accomplished all.'For the omission of liv cp. supra 11. 8oo and note, 914. Hermannspeaks of it as 'rhetorica quaedam omissio particulae,' and com-pares Hor. Od. 2. 17. 28 'sustulerat.. nisi levasset.' The hypothesis(expressed in the wish) is forgotten in the prominence given to Electra'sstrength of purpose. Consult Goodwin's Moods and Tenses, § 49. 2,notes 2 and 3.

1. 1023. Electra was the same in natural force then, and now, but shehad not the judgment to direct her in the right path; she did not seethe necessity for the death of Aegisthus, and trusted to others ratherthan herself.

1. 1024. ' Study to remain such as you then were in judgment throughyour whole life.'

1. 1026. E'XELPOOVTa. For the masc. cp. supra 1. 771 and note.1. 1027. -ro^ voO. The word is used in sarcastic allusion to 1. 1024.

For the gen. cp. O. T. 48.1. 1028. 'When you praise me, I will endure it.' Chrysothemis

means that the bad opinion of Electra is a matter of no moment to her,and that her praises (which will certainly come) will be an annoyance.This annoyance she will patiently bear.

1. 1030. The future (as well as the present, sa) will be the time todecide this, and the future is long. For the article and infin. cp. O. T.

1416, 7 7r6p-aO' b'5E Kp owv rb rwpdaoact , i.r.h.

1. 1033. Fjr17p.. 0-. Cp. supra 1. 344.1. 1034. ' But I do not hate you enough for that.' a =' on the other

hand :' i. e. ' although I disapprove of your design, I do not hate you sofar as to reveal it.' Cp. Tr. 545.

1. 1035. 'Well, whether you hate me or not, be fully aware to what adegree of infamy you are bringing me.' But Hermann, placing a commaat y', wished to translate, ' know that you do hate me, in proportion tothe contempt in which you place me.' 'At sane te scias me odisse,pro eo gradu contemptus, ad quem usque me despicis.'

1. Io36. The genitives follow or rather echo the construction of

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NOTES. LINES 1010-1059. 99Cdrq.lar. For the rhythm of the line cp. Phil. oo9 avaitov Ai'v coTh,icardTLov 8' 'l/oU.

1. 1037. 'rQ or 8tKcLCt, 'your rule of right' (Jebb).1. 1039. 'It is strange that one who speaks so well should fail.'

Electra means, 'It is a pity you should reason plausibly for yourerroneous course.' For j Seev6 cp. Ant. 323 1 BELvv boqq 'yE ia~'

pEVT) BaoiELZv.1. 1040. For the form of expression cp. supra 1. 240 / T' E' mT Tpdra-

itclrat Xpq r and note.1. 1043. 'orot's .. iv 'ros v6cOLS, 'to have life on these conditions.'

gjv =' to conduct my life,' and so almost = ,iS'waL. Cp. Dem. 559. I v(9r9 , and L. and S. sub voc.

1. 1044. Cp. supra 1. 430 abv aIcmccp i4re 7rT~Al, and infra 1. 1057.1. 1046. oSi P

3oVXsu'oEL 'TrdXV; 'and will you not change your pur-pose?' Cp. Tr. 358 8y viv vapwxas ooge oPraev Ai yeL. For 7r6av inthis sense cp. L. and S. sub voc. 2.

1. 1048. 4povEtv, 'to take into your mind.'1. 1051. roKp s, 'make up your mind.' Cp. Aesch. P. V. 999 7dX-

ALy7aov & pdraE, T'6X Ap 6

v 7TorE.. E <ppovEtv. -roXjAi is used idiomati-cally of bringing oneself to do something that is ' against the grain.'

1. 1052. XX' EL'tL0', 'Pray, go.' So far from wishing her sister tostay, Electra entreats her to go into the palace; this opposition isbrought out in dXXai. oli crot i LeOEoli al tro*Te. For the future cp.O. C. 176, 7 ol ro7L 1rro7 O rE TS deE,, Ant. 1042. There is no reason tocondemn as un-Attic in tragedy particularly a usage which is supportedby good authority.

1. 1054. The line is partly proverbial (Ant. 92) and partly sarcastic.For 0lpac0CaL KMv& may mean not only 'to pursue an idle quest' (cp.supra 1. 1020), but 'to pursue what is useless when found' (cp. Ant.709).i. 1o56. iv K&Kois .. Ps~pIL. Cp. O. C. 52 and note, supra 1. 979.11. 1058-1097. Second Stasimon. The Chorus sorrow over the strife

which has arisen between the sisters, which is unnatural, and praiseElectra for her constant affection. Electra remains on the stage duringthe chorus.

1. 1058. Evco0v. The termination is not altogether otiose, if we con-nect it with the loropwIUsEvo of the next line. #poVLrT&~'rous. The cranehad a high reputation for wisdom among the ancients, and, in commonwith some other birds, for filial affection. Cp. Aristot. H. A. 9. 13,Plat. Polit. 263, D.

1. 1059. crop)I.voL. For the middle (=' for our instruction ') cp.Trach. 909 and Veitch's Greek Verbs. The middle voice of 6pfi is farmore common, especially in the participle, than that of EIov (Aj. 351

1 2

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and note). ,rpo#as is the gen. of that in respect of which care is taken.Another gen. of the antecedent to &c' Av must be supplied. For theomission of adv with the subjunctive cp. supra 1. 771.

1.1 o6o. &' v r' o6vao-v eipcocL. These words so far extend thethought as to unite the conduct of Clytemnestra with that of Chryso-themis, who is most in question. The filial relation passes into relationin a wider sense; 6'vaelaaL o6vlrg are words of general meaning : cp. Eur.Alc. 335 aod -ydp obi cjvl'.tEOa (of husband and wife), Med. 1025 TpiVoap^y v 'vaOa (of mother and children), etc.

1. Io6i. Fot the acc. cp. Ant. 758 iX' ob3 rI' v'"Ov~rov, etc.1. io65. Sapov olc &wr6rVTOL,' sc. T-aEo TEXoD/AV. 'We (i.e. men)

do not continue long in the course of ingratitude without suffering forit.' &b6rvyLrot,= YE U nyv dvov. The ellipse as in oi t xaipwv (Phil. 1299),etc. The first person plural is used in a general sense. Others takethe words in reference to Aegisthus and Clytemnestra-' they will notbe long without punishment.'

11. io66, 7. pporoto-, 'for mortals;' cp. Ant. 861 cXEtvoi Aafail8atnav.'Rumour, which arising amongst mortals passest under the earth.' oLis precatory.

11. io68, 9. rots 'vep0" ATrpdEats. Agamemnon alone is meant; cp.0. T. 496. &X6pev'ra='sad,' as dXopo O. C. I222. Cp. O.T.1096.

1. 1070. r& iv ~ I 86pv, ' what comes from the palace,' i. e. what isin it (supra 11. 137, 1058).

11. 1071, 2. (I) ' And on the part of the children the combined onsetis no longer equally maintained in loving intercourse.' Hitherto thetwo sisters have been united in their desire, open or secret, for ven-geance; but this desire is now no longer equal in both. BL-ar is thedative of manner. Others (2) take atnrAj <phoVr rVCIVnVwv= <poAomr (rixa)a&aa^ov i'Wcov, ' the voices of the sisters, sundered by strife, are notattuned as heretofore in a life of affection.' Prof. Jebb translates:-' discordant strife suffers them no more to blend in loving intercourse.'

1. Q74. 'rp6o 8os, ' abandoned.' o-akEtXe, ' braves the storm.'1. 1075. 'rv &de. Supply Xp

6Yov, and cp. O. C. 1701, Tr. 80. wra'rp6s

must be taken with oraEVCXovra, 'lamenting for her father.' Cp. Od. 2.24 ro6 i ye BaKpvx&Ewv. [Those who reject this interpretation of dyVdl have to emend the line ; Tby i y 'r6rtov, Dind.]

11. 1078-80. 'roi) 0avev irpopr'ls, 'taking forethought for death,' i.e.'fearing to die.'

1. io8i. 'Epvv is here used in the general sense of a destructiveagency; and T&rJ,'v 'Eptvv= Clytemnestra and Aegisthus. 'trs v ..

XhoroL; ' Could ever daughter be so worthy of a noble sire?' Forthis rendering of eiIwaTrpOs cp. Ant. 38 Ed' Ey'ev7rh i4pvcas erd' &rOX ,

Iaci

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NOTES. LINES o060-o197.

1. 1082. y&p, which was added by Hermann to complete the metre,carries on the train of ideas commenced in E"srarpetr.

1. o083. (_v Kac~AS, 'living a miserable life.' EiUKXGELV caLLX1vaL, 'totarnish his fair fame,' 'soil the gloss of his nobility.'

1. 1084. vivvLos, i. e. CiT vdWVvyUos EaL.

11. 1085 ff. Electra, in choosing an outcast life in preferenice fto basecompliance, exemplifies the conduct of the noble. 'None of noblestrain will let their honour be defiled by, living in baseness;, and sohast thou, too, chosen homeless existence steeped in tears, in order,' etc.-This meaning is obtained by reading *dAotcov for ,cotvw', of which nhsatisfactory explanation has been given. See above 11; 87 iff.,: 989,1052 ff. for justification of this somewhat bold ,alteration of thetraditional text. For doos see Trach. 300 ra'Tras.. aoucovs dara'opas7 &XCVvaT.

11. 1086-9. These lines are obscure, partly owing to the constructionand partly to the word zaOorXiava, fr'om- which it is difficult toobtain a satisfactory meaning. without some ,violence. The infinitive(4pwLv is to be taken as though a-rE had preceded it, and IEdiCaX0at ismost probably in apposition to .4petv. ,r

3 qL} K0ah6v is 'crime;' cp.Ant. 371 bT 73b /1pA iacbv eV'"JvLTT TEa Xl pLV. oKQ07oXC0lo-ac is

translated by Hermann, 'having armed against thyself,' i.e. havingprovoked to arms. The Scholiast explains it as= /ararokXe Icraaa,and this gives a good sense; but it is a meaning which can withdifficulty be extracted: from the word. In 11. 995 ff. Electra is spokenof as 'arming herself with courage.' ipewv is almost equivalent topipEaGOa. Translate-' Having taken up arms against iniquity .to wintwo glories in one scroll, so as to gain the name of wisdom and highestcourage.'

1. 1090. tos pLO, ' may I see thee living.'1. 1og9. XELPt, 'in power.' *rezav is an emendation for T7V.

1. 1092. bw XEL'Pa=7iroXdpior. But the word does not correspondto the strophe, 1. 1084. Hence bdr6Xtrp is read by some.

11. 1095, 6. &.. 'PXaare v6pLcLa. Cp. O. T. 866 obpavlav ' al0pa:TrIvoE04ure' , and Ant. 296 tab'v zd6p rl' i' f3aarE. ,rav~E, 'in respect ofthese.' EpovcEvav I dpLra, 'carrying off the palm.' Cp. Hdt. 8. 1o4'EppIn-rtiov pEdptov ob rT 8EbrTpa rwv LbvoV'Xcv wap GaaiXC'it. Others

take rTwva as a partitive genitive with d'ptera.1. o097. -rq ZvdseUcrepelsc, 'through the piety which has its sanction

from Zeus.' Cp. Ant. 6o8 OcEiv ,gtvEr, Phil. 1442.

11. 1098-1383. Third Epeisodion. Orestes enters, bearing an urnwhich is supposed to contain his own ashes. On seeing Electra'sdistress, and ascertaining who she is, he makes himself known. Onthis discovery the senarii are interrupted by a j)4hos dr aunvPs (1232-

101

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1287). Orestes asks for Aegisthus; the Paedagogus then enters anda scheme is laid for the murder of Clytemnestra.

1. 1oo. 7 PovklXq0els; ' With what object in view ?'1. n Koi. (KKEV, ' has fixed his abode.' -r&hat. The meaning of, the

word is not to be pressed: it expresses a slight impatience on the partof the speaker. Cp. supra 1. 676.

1. 1o3. For the repetition of dv in a question cp. infra 1. 1260.1. 110o4 . roOewLvlv. The word is used in a double sense as applying to

the intelligence of the death of Orestes, which would be welcome toAegisthus and Clytemnestra, and to the arrival of Orestes, which was'much longed for' by Electra. KVow6owOUv tapovouiLv, cp. Aj. 872cotvdrAovv BjAlfiav.

1. 11o5. 'rav aYXL'rov. For the masc. cp. supra 1. 1026. It is usedto make the reference quite general; ' the nearest relative.'

1. 11o8. ob Sr' 7r1TE; Cp. Tr. 876 ob 6' roO' dr Oavoeira; where theparticiple is used as here. The particles imply that something is sus-pected but earnestly deprecated.

1. i. I rlv IV Kkr86v , ' the rumour thou hast heard.'1. i ii. 'rp

6 mos. The irataywys brought his message from Phano-teus. It was Strophius to whose care Orestes had been consigned, butPhanoteus, according to the legend, was a friend of Aegisthus (cp.Introd. Analysis, p. 50, and supra 11. 45, 667).

1. 1112. YTrEPXeraL, cp. supra 1. 928 Oa0fit T7Ot 1 i fpE'PXErat.

1. 113. Cp. Aesch. Ag. 444; quoted on supra 1. 758.1. Ii5. It is not necessary to place a comma after dweZv', and remove

the stop after ravts. ' Here is that (dreaded) sight clearly before me'or ' that dreaded rumour clearly verified.' Cp. infra 1. 178.

1. III6. wp6XELpov. Cp. Ant. 1279 Ta' 1 ri" tpb XEtp^ov r&E pE'PWV.

But the expression 7rpdXtpov daXOO, admits a double meaning: 'a burdenin your hands,' and 'sorrow ready for me.'

1. 1121. 61jo), i.e. 'in one lamentation.' The word goes with rb rav.In this one vessel are gathered all the calamities of the race of Atreus.Others take 6po9 with ~vy myTe.

1. 1122. &Qro86 pSp taL, 'wail to the full.' Cp. Aesch. P. V. 637 CUraroicha t icaro&ipauOat xatfca. The preposition dr6, though foundonly with the second verb, must be supplied with the first, as is oftenthe case with prepositions out of composition.

1. 1123. abrf is easily supplied, with the relative following. Thecommand is addressed by Orestes to his attendants.

1; 1124. 4v 8vo-0EvE l oo-a, i.e. 'an enemy.' e4raLretrat. In Soph.iraLrELd is always used of one in a dependent position (cp. iralirr, 'a

beggar'). Cp. O. T. 1416, O. C. 1364. 'Medium est sibi deposcere,'Ellendt, but it does not seem to occur elsewhere.

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NOTES. LINES 1100-1152.

1. 1125. 'Iwpps aLc Tros. Cp. Aj. 1305 robi p3s a'Zaros. The urn is

now given into the hands of Electra.1. I127. jVXi S 'OpirroV, ' of the life of Orestes.' The word OjvX~ys

is not absolutely required, but adds to the pathos of the passage. Thesame may be said of Xolr6v, which expresses the desolation of Electra.For similar minuteness in a highly wrought passage cp. Ant. 891.&iw' AXr(8ov, 'secus atque speraveram,' Dindorf. Cp. Eur. Troad. 345.E'{w jAEy4X&WY hWri&Wv. If this is correct, the words obX .. h7r nrywov arean amplification of dir' f iowv with a more definite statement of thenegative contained in dir6. This explanation makes Cvrep rather difficult.Dindorf explains cIa obX bV'' dv. This is to suppose a confusion betweentwo senses of drr6 (dir' Xviawyv=differently from my hopes, dq i vrrEp,with the hopes, with which), which may have arisen in the effort tomake the negative explicit. And the harshness of this may be softenedby supposing an attraction: vrrEp = aTo-rEp.

1. 1129. oi58v 6'vr, cp. supra 1. 244, infra 1. 1166.1. 1130. Cp. supra 1. 685.1. 1131. 4 kEXov. If Electra had died before sending Orestes away,

he would have been slain and buried in his own land. Others read

1. 1134. ,iros .. ~EELo-o, cp. O. T. 1389 and note. This constructionis common in the Greek orators.

1. 1137. KaKGS, 'miserably.' Cors K LyVT YvqS L8X, cp. infra 1. 1148.1. 1138. iv XLa, L XEpcv, ' with loving hands.' iv is a favourite

preposition with Sophocles. Cp. Ant. 900, 0. T. 821.1. 139. rruvp6s is an ablative genitive with avt1EXO'lyv. In rr1apM'rou

the wTav is intensive,= 'brightly blazing.'1. 1140. 60XLov fdpos, 'a sad burden.' le0Xtov = &s &OAIOws av6vra.1. 1142. Cp. supra 1. 1113.1. 1143. "rpo4ijs is active, as in supra 1. 776, Ant. 918 irat5dov 7po i~,

Eur. Troad. 1187.1. 1144. &Acv4eXrou is a predicate.1. I145. wrapXov. Cp. O. T. 567 rapfXOlYEV, ircs 8' oVxI;1. 1147. o1 KCLT OtcKOV, SC. Tpopo'i, such as the nurse in the Choaphoroe

of Aeschylus.1. 1149. &hCEkowe, ' have come to an end.'1. 1150. 0av6vrtL has the support of the chief MS., but others read

Oavv-ra. Cp. Eur. Here. Fur. 69 iat vvv ineCva AZv Oavdvo' "T diraro.

1. 1152. rWVij", Ey Oo L, ' I die in your death.' If this is right, notexpresses the relation in which TCri0vca is conceived and may be trulysaid. Cp. Phil. 1030 v'PI7YX' LfV idrhXa. Others have proposed to read4-yJ an, but this, beside injuring the flow of the line, leaves r'Ovrpicaisolated, and turns :it into a frigid exaggeration.

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1. II54. qs should be taken with 7rpctpsr, though as first word itstands in a certain general relation to the whole sentence, and s .. q(poarpoki5 7rEr is a construction not unlike 70V icaaLyvTov Ti ;

1. I156. acr6s, 'in your own person.'1. 1158. 48, ' thus.'1. 1159. Irwo86v 're Kai cTKL & are in imperfect apposition to oe, supra

1. I47.1. 60o. For similar anapaests, expressive of acute feeling, occurring

in the midst of senarii, cp. Tr. Io85 ff.1. 1163. KiEc6e0ovs. For the plur. cp. supra 1. 68 and note.1. 1164. Cp. Ant. 871 Oaviy nT' o3au Ica-hvapE p e.

1. 1166. vjSiv. The pr is due to the generalizing article. Cf. Eur.Fragm. 536 (N.) 78 15birV EII oibiv prETEL. ElS 7r ~rG84v, ' to the nothingwithin it.' The preposition ds is used in a slightly different sense in thetwo lines-' into,' ' to.'

1. 1168. I6'E'iXov rv opy, ' I had an equ'al share.'1. 1169. 0avoOr'a CcLroXeLErecrOCLt, i. e. 'to die and not be left out of.'1. 1170. Cp. O. C. 955 Oav6o-rcov ' obha' adXor 'rTTEral, Tr. 1173.

oix 6pGa is in construction like oil rlOye.1. 1173. The line might be omitted without injury to the sense, but

there is no reason for suspicion. The Chorus do not always answerin two lines; cp. supra 11. 251, 369, 0. T. 1073, Ant. 2II, etc.

11. 1174, 5. rwot X6ycov &p-X&vOv j I~Xk ; 'Whither shall I go whenall words fail?' Cp. Phil. 897 ob' o07' rno XP' TgC7ropoV Tp7PTE gTos.Orestes feels himself compelled to speak, but knows not how to shapehis words. Musgrave read ac/pXavdv as a participle.

1. 1176. rL .. rps "rT. Cp. note on supra 1. 316.1. 1177. The poet implies that Electra had been at one time famous

for her beauty. This only serves to point the contrast of her pre-sent position. reSos is Homeric, Od. 4. 14 h (oS60 XE, Xpvar~'A(ppo8il'r.

1. 1179. &Pa is=to the ap' oO of a suppressed question, and thusmakes an appeal either to the judgment of the bystanders or to thespeaker's own mind. Cp. O. T. 1395.

1. II80. For oi 841 wore, 'Can it be?' cp. supra 1. 1Io8.1. 1182. 8vo l-qeis, cp. Eur. Hec. 18, 2 'EK. ic' /oL, T 4VIoV. IIOAT 5.

Ti /E Seq77Aii;1. 1184. p.ot, ' with reference to me,' unless it be taken with Ti = 'why,

pray?' in:to-7owv, 'fixing thy gaze upon me.'1. Ir8 5 . 'How ignorant then was I of my own miseries.' Orestes

does not heed the question put to him by Electra, but continues thereflections awakened by the sight of her condition. For a similar formof interjectional sentence cp. O. T. 1395 orov p4 l c, . . A.

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NOTES. LINES I I54-1220.

1. II86. rooro, this knowledge of your misery.1. 1187. Cp. Aesch. Choeph. 17 wivOE~ Xvyp " irprovoav, also of

Electra, ' marked out,' 'shining out conspicuous among thy sorrows.'1. 1188. 6p6is ye. Her miseries were not to be taken in at one view,

hence ye.1. I190. 600iveIo. Supply lXX1co wVacoX.1. 1191. r6 ev.. KcK6$V; 'From which point have you disclosed this

evil?' i. e. ' Whence does it originate ?'1. 1192. 'Cp. supra 1. 814.1 3.193. &vUyKl ^Se, dative after rrpoprEL-' forces thee into this

hard lot.'1. 1195. X ,01 plov, 'by outrage on thy life,' i.e. by making thy life

full of misery. fov is objective genitive.1. 1196. ar&woLv= fav'otol.1. I198. 'No indeed I The helper whom I once had you have placed

before me in ashes.' Cp. supra 1. 847 & y&p 7' iv, pqpoos advapYaaeirs,and 1. 1159 acrroo6v re cal cta'v dv cEYwg.1. 1201. 'rots io"oLS .. KcKOLS, ' grieving over woes the same as yours,'

i. e. 'grieving equally with you.' Cp. supra 1. I168, Od. 17. 563 61A)vo' e8vE-ypE0' &'v'. [Another reading is ro a ao s.]

1. 1202. roO~v, 'from some place.'1. 1203. eL 'r 'rv8)' Evovv OV rpa, ' if the feelings of these present

are loyal;' ' if we have loyalty at hand in these.' ri w-v8e= ' the natureof these.' Cp. Phil. 300 -' 7-rS eicrov.

1. 1207. KO1'X &cLpTrjlcreoL ro-r, 'you will not in any way fail of yourdesire.' Electra-will not lose any part in Orestes by setting down the urn.

1. 1209. Orestes here makes a gesture as if to take the urn, whichhowever Electra retains till after 1. 1216.

1. 1210. 'ris a-is.. ra^s, 'my part in your burial.'1. 11. wphs 8iKc s, 'justly;' cp. O. C. 545 E~Xe 8' 0Ft .. Irpr 8 icas' v.1. 1213. "liv8e .. (&rTLv. Orestes speaks with reference to the word

Oav6vra, but Electra replies with reference to dex(p6v.1. 1214. 7LtLos, ' without share in the dead.' Cp. Aesch. Choph. 445

alrLIOr , oi2v ta.1. 1215. ro-ro 8' oxt r a6v, ' this does not belong to you.'1. 1216. 'It does belong to me if,' etc.1. 1217. X yc? = Ecl 7rp6paalv = X6yov Xapw.1. 1220. ILi 'at. Cp. infra 1. 1430 b wraFt&, on c foppov. The familiar

expression must here be ascribed to the excitement of Electra. Oresteswas, however, younger; cp. O. T. 1oo7 1 -rat'. The divided lines, whichare not used in the older drama, are intended to mark the rising tideof emotion. The technical name for them was, according to Hesychius,dVcyAadai.

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1. 1223. o-4payta racp6s. Agamemnon's seal had no doubt beensent to Strophius along with the young Orestes by Electra. For theuse of the seal cp. Tr. 615.

1. 1224. ' O kindliest light,' i.e. ' O day of gladness.'1. 1225. 6 0NCyyja. At last Electra hears the voice for which she

has waited so long. Sight and hearing alike assure her of the presenceof Orestes. For the impression made by the voice cp. Phil. 234 i qiX-Tarov pc'v'pa, Ie. T. X., Aj. 14 1 (Ol-yp' 'AOvar, ic. T. A.

1. 1226. cs r& XoLor' 'XOLS dEL, 'so mayest thou hold me for everin the time to come,' i. e. I would that we may part no more.

11. 1228, 9. jLrXava-a"L. .Xvais. The first dative expresses themanner; the second is rather the dative of the cause or instrument.The pretended death of Orestes has been the means of his preservation.

1. 1231. yEy j0S0.. KSpvov. Cp. O. C. 17o9 ljAya ae ro', &b 7naEp,.. Eriv~r Balcpov. The feeling is attributed to that by which the feel-ing is expressed.

1. 1232. The joy of Electra expresses itself in lyric measures-chieflydochmiac.

1. 1235. ous EXpige1rE. Though mainly referring to herself, Electrauses the masculine as more general. AXpTErE expresses earnest longing,as in O. T. 1274 o's 8' i'Xpl1Ev o 'yvcoolaTo.

1. 1238. oi radv 'AprqEpL. For the acc. cp. supra 1. Io6i and note.On Artemis, supra 1. 563.

1. 1239. 'rQv a'i~v &8p~erav. In the lyric parts of the tragedians, as inHomer, compound adjectives are not unfrequently found with threeterminations.

1. r1241. IEpo-a-v IxOos, 'superfluous weight.' Cp. Il. 18. 104c -Trdtov dXOoys pops77c.

1. 1243. In O. C. 587 we have o"pa y' ptiv, ob olatp6

, te. r.X. Herethe 87 allows ye v to be softened into ye pIv, while i8 calls attentionto a known fact. This remark of Orestes is calculated to point out toElectra the necessity of caution, while it rouses her feelings of anger.

11. 1246, 7. &v4eXkov,' without a cloud,' 'in daylight clearness;' theadjective must be taken with TnalBahgs as a predicate. o1 KcLraX iaLLoJov,' not to be done away with,' the word occurs here only. Xo- Lyevov,'likely to escape from the memory,' (middle.) '4v as supra 1. 236.

1. 1251. ~'oLBa KoL raUT-r', 'Yes, that I know.' &XX' racv apoVr(cT,K. r. X. When their presence advises us, then we ought to rememberthe deed (i.e. let us not talk of what they have done, but let it urgeus to action when they are before us).

11. 1253 ff. ' All time would rightly be as present time for me to tellof this.' 'napciv refers to ropovcia. Orestes had spoken of a fittingtime; Electra replies that all time is equally fitting, and no one moment

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NOTES. LINES I223-1287.

more than another. The deeds of Clytemnestra are always before her,o irOTe iaTaXvi'a1 a, o roTE Xr7o6$Eva.

1. I256. Through all the future (6 rais Xpvor) each moment will bea fitting time for Electra to speak, for all the past has been a timeof enforced silence. The silence is an instance of the oppression whichyet lives in her mind.

1. 1257. r686, T ' E A PooroME'v. Freedom has been hard to win,therefore be careful not to lose it by any rashness.

1. 1259. RL" 4laKp&V. .yELV. Cp. supra 1. 323, 0. T. 220. The

use of jyaxpdv with the negative is idiomatic, almost ' not at all.'11. 126o ff. 'Who would act worthily in thus changing speech for

silence, when thou hast appeared ?' Ant. 637 deiic a u7are ydios, 1. . .11. 1262, 3. p&aTrrOS &~i'ro~s re, 'beyond thought and hope.'1. 1264. Orestes means that he came at the divinely appointed time,

however long delayed it might seem to Electra.1. 1265. It was a blessing that Orestes should come at all; that his

coming is divinely appointed is an addition to the blessing.1. 1269. 8caL6vLov =' miraculous.' In Thuc. 2. 64 it is the equivalent

of Wap4 hXdyov, Ari'o80s 1rpeCtoov.11. 1271, 2. bveO , ' I shrink from,' ' hesitate to.' 8'8oLKc,, ' I am afraid

of' (of reasonable apprehension).1. I273. 4LXT&1-V 686v, 'in thy dearest coming hither.' The acc.

goes with pav~vat. Cp. Aj. 877 Tv dp' iXiov 13oacoiv Ic'AhEvov0.. pqyoqavelf.1. 1276. 7' pg r irO; 'What do you wish me not to do?' wroticow

is aorist subjunctive (0. T. 72), and IA' is used as commonly inquestions of deliberation, Goodwin, Moods and Tenses, § 88.1. 1277. &8ovdv is in a double construction, partly with droaEp5g.

and partly with IEOE'aOat, which may account for the accusative. Cp.Elmsley, Med. 719. ' Do not deprive me of the joy of thy countenancethat I should relinquish it.' Cp. supra 1. 96o.1. 1278. LcS'v, sc. diroaorpoOrTas .1. 1279. kvvacU.vis; 'Do you assent?' i. e. agree not to leave me.1. 1281. 'iKXvov .. aSv. - These words refer to the voice of Orestes;

cp. supra 1. 1225 c q5Oly/', dq iov. The imperfect ',CXvov is frequentlyused in Homer as an aorist.

11. 1282, 3. 'I checked my feelings when I heard, not uttering a loudcry of misery.' Here Electra seems to be referring to her conductwhen she heard of the announcement of the death of Orestes. Cp.supra 11. 797, 8. For the adversative ob3i supra 1. 133 and note.1. 1286. Cp. Eur. Hel. 636 pLXTaTdr7 Irp6ceaotr.1. 1287. v KLKOZS. Even in misery like the past, if such should

come again, Electra would not forget her brother. Cp. O. C. 1702.

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io8 ELECTRA.

1. 1288. rd p.IRv wreptoe'lovaO Tfiv Xdyov, 'all that is superfluous inspeech.' For the neuter cp. Phil. 24. Orestes wishes to impress uponElectra (i) that no time is to be lost, (2) that he requires no fresh in.citement to vengeance. He has come on a divine mission, and the obli-gation laid upon him by the death of his father is not to be confoundedwith revenge for lost property, etc. In thus checking any lamentationover the past at a critical moment of the action, Sophocles differs fromAeschylus in the Chophoroe.

11. 1290, I. For the construction cp. O. T. 1228, 9 b'aa I ev'OE, 7c 8'

avT17ca, t.. a. . raTpWCV KT r1L is put briefly for T& pJAv 7ir rarpca

1. 1292. Xpbvov .. Katp6v, 'opportunity.' The addition of Xpvovmakes the expression more definite. Of the circumstances Orestesas yet knows nothing, but the necessity of immediate action has beenbefore him from the first, 1. 22.

1. 1295. 'EXflAW-cA .. ra~iroo , ' cause to cease from the triumph theynow enjoy.' Cp. supra 1. 1153 yeAXat 8' iXOpo I zaiLvE7a <' i' dvrl,

r. AT. . -rj vOv 686, 'by the present enterprise.'1. 1296. oiro, sc. rpcacaE. For the more general verb to be supplied

from the more special cp. O. T. 227.1. 1297. v 0v, i. e. Orestes and Pylades. vqv irek06v'row is probably

gen. absol.1. 1298. tT&*rv, 'without due cause,' and so 'falsely.' Cp. O. C. 258, 9

1. 1302. 0rob1b6v, sc. PBodviXa. Cp. supra 11. 251, 2 Iea 7Tb ab v orrt-

Sov' d'ia I ia oV'U0V aiirg hX0ov. -rds flSOVds, ' the pleasures I have.'1. I303. Electra's pleasure all proceeds from Orestes; she has none

of her own, i. e. none separate from him.1. 1304. S4ealrl, 'accept,' i. e. 'agree.' For this meaning cp. L. and S.1. 1306. *nnpTo.lqv. This is Elmsley's correction of bry?pETrot17ly.

The middle voice does not seem to occur in classical Greek. Cp., how-ever, supra 1. 1124. rj2 rap6vrt Sa LovL. The genius of the moment,supra 1. 917 obx ablrs aid atLvcowv rapaarTa g.

1. 1307. r&v60v8e, ' matters here.' The ablative form is used becauseof the verb of perception. Cp. Tr. 632 wpv i vat Crd OcEO EPi r woOo~eAOa,supra 1. o7o *'r pdV ix iUp v. KX1cV, ' when you hear,' i. e. ' when I tellyou.'

1. 1312. ~1ret a'.. .Ci0tSov, 'having seen you;' the conjunction is

both temporal and causative.1. 1314. L 1 .. '~8' 687, ' on this single journey.'1. 1315. Qiraowa, 'wonderful.' The word implies not only what is

unexpected, but what is beyond the reach of the eye or mind. Cp.supra 1. 864 diweonos & i6d and note, Aj. 21.

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NOTES. LINES 1288-1347.

1. 1317. 'rpas, ' supernatural.'1. I318. 41Kcets, ' come finally.'1. I319. WAs orot Ovj6s, ' as you desire.'1. 1320. obs av SUOiv -Cpap-rov. ' I should not have missed the two,'

i. e. 'I shall have secured one.' If Electra was prepared for such ex-tremities unaided, how much more will she be willing to aid her brother.

1. 1321. i~cavrulv, she leaves Chrysothemis out of sight.1. 1322. For the aorist cp. supra 1. 668. Join irr' 4 685 with XwcpoVVTos

and cp. Tr. 532 S in' i eo'Eq. 'As on the point of going out.'1. 1323. Electra now speaks in a louder tone, and gives vent to her

exultation in irony. Those within will not be able to send Orestesforth, nor will they be pleased at the consequences of receiving himin the palace.

1. 1325. Osll Xap 'v, the participle andfinite verb are contemporaneous.1. 1326. c hrXeLo'ra F[poL. Cp. Ant. 1046 olf roX .a 5ELvol.

1. 1327. 'rap' obhiv, is to be taken adverbially with c46Ou0E.1. 1330. oU yVyVWOTKeTE, 'you are not aware of it.'

1. I331. oa-TcLO.otL ,roto-8, ' by the door-post here.' Locative dative,a use common in Homer, supra 11. 174, 313.

1. 1332. flpv. Ethical dat. 'You would have found your planin the palace before yourselves.' On the short forms i5Azv', 7lfdv cp.supra 1. 17.

1. 1334. E6VXtELav rWvBe rrpoiOEvyr, 'I made this my care.' Cp.O. T. 134.

1. 1336. o-v Xap pois, 'joyful crying,' 'cries of joy.'1. 1338. (KJi1 , 'rT is repeated. 'Delay is dangerous and now is

the time to have done with the deed.'1. 1339. 'r&VT're60, ' which remains from this point.' Cp. O. C. 476

E ' 'V'Ev.

1. 1340. 7rwpXcE, ' there is this advantage.'1. 1341. For the acc. of the participle cp. O. T. 956 &yyEcXy v Cbs

ocirT' ora.

1. 1342. EiLS W v v"ALsov, (I) ' alone of those in Hades you are here.'Or the line may be translated, (2)' Learn that you while living areone of the inhabitants of Hades.' Either way, the meaning is, ' Youare at once dead and living.'

1. 1344. reXovivcov, ' when all is over.' For this sense cp. Eur. And.998 TreovyiEvwv A6k~ p p do'EraiL irepa, and for the gen. also ina single word cp. O. T. 838.

1. 1345. With KcX S supply i'XL and with "rd Fjl KUCX s supply i'XOVra.1. 347. o08' ye .. 4pco. 'I do not so much as conjecture.' Ov6v

is used in the Homeric sense in which heart and mind are not yetcarefully distinguished.

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1. 1349. Join ou Xepolv.1. 1351. WrroT, ' of old.' Cp. supra 1. I.1. 1352. rpoo-0pov, 'found ready.' Cp. irposaXapcivw.1. 1354. & (LXrvrov os. (I) Addressed to Paed. tp. Od. I7. 41 ;1As,

T7Al'AaXE, yXvcepv po-. Or (2) an ejaculation, cp. supra 1. 1224.

1. 1355. r-s (XOes; ' Can it be that you have come ?' The questionexpresses wonder.

1. 1356. ctrpi-, because without Orestes, Electra's life was nothing;and it is by his coming that her misery is brought to an end.

1. 1357. The feet which carried him in flight supported the handswhich received the boy.

1. 1361. war'pca. The waeaywyos would be of about the same ageas Agamemnon, and was last seen by Electra on the day of her father'sdeath. Hence he brings back the memory of him.

1. 1364, TOSs -ydp Ev I c40-T X6yovS, i. e. 7eptl iy ~A 'YEYEV7 E'VyrwllVv.

The ace. is taken up in ai7Ta. Cp. O. T. 819 ical 76i' .. Tracr' dpa'7rpoarte7is. For the expression cp. Eur. Hel. 630 rroAhob~ av y ,op hX&ovs

1. 1365. KVK ooVTct, ' are rolling round' in their appointed circle,and therefore will arrive in due time.

1. 1367. o-jxv, i. e. Orestes and Pylades.1. 1369. The absence of Aegisthus has already allowed Electra to

come forth from the palace; it now forms the motive for immediateaction; and it also separates the death of Clytemnestra from that ofAegisthus.

1. 1370. co4 a'poLs. Men are 6o1c'r pot is Ai lv than women.

1. 1372. o'684v, is 'in no way,' 'not at all.'

1. 1373. 1v..E 'l, 'would seem to be,' 'must be, if things are as theyseem,' O. C. 826.

1. 1374. XepEOv, sc. 7pyov o2v ? 1" ' .

1. 1377. roTOLcLv is merely airotv repeated.

1. 1378. &b' 3v iXotL. The opt.= dq' V v a 'Xw in past time.XLrapds, 'persistent,' 'unfailing.' rrpoor-rv, 'worshipped thee with.'The ace. is irp's Tb qtlativc'IEVov. Cp. O. C. 583, 4 r 8' 'v iAw I

1. 1380. rrp6pov, ' willing,' ' earnest.'1. 1382. av0prroL may be taken with Etgiov and with Scopo^vrat.11. 1384-1397. Third Stasimon. The Chorus dwell on the deed of

vengeance, which is about to be accomplished.1. 1384. 7rpovi~ raL, 'creeps onward,' like an animal at pasture.

Here again the use of the middle is peculiar, though irTVE aOa iscommon. Cp. supra 1. 1124.

1. 1385. The War God is personified in Orestes, or rather the spirit

IIO ELECTRA.

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NO TES. LINES 1349-1414.

with which he enters the house is spoken of as Ares. Aesch. Ag. 78"Aps7 8' obx kc Xc'pa supra 1. I243. ro

8vo iptorov acL, ' blood shed

in an evil feud;' i. e. ' a feud between mother and son.' Others translate'blood' (i. e. 'murder,' 'slaughter') hard to contend against.

1. 1386. 8co p&rcov 6r 6o'rreyo, i. e. irb a-7Eyor0 cvarwv.1. 1387. rravovpyqp&'rcov. For the gen. cp. Ant. 1185 EC'y/aiTcu

7rpoa5yopo, Eur. Hec. 235 icapbia 6a9ic Ipta, etc. KV VES, the furies inthe person of Orestes.

1. 1390. pev^ov G'vepov, 'thought's dream,' i.e. presage. acwpou'levov,'suspended,' or 'out in the sea.' Cp. supra 1. 503 el IA -r66e (pad paVVICTOs E o caraaoEt, Tr. 827 ,carovpi ,Et Hdt. 6. 116 of 6dpPapotTyolt V77va bVrEpatcpOvTeS 4 aV7pov.

1. 1391. ap&yeTra is passive, 'is led within.' - Vv 8oXL6'rr6wo

apcybs, ' the crafty avenger of the dead.' Cp. Aesch. Cho. 726-729.1. 1395. VECLKlCV7TOV CaL , 'newly-sharpened death.' aflga is put for

/pAXatpav as conversely O. C. 481 /AEXipaa7 for Ah'Aior.11. 1398 to end. Exodos. Electra enters from the palace; the shrieks

of Clytemnestra are heard; and soon after Orestes and Pylades appearannouncing that the deed is done. They return into the palace, whileElectra remains to receive Aegisthus. He enters, having heard of thearrival of the dead body, and requests to see it. By means of theekkyclema a covered corpse is brought on the stage, Orestes and Pyladesstanding by. The cover is withdrawn. Aegisthus seeing it to be thebody of Clytemnestra knows that his doom is come. He is led within.

1. I399. Orya .. wrp6REve. The sing. is addressed to the leader of theChorus. With the context cp. Macbeth, 2. I ' Hark! Peace! .. he isabout it.'

1. 1400. 'rL v3v zrpdaro-ov-Lv; ' What are they about now?'

1. 140 . EMpjTia, ' the urn.'

1. 1405. 41Xwv, ' of friends,' mainly with reference to Aegisthus.

1. 1407. &vipcouVGr , ' what should not have been heard.' The Chorusdo not carry their temper to the end like Electra. They representthe ordinary human feeling, rather than the stern justice of thegods 'whom no weak pity moved.' So in the earlier part of theplay their sympathy could not reach to the bottom of Electra's grief,and they strive to soothe her into common-place feelings like their own.

1. 1412. 6 yevvlCas iras 9p. The fulness of the expression forms abalance to T-rv rElcov'av.

1. 1413. The Chorus only see that there is another death in the houseof the Atreidae. Moreover hitherto Clytemnestra has been the promi-nent figure in the house and the city, and with her falls Aegisthus.

1. 1414. Oa eLEPia, the adj. is to be taken as an adverb. cl.vewLappears to be used transitively here. Hermann would read '0ivev.

III

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1. 1415. To a modern reader this seems perhaps harsh; but it isthe expression of long pent up desire for vengeance on the part ofone who has seen all the mockeries and rejoicings of Clytemnestraover her dead husband. Electra's motive is the same stern justice towhich Clytemnestra untruly appeals in Aesch. Ag. 1384 ff. It is partof the moral teaching of this drama that guilt can destroy even theclaims of natural affection.

1. 1416. Aty(loo *y'. The O' of the MSS. cdn hardly be maintained.1. 1419. EXo00o', 'are accomplishing their end.' Cp. supra 1. 947

BEJ3ov'AEEVatL rEXEy. The mention of Aegisthus seems to have arousedthe Chorus to the true position of affairs. go-Lv, ' are alive and full ofvigour.' Cp. O. T. 481 r a' dE~ 0vra repnolrOTraT, Aesch. Ag. 819 aTrS

1. 1420. *lralXppV-ov. . ~T4ECapoPCOo, 'drain in retributive streams,''drain in streams of vengeance.'

1. 1422. Orestes and Pylades now return from the interior of thepalace.

1. 1423. Ov qXs "Apeos, ' the sacrifice in honour of Ares.' Cp. supra1. 1385. MXEELV. Erfurdt suggested f ibEv, and the conjecture is notimprobable, though perhaps it is too decisive a word for the Chorus.

1. 1427. pLyrpcjov .. XA'i, 'the spirit of thy mother.' For the abstractform of expression cp. 1. 91

3 dJX' ob6i plv 8j ppp6 s o0O' 6 vovrs PihEr

-rotava rpcicr'aow, etc. For Xi~pa, which has a bad meaning, cp. O. C.960 I X.' dvaatls, ib. 8&77 b'0ov Xi' ~'~wv.

1. 1429. 4C rpOSAXOv, ' from a place in sight.' bi is used of thequarter from which Aegisthus appears.

1. 1431. 4 4' Ixtv oi'ros, ' here at our mercy,' with the notion of fallinginto our power. Cp. supra 1. 85 v

1 yv p' 1IAIv.

1. 1432. KCWr' &VTL' pWV, ' straight for the door-way.' The dvri'Ovpa hereseem nothing more special than the parts which command the door-way.

1. 1434. &s r&aXLV, sc. Et Oale.1. 1441. 81Kcas &yQva, 'the contest which justice has appointed.'

For the gen. cp. O&cv b'plor, OEcpv iAIv P, etc.

1. 1444. For the participle cp. supra 1. 1341 and note, vacaylOLs.For the metaphor cp. supra 1. 730.

1. 1445. KpLvco, ' I ask,' as in Tr. 195 KppvLt rapa dTa'.

1. 1449. rIs 4nXT&rTrs, with rvIAypopas. The word has a doublemeaning; 'an incident which concerns me most nearly,' and ' in whichI greatly delight.'

1. 1451. KcT(jvvcav, 'they have made their way, to.' The gen. aswith rvyXca'ao. The word is designedly ambiguous, 'they have madetheir way to,' ' they have accomplished their purpose against.'

1. 1452. &As merely adds force to rrTl pcI Js.

ELECTRA.II 2

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NOTES. LINES 1415-1488.

1. 1454. EJ4LV, sc. 7yv OavoryTa. Aegisthus expects to see the body.

1. 1455. &~lXos 04a, is at once 'a sight that no one will desire,' and'a sight that Aegisthus is not to be envied for.'

1. 1457. Here also there is a double meaning. 'If you can rejoicein the death of Orestes, it is not for me to hinder you,' and, 'If there isany joy for you in this, may much joy be yours.'

11. 1460, I. ' That if any of them was in time past uplifted by foolishhopes respecting this man.' &vBpbs ,ro08e is obj. gen.

11. 1462, 3. 'And may not perforce get himself wisdom by comingunder my punishment.' For 467o1j pvas cp. O. C. 804, 5 obs 7XP

6vY pdcras pavs I 4p&as woTr ;11. 1463, 4. 'My resistance is at an end (my share in the work is

being completed), in time I have learnt wisdom, so as to obey thestronger (to be on the victorious side).' ovuRpELw is used in a sense morecommon in the middle voice, (0. C. 641 7-rE yip [vvolopa.) Cp.Eur. Med. 13 arOi 6i - vraa ev/Apipova' 'Idovt.

11. 1466, 7. The death of Orestes in his youth and strength is aninstance of the envy of the Gods. Then Aegisthus, shrinking fromthe boldness of the expression, adds ELt ' wrcr K, c.X.., ' If Nemesisawaits on this (expression), I withdraw it.'

1. 1468. &w' b0aXtXpv, ' away from my eyes,' ' out of my sight.'

1. 1469. ToL, 'as it ought to do,' 'as is usually the case.'

1. 147o. To Aegisthus Orestes is speaking as a Phocian stranger.But his words also imply that he has renounced his mother in death asin life. He has no part or lot more in her, and the rites of burial,which were the duty of the nearest relative, do not devolve on him.

1. 1475. -TvcL opEwE; ' What means this fear of me ?' Orestes does notdirectly reveal himself.

1. 1477. 'Why! are you so long in perceiving (ra.Xa) that you, inlife, are holding equal converse with the dead ?' to-a, because Aegisthusis as good as dead.

1. 1481. ' Hast thou been so long deceived, and that (cal) though soexcellent a prophet?' The words invcr's dptros refer to the guess ofAegisthus.

1. 1483. iripc, ' farther,' ' more.'11. 1485, 6.' When men are steeped in evil, what advantage can he

gain by delay ?' (or why should he have the advantage of delay ?), i. e.

the sooner a doomed criminal is put to death, the better. The article

with Xp6vov may be explained as referring to jnXEcov, the time dueto the delay.

1. 1487. Trp6Es, ' lay him out.' IrporeOe'va is the technical word for

this. Cp. Ant. 24 note.

1. 1488. raEOCTLVw, cp. Ant. Io8i ff.

113

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1. 1490. X-rTipLOv. The smallest honour done to Aegisthus, living ordead, would recall to Electra the memory of the insults inflicted upon her.

11. 1491, 2. 'Here is now no contest of words, but a struggletouching thy life.'

1. 1493. Not only is the absolute victory of Orestes made more promi-nent by this compulsory entrance of Aegisthus into the house, but therule 'Neu coram populo pueros Medea trucidet' is so applied as to makethe retribution more perfect. Cp. et' ice doolt h 7' IpE~e. Moreover thedeath of Aegisthus in public might gain sympathy for him, Ev aT ̂ TradOeL, as the Chorus felt a sympathy for Clytemnestra (supra 1. 1407).

1. 1495. v0arrep, ' to the very spot where,' supra 1. 27o.

1. 1498. Aegisthus speaks as if more woes were in store for the houseof the Atreidae. To this assumption of prophetic power Orestesreplies in the next line.

1. 1499. For the elision of the emphatic o' cp. Phil. 339, 0. T. 329, 405.1. 5oo. ' Your father was no prophet; I triumphed over him.'1. 1503. j 94 ~yo aE; ' Afraid that I may escape you?' Aegisthus

still speaks in a half scornful tone, ' Are you still afraid of me, helplessas I am?' Fh 1

lav otv, 'No, but that you may not;' p!hv ov, as often,

corrects the statement.1. 1504. GvkiXaL .. rLKp6v, ' take care to make bitter.'1. 1505. In these words Orestes speaks as the especial champion of

justice. Whether they stand in relation to any contemporary changesin the courts at Athens, it is impossible to tell. On the subject comparethe discussions in Thuc. 3.

1. 15o8. & aor-ipp' 'Arp4os, sc. i.e. Orestes. Aesch. Cho. 236 Bacpvrs4Aris ar'pparos co-srplov.

1. 1 8oB' muepitas ifFiXkes=' hast come forth into freedom.'Cp. the phrase &h biirs ivat. The freedom is from the curse and fromthe thraldom of the Thyestidae.

1. I5io. r^j vv 6p~j - EXE O 'i, 'brought to ripeness by the presentonset.' Orestes hAs now attained his full stature, he is once more theheir of the Atreidae in the home of his fathers. To attain this endhas been the object of the action throughout this drama.

ELECTRA.I 4

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EXPLANATION OF THE MARKS INTHE TEXT.

1. 2 1. *'Ijv Dawes. cAv L.1. 87. *la;dotp' dc p Pors. la6r6oLpo di#p MSS.1. Io3. *alcWr Schol. d~i'er MSS.1. 105. *1app/LEy7de Herm. Nesaacow 77rpcE7yp'yEs MSS.

1. I I4. *at Pors. om. MSS.1. 121. *3i Turn. 1i MSS.1. 124. *&0)i TaTa Pors. dEcordras MSS.1. 129. yzvvalawv* Monk. -yEvvawv iraT pcoJ MSS. y. roidwy al.1. 139. *Op? o1a1-dTr'a4ELs Campb. av7ras Oi~T y01 do VT oc're XTaFlV

MSS.1. 155. 1rpM1 t ' T. In the corresponding line 175, we have a long

syllable, ZEV'd. rp6s 'y' b'T I1. 164. 'v *-y' 'iy Herm. 8v ''ywy or bv yai MSS.

1. 174. *opav^ Heath. 'v obpavcP MSS.1. 205. **t'e Brunck. 6e, o1E3 MSS.1. 206. *XeLpo lr Brunck. XEpot V MSS.1. 216. *abciZds Brunck. de~a~Lc MSS.1. 221. *8Lvoi^s ... *~BEtrol's Brunck. v ~ervoFS, Ev 8 EVo s L.

1. 300. *,rabr Blomfield. raira MSS.1. 308. My, *T[o icarcot^9 Herm. El Tro0^ icalcot" MSS.1. 316. tT1. Use of interrogative doubtful.

1. 337. *dx&a Dind. dAXXh MSS.1. 363. *,Avrrov Campb. after Schol. XAvr' MSS.

1. 43I. *HA. Turn. The MSS. place HA. at 1. 428.

1. 451. t xtrap or tdAL7rap^ meaning obscure.1. 5IO. *irayXpvodw'j Campb. rayXPoiav most MSS.1. 512. oi6 *Tli rw Herm. of rig 7c MSS.

1. 6o6. tXP' doubtful in use. See on Aj. 1373.1. 686. trg (P TS difficult. rd(pl'aE Musgrave. But see Notes.1. 691. * .O' *irr6p Pors. r4vra0' d. MSS.1. 8co. *cardat' Av Bothe. icaTaesws MSS.1. 818. *eda~cy' Herm. 'aoyo' MSS.1. 839. y7vvaucW

rv* Brunck. yvvaticwv rrarats MSS.

1. 852. *Te Lushington. om. MSS. *diXOLE Lushington. d~aiov oraxowv MSS.

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116 EXPLANATION OF THE MARKS IN THE TEXT.

1. 854. /n *l vvv Brunck. it' yE vv MSS.1. 856. T-i p '; Tricl. Ti pfgys aa ir h .oitov ; MSS.1. 952. O86XXovr' *r' Reiske. OaXAoVTai 7' MSS.

1. 973. *A0yov Dobree. Xoycp MSS.1. 1018. *,,b Brunck. ~'5Ev MSS.1. 1023. *' Elmsl. jv MSS.1. Io6I. oi *rav Turneb. oi ~ c 7a v MSS.1. Io7o. *acnlv Schaefer. apiolv most MSS. voacFt a syllable is

wanting, cp. 1. io59. OvoaTrda Wecklein. vooc.'iy Campb.1. 1077. *rlrci8vpror Pors. r'v6WvpTro MSS.1. io82. *ydp add. Herm.1. io84. & 7 ra?, ra, a short syllable is wanting, cp. 1092, unless

Vira XEpa is corrected (Hermann) into br6Xlp.

alwyva t oEv'By difficult. ailcv' *dozuov Campb.1. io86. t caOorXieaaaa difficult in meaning. iaOayviaaaa Campb.

*cv Brunck., om. MSS.1. 1091. *T icV Herm. TWPv MSS.

1. 1127. *a' Brunck. om. MSS.1. Ir85. *Bsr Brunck. MetL MSS.1. 1245. *6'roro oi Herm. om. MSS.1. 1263. *,irrTpvvav Brunck. 'orpvvav MSS.1. 1266. *irdpLacv Dind. ~'ropcav L. i~bpaEv most MSS.1. 1280. *lciAv Seidler. ph' MSS.1. 1306. *brEro'irlYv Elmsl. J

5lyperolb'Y v MSS.

1. 1312. * ap^ Schaefer. xapar MSS.

1. 1322. tOP. The scholiast mentions that some ascribed the lineto the Chorus.

1. 1389. *aA Pve ' Wunder. dApilwE1E L.

1. 1403. *77ar Reiske. om. MSS.1. 1416. *y' Herm. 0' MSS.1. 1418. *b'ral dcEI'Aot Brunck. vbro tipetvot MSS.1. 1420. *raXlppvrov Bothe. TroXVpVrov L.

1. 1422. *icai ICv Herm. This line and the next are given to Electrain the MSS.

1. 1424. *icvpEtTE Elmsl. vpE? MSS.1. i43i. *I E' t~pit Hermann begins the division here; most MSS. at

OV'TOY.

1. 1445. *va? Reiske. ca? MSS.1. 1485-6. Omitted, but supplied in the margin, prob. by the first

hand, in L.

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METRES.

1. MXor dira rlcnp7 :86-102 = 103-12o.

II. Parodos (Commos):O7pofi4 a', 121-136=I37-i52.

rTpo(qY 1', 153-172= 173-192.crpo1) y', 193-212= 213-232.

ff86!. 233-250.III. First Stasimon:

Trpo~P?, 472-487 =488-503.ErvT

6S, 504-515.

IV. Commos :expopi a',arpoqi 1',

V. Second Stasimon:

aTpoq) a',

VI. Commos:

824-836= 837-848.849-859 = 860-870.

zo58-o69 = 1070-1081.1o82-IO89= I090-1097,

arpoqp, 1232-1252=1253-1272.

nrG7~s, 1272-1287.VII. Third Stasimon:

arpof#, 1384-1390= 1391-I397.VIII. Commos:

arpoIQ, 1398-1421= 1422-1441.

There is a want of correspondence in-122= 139

155=.1751059= 1070

o1084 = Io92.

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INDEX.

Abstract for concrete, (Larya),289; (6pLtMav), 418; (rapovaia),1104.

Adjective:compound with three termin-

ations, 1239.condensed use of= genitive, 857.proleptic use of (KT1ri/ovs),

242.simple and compound, 671.

Aegisthus, 1493.Alliteration, 210 (r), 544 (n).Amphiaraus, 837.Anachronisms, 49, 62, 681.Argos, 4.Article:

with iroXvs, 185; with Xp6vo,961, 1485.

=pronoun (6 yp), 45; (6 8'ahxos), 6or.

with genitive (rb 74V5e), I203;*r 6 b 7ravvX8wyv, 92; T7p/77rps, 261.

omitted, 265, 991.for relative, with attraction of

gender, 205.observe also, 167, 263, 564, 994,

1o3o.Athenian women, 911.Attendants nameless, 634.Aulis, Greeks, etc., 564.

Birds, 18, 1058.

Cases :Accusative in adjurations, io61,

I238.

Cases (continued):Accusative, in apposition to the

sentence, 130, 966.- cognate, (OpdEos 6irdXitE),

995.- of definition (vy.. .zpa), 99;('' .. pPva)), 147; (arors.;

Ofipovs), 709.- double(rTdicE olIcwy&v. .'rv),

122.-repeated (rois Ao'yovs .. T7af-

ra), 1364.-- after verbs (dpapEv), 147;

(birrep^aOat-L?), 960; (&rorTe-pEiv-?), 1277; (after ,avtvat,of space), 1273.,

- iar t aveorty (iViTE I l pot iXbov-cray), 480 ; (a' . . rpoiTrv),1378.

.Dative, of cause (7'ypq), 42;(Op7voLS), 253, 549.

- of place (c6"pots), 55 ; (ob-pav^), 174; (&ypo^o ), 313;(OrraOIoi'cr), 1331.

- of occasion (akAowro) 49;(vd6ro~r), 193.

- signifies addition (i-rav drats),235.

= adjective (Siiy a0apTs), 7o.- *riv ; from whom? 226, cp.

ai1r, 442.Genitive, with adjectives, verbals,

etc. (7rpdOGvyos), 3; (da/cvor),36 ; (dv4p:9pos), 232 ; (ipvvrrdXEv), 159; (Sa/rl KsilV7s),

344; ( t wirTw

v XAv'rTpovs), 636;(8wtjarca v 6iTd

6rTEyoL), 1386;

(~erdi8poIos), 1387.

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INDEX.

Cases (continued) :Genitive, with substantives (a o-

pov. . E~bqpv), 19; (rp6'X77'1dy&ivos), 68i ; (a &a ~EthafaanopoSi), 758; (xap4 3oijs),1336; (81ixa dyc^va), 144I.

- with verbs (Ovpa& aiaoaOat),78; with q js, 317; (6wv..<ppovoav), 324; (cpaur3 rE-IoAOa), 449; with oK ei'v, 908 ;(rpoikrTryvP6pvov), 980; (orv-p

3h nEvtXO'AY)v), 1139; with

Ica7avtcaL, 1451.- local, Eaxa T73 .. rvpag, 900.- objective, 1195,- absolute in one word, 1344.

Chariot races, 722.Choiphorae, 326.Chorus, 1173, 1407.Chronology, 14.Chrysothemis, 339, 872.Compound and simple, verb (18w6..

dihrc'&), 267; (adjective), 671.Condensed expression (in compari-

son), 545 ; (adjective = genitive),857; (Tr'y i 'At5a = 7V iv 'At'S.i 'At-a), 137.

Crisaean plain, 181.Cyrene, 702.

Dead, condition of the, (Agamem-non a king), 184; (=earth, andno more), 244; (have they feel-ing?), 355, 356; (Amphiaraus),841; mutilation of the dead, 444.

Electra's character, 368, 1415.Ellipse, 1290.- of dxorTE, 752.- of preposition, 193.- of verb, o05; cp. 435, 1296.Erinyes, 114.Explanatory substantives in appo-

sition to pronouns, 99, 147.

Gender :masc. of a woman, 424, 1o26;

dual masc., 977; plural masc.,399.

Gender (continued):masc. used to make a statement

more general, 145, 771.masc. for feminine, 726.neuter, ridiayEAlar, I70o; (r rcp-

toaEv'ovra rTv Atywcv), 1288.in relative clause, 205.

Gods, jealousy of, 127; o1 CicdrEOIE, 292.

Greek manners, 872.

Hades, the dead in, 184. Cp. Dead.Heraeum, 8.Homer and Sophocles, discrepant,

157, 539.

Inanimate objects condemned, 485.Interjection (a'tat aicp6'Es), 152.Ionic 3rd plural, 2II.

Menelaus, 539.Metaphor (Aps .. EYoEyv), 95;

(Ev IaTacXOEl), 501; (7rpoora-T7e Xpv'o), 781 ; (from a ship-wreck), 730, 1444; (from astream), 851 ; (OAhhArv), 260,Iooo ; (atcpoVt5Evov), 1390.

1MIoods:Indicative after bpa ;l4, 580.Infinitive, in relative clause, 422.Optative, in entreaties, 637.- with div (=you must hear),

797; without &v, 1378.Subjunctivewithoutv, 77 r,1059.Aorist with ob y' followed by

ou with fut. ind., 42, 43.Mycenae, 9.Myrtilus, 509.

Names in Greek dramas, 1.Negatives, independent, 336.Nemesis, 792, 1467.Number :

Dual (in the verb), 950 ; (in thenoun), 977; Plural (intensive,46voL), II, 779; (680o), 68;(Y

6arot), 193; (IofraL), 194;

(7Evv'ovw), 196 ; (&rva), 203;

(Ova'rot), 20 ; (yovicov), 241;

120

Page 133: Sophocles, for the use of schools; · SOPHOCLES IN SINGLE PLAYS FOR THE USE OF SCHOOLS EDITED WITH INTRODUCTIONS AND BY ENGLISH NOTES LEWIS CAMPBELL, M.A., LL.D. Professor of Greek

INDEX.

(acbdat = a deed of shame),486, 511 ; of the chariot andits parts, 745; (5,Ea6ratus),764; (yvvaaciv, of a wife),838; (icXEvOo), 1163.

Participle (after qpf'), 318; (Alyw),676, 882.

- (TrXivat Sp& jav), 943-- acc. after diyywco, 1341, 1444.Play on words, 5, 6.Pleonasm, 53, 203, 231.Prepositions:

vlTC, 'for the sake of,' 537.&rr6 =away from, alro rw'v /E-7pichv, 140; different from,dr' E iT loJV, 1127; dir' 6,p-OaXL.tiv, I468.

- in composition, 1122.L,, at' h.XEV0EpiaS lhXO.S, 1509.

eK, of the agent, 124, 264: ..5ao 'vcUEvta, 619 ; 4llApas,

780; eoXcdvri diepa, 894;EiC Irpo54Aov, 1429.

iv, v aic'aiat, 487; iv 7TvOCet,847.

- v ', 713.wrL, <p' 7 /iV, at our mercy, 85;

ETL ICOJMVTc, with constantwailing, io8; uTd ros 1 1Ot-#IEvoLt, 237,

Cs, o dvS' is 7'7js, 14.Icar, taO' j(ipav, in dies? 999;

cp. 259.rv, with the help of, 312 ; butabv oaro,, 19I ; adverbial, 299;in tmesis, 746.

Tral, 71.Prosody:A before Op., 853.anapaests breaking senarii, 116o.caesura, wanting, 300, 1036.Cretic, violated (?), 376.Divided lines, 122o.F3AaaaIr, 440.Elision of emphatic a', 1499.& of the dative elided, 456.

ITrilv al~v'Irv, 148.Woa0', 35 ; roo'vSE, 38.

Repetition of words: aTrr, 215,224, 235; 8oKEr'v, 335, 336;alciate, 486, 511; aidav, 515,;woAbXnrovos, 505, 515; yvo177by,546, 547, 551; irrvacid, inmIaL,717, 719, 730, 740, 754; 00)SV7,4Sovds, 871, 873 ; cp. 761 ff.;AE'yw Xdyos, 890 ff.

Sacrifices, 630.Sophocles and Aeschylus, 326.Sophocles and Homer, 157, 539.

Tenses:aorist in similes, 26.

present and followed by thesubjunctive, 89-91.

= instantaneous present, 668 (cp.1322).

for the present, 783.Future indicative, Ist person

after o;/ p', 1052.Perfect (icrsrirvTaLt), 64 ; AE-

XhiaOaL) 342 ; i esi)aOeat, 366;(3E3o6'XbvvTat), 385; (ox9-/yEV), 1101.

Voices:Active (wiriAp rA' 8pa), 906.Middle (i'eCOpEiP 1AV), 13 ; (TV-

Irw/a . .4pA voL), 54; (rttcw-povhcy s), 349; (b wrOat),994 ; (Erayy 'AXaOat), o08 ;(iaopisvot), 1059 ; (i at-'iTreat), 1124; (AhXrba~evov),1247; (7rpov4leaOeL), 1384.

Middle future for active (cahXei),971.

Zeugma (XotPaert icai apar61ot

XALSats r7i'bavrEs), 52, 72, 435,65o.

K

121

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122 INDE X.

ayy'MtELV with accus. part., 1341,1444.

OXa, 691.alav4s, 506.alicia, 5I 5alga=death, 1395.athv, of death (?), 1035.acparov, 786.aX rlap), 451.Xahro, 5.

av, omitted, 914, 1022. Cp. 800.- ei1, 1373.avaylcata TVXq, 48.av7p, 45.aiv'rTaet , 137.cavri, 537.adrEpIrpo7TOr, 183,aroLcor, 189.dlrovoiaro, 211.

nroo-rEpE^Ly, I277.apa, 1179.apXE'rXovoJV, 72.apX7yETr v, 83.

aPX4P, 439.adicevov, with gen., 36.7r-, changed meaning in Sopho-

cles, 224, 235.

13/Aart, 163.BAiretv Es rt, 887.SoVXElEyv 7TwaLw, 1046.Bobvopo, 18 I.

ybp, 31) 930.

&', in apodosis, 27, 294.8' oV', 891.5J, 1243.

a' YEL, 781.&dohvaaL, 141.&roWbv, 645-5op~Evo, 46.a'rvor, 121.

yyEXaa = ~ryypEA&'a, 277.el, with subjunctive, 379.ELSvaL ao0, 668.d' oiv, 56o.ECAhvov, 1281.IrAxpv, 708.

W.niAaT drob'ar, 305.IEAE E/taVTr7V, 363./IAEV, 21.

~U/.17v' lEpa, 281.WvOarTep, 1495.

eTnaLrTeOaL, .124.EeTL, introducing an imperat., 352.I'veaa, 1322.

EImr ta, 915.4EroLIor, 189.JEop'IIEVoL (middle), 1059.EYXEV, 564; cp. 720.EiarppLs, 108I.XoXwv (guiding), 72o.

6v, 1043, 1419.ci'JE, 157.

75i = pw 75&la, 929.(Wv, I7.

7vOaqivov, 4&3

Oapdav'ev, intransitive, 916.

iO6popo, 87.

r or77g, causative, 280.

zcaOorXlcrara, io86.iai, with interrog. for further in,

formation, 385.- with question, implying objec-

tion, 236.- transposed, 575.- and that 148 1.-- Ajv, 78, 556.Kaacws (poveLV, 345.kaAxl, fut. mid. for pass., 971.IaTaa tlposr, 1246.CEACX75ETat, 230.CEvO=Y arpac1rov, 1020.inerr-Tv, 37, 5

6.

iPorT'7T, 714.pimrrovoTV, 826.

AiFta, 1427.XieLv, 105. .A'ICELOS, 7./alcpav Xtyerl, 1259.p L atoL, 642.pdrT77v, 1298.ChErv, personal, 342.

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I NDE X.

jh&, emphatic, not followed by Ud,61, 103 ; cp. 431, 5 16.

P77, 908.An&'7V, I00, 1166.

/i.ovos, 531.

o Y/, 941.6E, 514.

,5cvw, 1271.oppa, 902.

ovaats, lo6o.ncts, I I34.

opa ed, with indic., 580.O6rE, 151.OTE= since, 38.ov miaXov, 593.oh, with infin., 780.obi~, adversative, 132.oVVCy, 221, 1129.

7rciXaL, 676, 920.PraItVXog, 841.

7avvvxis, 92.rwivra, adverbial, 301.raas^, 867.

-rove, compounds in, 448, 491,699, 110o4.

rEpLppEry, 362.rpotrTarwv, 78 r.

IrpoargTvat, 980, 1378.lrpoaXy7La, 682.rwGs; expressing wonder, 1355.

avpqPipv, 'to side with,' 1463.aXe8ev Tr, 609.ocWIx, 119.

123

rEIcoVaa, 342.-rTr2ICoto0s, 614.7riuTovca, 342.r1. Ti=OarTL, b,L, 316.

TX5/-WCV, 275.riAvat, with participle, 943.TO3 riTE, 1203.

Tro, 415, 871, 1469.roug, relative, 205.rpog, 775, 1143-.rvYXavet, without 'v, 46.rv/A3EvcaatL Xo3, 406.rtpavvos, 661.

nrlp7EroiTv, 1306.b7roarTpog?', 725.

raUcEv, 9.pdaicov, 319.p'perat, 101, 476.pEppoyYvav daptcrra, 1095.4ppOE"a, 1225.

OlvE, 1414.60's, 1466.

pdvC5Cw, II.00born, 1071.pasats, 688.

XaAkerAaK1Tros, 485.XAtI8, 52.

cv, omitted after vTi'xdVi1E, 46,313.

j, ' would that,' 120.- rciwEs, 1437.

The following words ahd compounds may be noticed as peculiarlySophoclean :-dlAXArlAa, 494; &vavoayv (if not vacovELtv), 81; avaAvotL(in sense required), 142; dVraviGV, 1478; droapirpor7rO', 182; d7TdryTOS(superl. in Hdt.), Io65; dpXirXovror, 72; AdpXpYETrE (dpXYETrE ELV'Hdt.), 83; oAtd'rov, 1392; Kicolwrcoi , 569; inarlpalwVc, 1191 ; ivadviV(in O. C. also), 267; ifo8oLTopPEv, 20; ErapKov'rcwe, 354; iTLcrCv'W,283; r("LnrTos (in the sense required), 733; VYCcordS, 702; calcoaroE^v,

597; Katavairos, 1247; amaulTrvY, 72; iow'drovY, 1104; OLVTroICo ,858; jAire&tp, 846; kter&yvota, 581; 1Arf3 poos, 1387; Yvcar ros,

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124 INDEX

1394; raXlppvroz, 1420; r itpvXor, 841; iravopyqla, 187; wp-ror,851; 7rpoviCe'EEOat, 1384; 7rpo p vwv'E, 198; TEICVOAE'Ttpa, o107; bTEp-TauOat, 217; b7repahy1iT (Polybius), I76; brepirmowp, 850; cXoyYtaTds, 58;

xaNapyots, 86i; Xa'.dIr;TaUr os, 484; dihX3TrLs (in O. C. also), o31.

THE END.

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HONORARY DEGREES AWARDED · Fyfe William Hamilton LL.D. honoris causa May 29, 1931 Gartshore: William Moir LL.D. honoris causa May 29, 1931 MacGregor John Alexander LL.D. honoris

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Sophocles Morality

Sophocles Morality

Sophocles, for the use of schools; · 2012-03-23 · PRE FAC E. THE present edition of the plays of Sophocles has been compiled from the larger edition of the Plays and Fragments

Sophocles, for the use of schools; · 2012-03-23 · PRE FAC E. THE present edition of the plays of Sophocles has been compiled from the larger edition of the Plays and Fragments

Sophocles ppt

Sophocles ppt

Preserving the Ethos: Heideggerand Sophocles' …...Sophocles' Antigone, Heidegger's Commentary It is appropriate to begin with Sophocles' Antigone if only because it is the first

Preserving the Ethos: Heideggerand Sophocles' …...Sophocles' Antigone, Heidegger's Commentary It is appropriate to begin with Sophocles' Antigone if only because it is the first

SOPHOCLES ANTIGONE - Harvard University

SOPHOCLES ANTIGONE - Harvard University

Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus

Sophocles Oedipus Tyrannus

Aeschylus and Sophocles

Aeschylus and Sophocles

Sophocles’ Ajax

Sophocles’ Ajax

Oedipus Rex by Sophocles

Oedipus Rex by Sophocles

Sophocles and KING OEDIPUS

Sophocles and KING OEDIPUS