Some Sunny Tidbits… One square meter of south facing window will produce as much power as an...
-
Upload
tyrese-parson -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Some Sunny Tidbits… One square meter of south facing window will produce as much power as an...
Some Sunny Tidbits… One square meter of south facing window will produce as
much power as an electric baseboard heater. 10% of the space heating needs of the average Canadian
home is already supplied by solar energy Regina receives more solar energy year-round than Rome The 1st solar heaters in Canada were installed in the 1890s The solar energy falling on 15 km2 of land in southern
Alberta equals the entire power capacity of all the nuclear power plants in Canada
Solar energy is now a $15 billion industry worldwide Solar will be providing 10% of Germany’s peak power
requirements by 2015 (no more coal!)
Turning Ontario’s Roofs into Green Generators
Rob McMonagle – Toronto Atmospheric Fund April 30, 2010
A Roadmap to the next 90 minutes
1. Some solar myths2. Solar technologies
- as different as night and day
3. Toronto and solar4. A little more on
photovoltaics5. Having a FIT over GEGEA
- no its not about having a fit over Lady Gaga
6. Installing solar on roofs - challenges and opportunities
Myth #1: Canada does not have enough sunlight
Canada’s Solar Resource is One of the Best in Industrialized Nations
Toronto Beats out Miami in the Summer
Myth #2: Solar is an expensive energy source
Solar is the Cheapest Energy Source for the Consumer
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Energy Generation Costs (cents/kWh)
PV (current)
PV (by 2015)
Solar Hot Water
Solar Pool
Solar Air Ventilation
Passive
Electricity from Wind
Heat from Nat. Gas
Retail PriceWholesale Cost
Sales are Growing – Prices are Dropping
PV & Electricity Pricing Crossover in Ontario
$0.00
$0.10
$0.20
$0.30
$0.40
$0.50
$/kW
h (
Pea
k T
ime)
Price of Electricity (2% increase - CPI rate)Price of Electricity (5% increase)Price of PV (3% decrease)Price of PV (5% decrease 10 year historical)
Price crossover 2012 - 2018
Daily Power Peak and Solar Energy
Solar Radiation
0
1:00
The price of electricity at peak capacity can be > $0.42 per kWh
Solar Technologies
One energy source but three distinct technologies
Solar Technologies
Passive solar – natural energy flow into a building
Solar Thermal – generation of heat
Photovoltaics – direct creation of electricity
Solar Has Public Support
GPC Research – Public Opinion Poll – Oct 05
Global Renewable Energy
Global Installed Capacity (2001)
69,320
23,000
1,100
- 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000
Photovoltaic
Solar Thermal
Wind
MW
Historic Growth
30%
20%
40%
Solar Thermal Installed Capacity (2001) (Source: IEA)
Note: Israel (457), Austria (205) & Greece (190) not shown
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
CHEAUS
NORJP
NUSA
DNKDEU
SWE
CHIPRT
NLDCAN
NZLFIN
ESP
Wat
ts p
er c
apit
a
16th out of 26 reporting nationsSales are 23% of the international average
Solar Commercial Water Heating
• Only support by the Canada government for solar is for solar thermal commercial & industrial applications (but growing into the residential…)
Solar Domestic Hot Water
Can provide 45% of hot water needs in Toronto
Typical cost is $4,000-$5,000 for average house
Currently 200-300 systems installed per year in Canada – mainly as retrofits
Residential is the largest market for solar – but ignored in Canada until recently
Huge opportunities for growth in this sector
Other Solar Water Heating Applications
Combi Systems– Radiant floor heating– Combining with other heat
sources (earth energy – recharging during the summer)
Building Integrated– Displaces cost of building
structure in new buildings– Cost of solar collectors
comparable to high cost curtain walls
Solar Air Heating
Canada is a world leader in this technology Commercial and industrial applications use a
tremendous amount of “make up air” If integrated into the design of a new building
there is no additional cost
World’s Largest Solar Collector – Bombardier’s Canadair Assembly Plant – Ville St-Laurent, QC
Solar Pool Heating
Average pool takes more energy to heat in the summer than it takes to heat the home in the winter
Average pool costs $3,000 to “solarize”
Average savings =
$1,000 per year
600,000 swimming pools in Canada
PV Installed Capacity
Canada:- 14th of 20 reporting nations- Only 28% of the IEA average (0.28 v.s. 1.0 watts/capita)International growth was 36% in 2003 - Canada growth rate is 20%
Off Grid PV
Remote Homes– 50,000 remote
cabins & cottages powered by solar Canada
Remote PowerFarmers – livestock, water pumpingCanadian Coast Guard was a world leader in using PV
PV on the Grid
This market is only beginning in Canada– 100 home systems
installed per year Biggest market and
the greatest potential More on this later
Toronto’s Interest in Solar energyToronto’s Interest in Solar energy
Toronto is investing in its Renewable Energy Future Solar on municipal buildings
– 28 systems installed so far PV Solar Hot Water Solar Pool Heating Solar Air Heating
Plus other renewable technologies– Geo-energy & Deep Lake Water Cooling– Wind generators (ground mount and on
buildings)
Solar Air Heating
Photovoltaics
Solar Pool Heating
Solar Hot Water
Toronto Solar Neighbourhoods Pilot– the Highest Density of SDHW Systems in Canada
Pilot in 1 ward – Toronto has 44
100 SDHW systems sold– 1 in every 150 homes
(100/15,000) If we did this in all of
Toronto – 4,400 systems sales
National Average Sales in Canada – 400 – 1,000 per year
Photovoltaics – Solar Electricity
The only true electrical generator …[moving us out of the steam engine era]
International Deployment of PV
Source: IEA (www.iea-pvps.org)
78 %Ongrid
Photovoltaics (or PV)
Photovoltaics can be installed:– As part of the building– On the ground– On the roof
Building Integrated Solar PV
Reduces cost by 50 – 100%
Eliminates other building materials
The building becomes the power supply
PV can be comparable in price to high-end glazing and curtain wall materials
Result – modern design, a green statement, and energy savings
Opportunities Galore!
Solar can be added in different parts of the building shell
Curtain Walls
Modules are frameless which make them easy to fit into conventional building encasement systems
Overhead Glazing Architectural elements
can be made functional with the addition of PV glazing
Skylights made from solar modules manage light and reduce energy bills <>
Façade Glazing
Thin Film PV technology is available with varying degrees of translucence – from opaque to transparent– Applied as the front
piece of a glazing system
– So you can see out of them and they produce electricity!
Crystalline Silicon can be laminated between glazing material to form unique patterns
Building Components
Building Components:– awnings– balcony railings
Cost of Façade Products vs. PV Cost of PV is comparable to cost of building
facades Cost of other solar technologies is considerable
less ($/m2 & $/kWt)
Solar Farms and Solar Parks
Challenges with large ground mounted PV– Cost of land– NIMBYism – does it take away farm land?
But why aren’t we complaining about urban sprawl?
Its takes away the primary advantage of PV– Distributed generation– Close to demand –
which eliminates infrastructure costs
However the majority of sales will be on roofs Expereince in Europe is it’s all on the roof
(89%)
The Green Energy and Green Economy (GEGE) Act and Feed-in Tariffs
(FiTs)
Shedding a little light on the situation …
Electricity - We’re Heading for the Perfect Storm
Aging Fleet of Generators– Replacement should have started a decade ago– Most Power Stations take 5-15 years to construct
Aging Distribution System– Replacement should have started a decade ago– Costs are huge (but not talked about)
Energy Demand is Increasing– Air conditioning, increased usage, growing
population Growing Demand for Natural Gas
– Beginning to use NG for thermal and electricity– Our economy is driven by NG
And let’s not forget about climate change
Climate Change will Increase the Number of Hot Days in Toronto
1. A Scan of Climate Change Impacts on Toronto – Clean Air Partnership
Electrical Peaks will Increase
Electricity demand decreases as air temperature rises until the point at which air conditioners kick itSource: Liu 2003 – 1994-2000 Toronto data
Electricity Demand vs Daily Temperature
Air Conditioners in Ontario Ontario has the greatest # of central A/C While more efficient than window units they consume more energy
(whole house vs. single room)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Atlantic Quebec Ontario Prairies BritishColumbia
Mid-Atlantic NewEngland
Households with Air Conditioning in Canada & NE USA
(per 100 households)
Total Central A/C Window - or w all-mounted A/C
Ontario’s Electrical Demand Peaks in the Summer
source: Ontario IESO
PV’s Generation is In Line with Ontario’s Energy Needs
The greater the demand the greater the solar resource
Percentage of Peak Demand
Power Demand PV’s Capacity Factor
98% >24,906 MW 64.3%
95% >24,143 MW 58.6%
90% >22,873 MW 51.9%
All hours 21.9%
It’s About Building a New Economy
New technologies create new opportunities– Britain resisted the trend to electrical power in the
1890s – was one of the last industrialized nations to switch to electrical street lights
– Japan invested in solar to support their troubled electronics industries in the 1990s
– Germany invested in solar to provide jobs in East Germany after reunification
Globally solar is now a $15 billion CDN market and growing 35% annually– Germany and Japan are the major exporters and have
over 50% of the market share In 2025 do we still want to be using the modern
equivalent of coal gas street lighting when every other nation has moved on?
It’s About Jobs
A locally manufactured energy source– Solar Manufacturing is already being done in Ontario
Highest Job Potential of any energy source– Per 1,000 GWh
Nuclear Power – 72 jobs– Recent OPG advertisement: “It costs us over $1million to train
each of our nuclear technicians” – and they’re proud of this? Solar Thermal – 3,960 jobs Job market is local and spread across Canada – relating to
engineering, sales, installation, and manufacturing– Potential job market is huge
Germany – 50,000 workers – fastest growing job market in any industry sector in Germany
Europe – estimated 350,000 full-time jobs by 2030
The Feed-in Tariff Program What is it?
– Allows anyone to generate electricity from renewable energy sources and sell it into the grid.
– You sign a contract with the Ontario Power Authority (OPA) for 20 years
– For PV, the rates are dependent on the system size
FiT Rates for PV
Size Rate ($/kWh)
<10 kW $0.802
10 – 250 kW $0.713
250 – 500 kW $0.635
>500 kW $0.539
< 10 MW ground mount $0.443
How much money will you make?
While the rate ($/kWh) is set the energy output will vary dependent on a number of conditions– Amount of solar radiation (kWh/m2/year of sunshine)– Efficiency of power conditioning equipment and line losses
Note efficiency of PV modules has no impact on output – just on size of array
– Orientation of the solar modules– Shading
Unique attribute of PV is that even partial shade will drop output to 0!
Note: Ontario has no solar access legislation – will the project be shaded by new development in the next 20 years?
Toronto’s experience with PV performanceProject Array Size Angle Directio
nOutput (kWh/kW)
Solar Radiation 1558
PV Potential (75%) 1161
Horse Palace
#1 46 10 20oE 930
#2 46 20 20oE 981
#3 5 0 20oE 976
#4 5 20 20oE 1051
Fire Hall 334
3 25 15oE 1268
Fire Hall 424
1 40 10oW 972
Potential Income for PV Payback will be
dependent on cost of PV system– Great unknown
Toronto experience - $7,000 - $10,000 kW installed– For medium roof
top systems (10-250 kW) = 10 years
Size Rate ($/kWh)
$/kW of PV
<10 kW $0.802 $802
10 – 250 kW
$0.713 $713
250 – 500 kW
$0.635 $635
>500 kW $0.539 $539
< 10 MW ground mount
$0.443 $443
Installing Solar on Roofs
The solution is right over our heads…
PV on Roofs
Will be three configurations– Ballasted – floating– Connection to structural elements– Roofing material
Ballasted Mounts
Connection to a Structure
Roof Material
Roofing material and integrated into roofing membranes
Integrating solar with green roofs High political interest in green
roofs Solar and green roofs are a good
“mix” Solar can shade the plants Green roof can provide the
ballast
Solar Green Roof
Challenge: Just how heavy is that solar system on my roof?
Could this be an actual concern? Items (including solar collectors) on a building
roof need to comply with the Ontario Building Code
Solar on Sloped Roofs
Solar on Flat Roofs
What Types of Solar on Roofs are Problems? PV?
What Types of Solar on Roofs are Problems? PV?
The “Toronto Solution” for residential solar City of Toronto’s Building Department has
developed a simple 3-step methodology to determine if the roof conditions can withstand the structural loading of the renewable energy projects for rafter roofs
Step 1: Product Span Table– As part of the structural drawing a span table
is developed showing the types of roof conditions that the product can be installed on
Step 1: Structural Drawing with Span Table
Toronto Solution - Step 2
Roof inspection report is done showing the conditions of the roof at site of proposed solar installation
Step 3: Verify that roof conditions are greater than product span table
If the roof is composed of 2x8 rafters on 16” spacings then this solar collector can be installed on a maximum rafter span of 3.18 m with no structural alterations
A cautionary tale for the past The market for solar PV in Ontario is
high right now PV module prices worldwide are low
(due to recession) FiT rates right now are lucrative (but
there is a lot of hype on installed prices and performance)
Proceed with caution – experience in the 1980s…
Solar Hot Water Sales in Canada (1970-2003)
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003
Co
llect
or
Are
a (m
2)
Solar Water Heating in Canada and Austria
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
1975
1977
1979
1981
1983
1985
1987
1989
1991
1993
1995
1997
1999
2001
2003
Co
llect
or
Are
a (m
2) Austria
Canada
Austria – with ¼ the population, a smaller solar resource and similar energy costs has 150 Xs the annual sales.
City of TorontoContacts
Rob McMonagle SolarCity Program ManagerToronto Atmospheric Fund
Solar Neighbourhoods Information Line
416-393-6370 www.solarneighbourhoods.ca
Solar Permitswww.SolarPermits.ca