Some topics opn the environment

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1 Escola Secundária com 3º Ciclo do E.B. de Montejunto Cadaval Trabalho de Inglês Módulo 6 Nome: André António Martins Rústico Nº1 Turma: 11º1 Eurico António Rosa Romão Nº6 Turma: 11º1 Hugo Daniel Correia Fidalgo Nº9 Turma: 11º1 Daniel Lopes Silva Nº3 Turma: 11º1 Tiago Filipe Trindade Santos Nº16 Turma: 11º1

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Transcript of Some topics opn the environment

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Escola Secundária com 3º Ciclo do E.B. de Montejunto – Cadaval

Trabalho de Inglês – Módulo 6

Nome: André António Martins Rústico Nº1 Turma: 11º1

Eurico António Rosa Romão Nº6 Turma: 11º1

Hugo Daniel Correia Fidalgo Nº9 Turma: 11º1

Daniel Lopes Silva Nº3 Turma: 11º1

Tiago Filipe Trindade Santos Nº16 Turma: 11º1

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Index Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 3

Natural Floods: ......................................................................................................................... 4

What are floods?................................................................................................................... 4

Causes of floods: ................................................................................................................... 4

Floods Consequences: ........................................................................................................... 4

Natural Earthquakes: ................................................................................................................ 5

Causes of earthquakes .......................................................................................................... 5

Earthquake fault types: ....................................................................................................... 5

Human origin water pollution: .................................................................................................. 6

Water resource shortage: ..................................................................................................... 7

Human origin soil degradation and food production: ................................................................ 7

Soils retrogression and degradation: ..................................................................................... 7

Global Consequences: ............................................................................................................... 7

Food processing: ................................................................................................................... 8

Renewable energy in Vila Real: ................................................................................................. 9

Renewable and nonrenewable energy: ................................................................................... 10

Renewable energy: ............................................................................................................. 10

Environmental organizations:.................................................................................................. 11

Food for vegetarians: ................................................................... Erro! Marcador não definido.

Vegetarianism ..................................................................................................................... 12

Urban agriculture .................................................................................................................... 13

Tsunamis ................................................................................................................................ 15

Causes ................................................................................................................................ 16

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Introduction

The topics chosen by our group are the natural Earthquakes, Human soil

degradation and food production, Renewable energy, Environmental

organizations, tsunamis, Urban Farming.

The reasons are that these topics are related to the environmental

problems and solutions.

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Natural Floods:

What are floods?

Basically a flood is a

when the water level in

an area rises where

there was normally little

or none before. Floods

can be dramatic and

quick or slow and

creeping.

Floods are natural

phenomena common in

many places around the world where either there is river nearby or the

local weather can dump large amount s of rain.

Causes of floods:

Many floods are directly related to changes in weather. The most common

cause of flooding is due to rain falling at extremely high rates or for an

unusually long period of time. Additionally, areas that experience a great

deal of snow in winter are prone to springtime flooding when the snow and

ice melt, especially if the thaw is relatively sudden. Furthermore, rainfall

and snowmelt can sometimes combine to cause floods.

Floods Consequences:

Flooding accounts for an estimated 40% of all natural disasters. Flash

flooding is the leading cause of weather-related mortality in the world,

caused through sudden, unexpected and significant rainfall or storm

system advancements.

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Natural Earthquakes:

Earthquakes are one of the most

costly natural hazards faced by

the Nation, posing a significant

risk to 75 million Americans in

39 States. The risks that

earthquakes pose to society,

including death, injury, and

economic loss, can be greatly

reduced by (1) better planning,

construction, and mitigation practices before earthquakes happen, and (2)

providing critical and timely information to improve response after they

occur.

Causes of earthquakes:

If seen broadly we can say that earthquakes are caused due to two major

reasons. The first reason is the eruption of volcanoes, which are sudden,

and as is known volcanoes are seat of inner disturbance and can effect the

plates which is the second cause of earthquakes. Earthquakes are caused

due to disturbance in the movement of plates, which again can be caused

due to various reasons like under crust waves or cracks in the plates.

Earthquake fault types:

There are three main types of fault that may

cause an earthquake: normal, reverse (thrust)

and strike-slip. Normal and reverse faulting

are examples of dip-slip, where the

displacement along the fault is in the direction

of dip and movement on them involves a

vertical component. Normal faults occur mainly

in areas where the crust is being extended

such as a divergent boundary. Reverse faults occur in areas where the

crust is being shortened such as at a convergent boundary. Strike-slip

faults are steep structures where the two sides of the fault slip

horizontally past each other; transform boundaries are a particular type of

strike-slip fault. Many earthquakes are caused by movement on faults that

have components of both dip-slip and strike-slip; this is known as oblique

slip.

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Human origin water pollution

Water pollution is the contamination

of water bodies such as lakes, rivers,

oceans, and groundwater. All water

pollution affects organisms and plants

that live in these water bodies and in

almost all cases the effect is

damaging either to individual species

and populations but also to the natural

biological communities. It occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or

indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful

constituents.

Acid rain is

rain or any

other form of

precipitation

that is

unusually

acidic, i.e.

elevated

levels of

hydrogen ions.

It has

harmful

effects on

plants,

aquatic animals, and infrastructure. Acid rain is mostly caused by emissions

of compounds of sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon which react with the water

molecules in the atmosphere to produce acids. However, it can also be

caused naturally by the splitting of nitrogen compounds by the energy

produced by lightning strikes, or the release of sulfur dioxide into the

atmosphere by phenomena of volcano eruptions.

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Water resource shortage:

Means the trend that water is

becoming less supply than demand

due to great increase of human

water consumption. Water

resource issues include water

resource shortage and water

pollution. Water pollution means

that a large volume of waste or

polluted water is discharged to

surface drainage system without

any treatment causing bad water

quality.

Human origin soil degradation and food production:

Soils retrogression and degradation:

In the French school of pedology are two regressive evolution processes

associated with the loss of equilibrium of a stable soil. Retrogression is

primarily due to erosion and corresponds to a phenomenon where succession

reverts back to pioneer conditions (such as bare ground). Degradation is an

evolution, different of natural evolution, related to the locale climate and

vegetation. It is due to the replacement of the primitive vegetation (known

as climax) by secondary vegetation. This replacement modifies the humus

composition and amount, and

impacts the formation of the

soil. It is directly related to

human activity.

Global Consequences:

Land use has generally been

considered a local

environmental issue, but it is

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becoming a force of global importance. Worldwide changes to forests,

farmlands, waterways, and air are being driven by the need to provide food,

fiber, water, and shelter to more than six billion people. Global croplands,

pastures, plantations, and urban areas have expanded in recent decades,

accompanied by large increases in energy, water, and fertilizer

consumption, along with considerable losses of biodiversity.

Food Industry

The food industry is the complex,

global collective of diverse

businesses that together supply

much of the food energy consumed

by the world population. Only

subsistence farmers, those who

survive on what they grow, can be

considered outside of the scope of the modern food industry.

Food processing: Food processing is the methods and techniques used to

transform raw ingredients into food for human consumption. Food

processing takes clean, harvested or slaughtered and butchered

components and uses them to produce marketable food products. There are

several different ways in which food can be produced.

One Off Production - This method is used when customers make an order

for something to be made to their own specifications, for example a

wedding cake. The making of One Off Products could take days depending

on how intricate the design is and also the ability of the chef making the

product.

Batch Production - This method is used when the size of the market for a

product is not clear, and where there is a range within a product line. A

certain number of the same goods will be produced to make up a batch or

run, for example at Gregg’s Bakery they will bake a certain number of

chicken bakes. This method involves estimating the amount of customers

that will want to buy that product.

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Mass production - This method is used when there is a mass market for a

large number of identical products, for example, chocolate bars, ready

meals and canned food. The product passes from one stage of production to

another along a production line.

Just In Time - This method of production is mainly used in sandwich bars

such as Subway, it is when all the components of the product are there and

the customer chooses what they want in their product and it is made for

them fresh in front of them.

Renewable energy in Vila Real:

There are countless energy sources.

They can be renewable or non-

renewable. Most of the energy

sources are non-renewable, which,

unfortunately, are conventional

such as coal, natural gas, petrol,

nuclear energy. The non-

conventional energy sources are

alternative energies, which are still in a developing stage. Fall into this

category wind and solar energy, biomass and geothermic energy.

In 2001, the Portuguese government launched a new energy policy

instrument – the E4 Programme (Energy Efficiency and Endogenous

Energies), consisting of a set of multiple, diversified measures aimed at

promoting a consistent, integrated approach to energy supply and demand.

By promoting energy efficiency and the use of renewable energy

(endogenous) sources, the programme seeks to upgrade the

competitiveness of the Portuguese economy and to modernize the country’s

social fabric, while preserving the environment by reducing gas emissions,

especially the carbon dioxide responsible for climate change.

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Renewable and nonrenewable energy:

Energy sources are of two types: nonrenewable and renewable. Energy

sources are considered nonrenewable if they cannot be replenished (made

again) in a short period of time. On the other hand, renewable energy

sources such as solar and wind can be replenished naturally in a short

period of time.

Renewable energy:

Is energy generated from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain,

tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable (naturally replenished). In

2006, about 18% of global final energy consumption came from renewable,

with 13% coming from traditional

biomass, such as wood-burning and

3% from hydroelectricity. New

renewable (small hydro, modern

biomass, wind, solar, geothermal, and

biofuels) accounted for 2.4% and are

growing very rapidly. The share of

renewable in electricity generation is

around 18%, with 15% of global

electricity coming from

hydroelectricity and 3.4% from new

renewable.

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Environmental organizations:

Friends of the Earth

International (FOEI) is an international network of environmental

organizations in 77 countries.

Friends of the Earth International are the world's largest grassroots

environmental network and they campaign on today's most urgent

environmental and social issues. They challenge the current model of

economic and corporate globalization, and promote solutions that will help

to create environmentally sustainable and socially just societies.

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) is an international non-

governmental organization working on issues regarding the conservation,

research and restoration of the environment, formerly named the World

Wildlife Fund, which remains its official name in the United States and

Canada. It is the world's largest independent conservation organization

with over 5 million supporters worldwide, working in more than 90

countries, supporting around 1300 conservation and environmental projects

around the world. It is a charity, with approximately 60% of its funding

coming from voluntary donations by private individuals. 45% of the fund's

income comes from the United States, the United Kingdom, and the

Netherlands.

Greenpeace is a non-governmental organization for the protection and

conservation of the environment. Greenpeace uses direct action, lobbying

and research to achieve its goals. Greenpeace has a worldwide presence

with national and regional offices in 46 countries, which are affiliated to

the Amsterdam-based Greenpeace International. The global organization

receives its income through the individual contributions of an estimated 3

million financial supporters.

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Food for vegetarians:

It’s possible to eat a healthy, balanced diet without meat and fish or

without any animal products at all.

But if you’re vegetarian or vegan, you need to take a little extra care to

make sure you get all the nutrients you need.

Nutrition scientist Bridget Aisbitt from the British Nutrition Foundation

(see Useful links), gives the answers to some common questions about

healthy eating for vegetarians and vegans.

Vegetarianism is the practice of

following a diet based on plant-

based foods including fruits,

vegetables, cereal grains, nuts, and

seeds, with or without dairy

products and eggs. A vegetarian

does not eat meat, game, poultry,

fish, crustacea, shellfish, or

products of animal slaughter such

as animal-derived gelatin and

rennet. A vegan diet is a form of

vegetarian diet which excludes all

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animal products, including dairy products, eggs, and honey. A lacto-

vegetarian diet includes dairy products but excludes eggs, an ovo-

vegetarian diet includes eggs but not dairy products, and a lacto-ovo

vegetarian diet includes both eggs and dairy products. Vegetarianism may

be adopted for ethical, health, environmental, religious, political, cultural,

aesthetic, economic, or other reasons.

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Urban agriculture

Is the practice of

cultivating, processing and

distributing food in, or

around (peri-urban), a

village, town or city. Urban

agriculture in addition can

also involve animal

husbandry, aquaculture,

agro-forestry and

horticulture. These

activities also occur in peri-

urban areas as well.

Urban farming is generally

practiced for income-

earning or food-producing

activities though in some

communities the main

impetus is recreation and

relaxation Urban

agriculture contributes to

food security and food

safety in two ways: first, it

increases the amount of

food available to people

living in cities, and, second,

it allows fresh vegetables

and fruits and meat

products to be made

available to urban

consumers. A common and

efficient form of urban

agriculture is the bio-

intensive method. Because urban agriculture promotes energy-saving local

food production, urban and peri-urban agriculture are generally seen as

sustainable practice.

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Tsunami

A tsunami literally meaning harbor wave is

a wave or series of them that occur after

abrupt disturbances that move vertically

in the water column, such as an

earthquake, volcanic activity, sudden

displacement of land or ice or due to the

impact of a meteorite in or near the

sea. There are those who identify with

the term "tsunami" However, tsunami

refers to an earthquake under the sea,

like an earthquake on land and can

actually lead to a (the) tsunami.

The energy of a tsunami is a function of its scale and speed. Thus, as the

wave approaches land, its amplitude (the height of the wave) increases as

its speed decreases. Tsunamis can be characterized by waves of hundred

feet high, causing great destruction.

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Causes

A tsunami can be

generated by any

disturbance that

moves a large mass

of water, such as an

earthquake

(movement within

the earth), a shift

of the earth, a

volcanic eruption or

a meteor

impact. Tsunamis

can be generated

whenever the seabed suffers a sudden strain, vertically displacing the mass

of water. Tectonic earthquakes are a particular type of earthquake that

causes a deformation of the crust, where earthquakes occur in areas under

water, the body of water located on the area will be deformed away from

its equilibrium position. The waves are the result of the action of gravity on

the disturbance of the water body. The vertical movements of the crust

are very important at the boundaries between lithospheric plates. For

example, around the Pacific Ocean there are several places where plates

denser oceanic plates slip under continental less dense, a process that is

known as subduction. These areas originate easily tsunamis.

Underwater landslides, which often accompany large earthquakes and the

volcanic collapse of buildings can also disturb the water column, when large

volumes of sediment and rock moving and redistributed on the seabed. A

violent volcanic explosion can, likewise, raise the water column and generate

a tsunami. Large landslides and impacts of cosmic bodies can upset the

balance of the ocean, with transfer time. of the sea. The tsunamis

generated by these mechanisms dissipate more quickly than previous ones,

may affect less significantly the distant shore and so do the tsunami.

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