Sophisticated Jurisdiction and immunity 2.ppt

8/14/2019 Sophisticated Jurisdiction and immunity 2.ppt

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Jurisdiction and

immunity 2


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References John Dugard, International Law. A South

African Perspectie, !hird "dition, #hapter

$2

DJ %arris, #ases and &aterials onInternational Law, Si'th "dition, #hapter (

&alcolm ). Shaw, International Law, *ifth"dition, #hapter $2

Antonio #assese, International #riminalLaw, #hapter $+

"ileen Dena, Diplomatic Law.#ommentary on the -ienna #onention onDiplomatic Relations

!he -ienna #onention on Diplomatic


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Su01topics

$. Introductionorigin

$. Soereign immunity

2. Diplomatic lawo!he -ienna #onention on Diplomatic

Relations $($

a3 Iniola0ility

03 "'traterritoriality of missions

c3 Diplomatic immunities

o#onsular priileges and immunities


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Introduction

all soereigns are e4ual no one ofthem can 0e su0/ected to the

/urisdiction of another

!he immunity accorded to foreignsoereigns ta5es two forms6

a3!he immunity of the head of aforeign state, the goernment offoreign state or department of such astate

03Diplomatic and consular immunity


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origins

!he isits of personal soereignsre4uired deelopment of a principleof iniola0ility of their persons,

immediate possessions andentourage as well as immunity fromsuit in local court

!he need for the protection ofrepresentaties of foreign states ledto the deelopment of diplomaticimmunity for the Am0assador and

mem0ers of a foreign em0assy


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Immunity

Department

%ead of aforeignstate

7oernment of foreign

state

Soereignimmunity

Diplomatic8!he -ienna#onention

onDiplomaticRelations

$($3

#onsular8!he -ienna#onentionon #onsular

Relations$($3

Diplomaticmissiona0road


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#ircumstances inwhich

immunitywill notapply

*oreigngoernme

nt engagein trade

*oreign goernmentcommit wrong at the

hosting state

*oreigngoernment

iolates humanrights in itsown country

and othercountries

#riminalproceedings#iil

proceedings


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*oreigngoernment

engage intrade


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immunit

yimmunity

granted to allacts ofsoereignsand theirgoernments

!he Schooner"'change &cfaddon8$9$23, :.SSupreme#ourt!heParliament;elge 8$9


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!he Schooner "'change &cfaddon 8$9$23,

+T,i! perfe-t e./alit0 and a!ol/teindependen-e of !overeign! and t,i!-oon intere!t ipelling t,e to

/t/al inter-o/r!e and aninter-,ange of good offi-e! 3it, ea-,ot,er ,ave given ri!e to a -la!! of

-a!e! in 3,i-, ever0 !overeign i!/nder!tood to 3aive t,e exer-i!e of a

part of t,at -oplete ex-l/!ive

territorial 4/ri!di-tion 3,i-, ,a!


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ongre!o e ar o[19#$]

+t,e 666liitation666/nder t,e !o -alled

re!tri-tive t,eor08 ari!e! fro t,e3illingne!! of !tate! to enter into-oer-ial or ot,er private la3tran!a-tion! 3it, individ/al!6 t appear!to ,ave t3o ain fo/ndation! (a) it i!ne-e!!ar0 in t,e intere!t of 4/!ti-e toindivid/al! ,aving !/-, tran!a-tion!

3it, !tate! to allo3 t,e to ring !/-,tran!a-tion! efore t,e -o/rt! () tore./ire a !tate to an!3er a -lai a!ed/pon !/-, tran!a-tion! doe! not involvea -,allen e to or in /ir into an a-t of

t


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ren tex ra ngCorporation v Central Bank

of Nigeria+f a governent departent goe!into t,e arket pla-e! of t,e 3orldand /0! oot! or -eent!: a! a

-oer-ial tran!a-tion:t,atgovernent departent !,o/ld e!/4e-t to all t,e r/le! of t,e arket

pla-e6 T,e !eller i! not -on-erned3it, t,e p/rpo!e to 3,i-, t,e

p/r-,a!er intend! to p/t t,e good!


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Jurisdiction Immunities ofStates and their property

2@@=Article 10-Commercial transactions

+f a ;tate engage! in a -oer-ial

tran!a-tion 3it, a foreign nat/ral or4/ridi-al per!on and 0 virt/e of t,eappli-ale r/le! of private internationalla3 differen-e! relating to t,e-oer-ial tran!a-tion fall 3it,in t,e

4/ri!di-tion of a -o/rt of anot,er ;tatet,e ;tate -annot invoke i/nit0 fro

t,at 4/ri!di-tion in a pro-eeding ari!ing


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*oreigngoernment commit

wrong atthe

hostingstate


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Acts committed at the hostingstate

A foreign state is not immune from the

/urisdiction of a municipal court inproceedings relating to the death orin/ury of any person or to damage to

tangi0le property caused 0y its act oromission

"g. permits the ictim of trafficaccident to sue the state of the foreign

diplomat responsi0le for the accident8despite the fact that the diplomatcould not 0e sued in person 0e cause of

the personal immunity from ciil actions


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Article $2, :) #onention on JurisdictionImmunities of States and their property2@@=

Personal injuries and damage toproperty

:nless otherwise agreed 0etween theStates concerned, a State cannot ino5eimmunity from /urisdiction 0efore a courtof another State which is otherwisecompetent in a proceeding which relates

to pecuniary compensation for death orin/ury to the person, or damage to or lossof tangi0le property, caused 0y an act oromission which is alleged to 0e

attri0uta0le to the State, if the act or


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A foreign state will 0e held lia0le onlywhere the diplomatic agent was

acting within the scope of her or hisemployment1Skeen v FederativeRepublic of ra!il

In "etelier v Republic of C#ile, thecourt dismissed the argument that#hile could plead soereign immunityto a claim for damages arising out ofthe assassination of an opponent ofthe #hilean goernment committed0y agents of the #hilean goernment

in the :nited States


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*oreign

goernmentiolates human

rights in itsown country

and othercountries


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Immunities

Ratione personae

immunity attaches to a person0ecause of his status or office

8%eads of State or &inister of*oreign Affairs3B1Arre!t arrantCa!e

Rationae materiae

immunity relates to actsperformed in an official capacityB1

"ino-,et Ca!e


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A1Adsani :C

+;overeign i/nit0 i! a -on-ept ofinternational la3


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:S Diplomatic and #onsularStaff in !ehran case


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!he -ienna #onention on DiplomaticRelations $($

"mphasies the functional necessities ofdiplomatic priileges and immunities forthe efficient conduct of internationalrelations

Art F proides that the main functions ofthe diplomatic mission is to represent andprotect the interest and nationals of thesending state

Art = proides that the sending state mustensure that the consent of the receiingstate has 0een gien for the proposed

head of its mission

I i l 0ilit


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Iniola0ility Art 22 proides that the premises of the

mission are iniola0le and cannot 0e entered

0y the agents of the receiing state arewithout the consent of the %ead of &ission

!he receiing state is under a special duty toprotect the mission premises from intrusion

or damage or impairment of its dignity Art 2= proides that the archies and

documents of the mission are iniola0le atanytime and whereer they may0e

Art 2


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:S Diplomatic and #onsularStaff in !ehran case

ran 3a! pla-ed /nder t,e o!t-ategori-al oligation! a! are-eiving !tate to take appropriate

!tep! to en!/re t,e prote-tion of t,e=; >a!!0 and Con!/late! t,eir!taff t,eir ar-,ive! t,eir ean! of-o/ni-ation and t,e freeoveent of t,e eer! of t,eir!taff8

Di l ti i iti


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Diplomatic immunities1personnel

Art 2 proides that the person of adiplomatic agent is iniola0le and hemay not 0e detained or arrested

States recognise that the protectionof diplomats is a mutual interestfounded on functional re4uirementsand reciprocity

!he receiing state is under ano0ligation to ta5e all appropriatesteps to preent any attac5 on the

person, freedom or dignity of


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Diplomatic agents en/oy completeimmunity from criminal /urisdiction of

the receiing state %e is not immune from the legal

system of the sending state

!he only remedy the host state hasin the face of offences committed 0ydiplomat is to declare him personanon grata under Art


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Art F$8$31 diplomats are immunefrom ciil and administratie

/urisdiction of the state in whichthey are sering e'cept in6

a3 Ehere the action relates to priate

immoa0le property situated withinthe host state

03 Litigation relating to succession

mattersc3 :nofficial professional or

commercial actiity engaged in 0y

the agent


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!he personal 0aggage of a diplomat s


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!he personal 0aggage of a diplomat se'empt from inspection unless there areserious grounds for presuming that it

contains articles not coered 0y thespecified in Art F(8$3

Art F< 8$31the mem0ers of the family of adiplomatic agent forming part of his

household shall en/oy the priileges andimmunities specified in Art 21F( if notnationals of the receiing state

Art F


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Immunities and priileges start from themoment the person enters the territory ofthe receiing state on proceeding to ta5e

up his post, or if already in the territoryfrom the moment of official notificationunder Art F

Art =@1immunity where the person is in theterritory in transit 8a third state3 0etweenhis home state and the state to which hehas 0een posted

Immunity will not 0e e'tended to diplomatwho is in a state which is neither thereceiing state nor a state of transit

Immunity ceases when the person leaesthe countr

#onsular priileges and immunities6


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#onsular priileges and immunities6the -ienna #onention on #onsular

Relations $(F #onsuls represent their state in many

administratie ways for instance, 0yissuing isas and passports andpromoting commercial interests of

their state Assist nationals in distress1eg. finding

lawyers

!hey are not permitted the samedegree of immunity from /urisdictionas diplomatic agents

#onsuls must possess a commission


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!hey are entitled to the samee'emption from ta'es and customs

duties as diplomats Art F$1consular premises, archies

and documents are iniola0le

!hey must 0e protected againstintrusion or impairment of dignity

"'emptions from ta'es

Art F+1freedom of communication Art F(8$38a31consular officers shall 0e

free to communicate with nationals

of the sending state


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Art F(8$38031 if the national sore4uests, the authorities of the

receiing state shall without delayinform the consular post of thesending state of any arrest ordetention

Art =$1 consular officers may not 0earrested or detained e'cept in thecase of grae crime and following thedecision of competent /udicialauthority

Art =F1 immunity from /urisdiction is

t i t d i 0 th i i l d i il

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