Some stuff we're working on
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Some stuff we're working on
Arjen de Wit
IUPUI School of Philanthropy
June 5, 2014
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This is where we work
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This is where we work
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Crowding-Out: A Meta-Analysis
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Meta-analysis Systematic literature review We collect effect sizes published in previous
research We seek to explain differences in effect sizes
between studies by characteristics of samples and publications
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Meta-analysis: collecting studies Y = Amount of private donations X = Government contribution Retrieval in Web of Science through EndNote Our search now extends back to 1990 We include only original empirical quantitative
results N = 259 estimates from 47 articles
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Crowding-out estimates
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Mean crowding-out estimate
Mean effect of $1 increase in govt support
(N=190) – 0.231 (0,502)
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Stronger crowding-out in lab experiments...
Mean effect of $1 increase in govt support
Lab experiments (N=49) – 0.628 (0.320)
Archival or survey data (N=141)
– 0.093 (0.481)
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...models using instrumental variables...
Mean effect of $1 increase in govt support
Instrumental variables (N=43)
– 0.280 (0.711)
Other regression models (N=97)
– 0.019 (0.296)
(Lab experiments excluded)
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...in the USA...
Mean effect of $1 increase in govt support
USA (N=159) – 0.227 (0.504)
Europe (N=141) 0.071 (0.435)
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...and in the social sector.
Mean effect of $1 increase in govt support
Health (N=13) 0.033 (0.156)
International aid (N=11) – 0.035 (0.111)
Education (N=42) 0.061 (0.581)
Culture (N=21) 0.032 (0.392)
Social benefits (N=23) – 0.334 (0.292)
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No big differences between regression models...
Mean effect of $1 increase in govt support
Fixed-effects / First-difference (N=95)
– 0.093 (0.551)
Other regression models (N=45)
– 0.112 (0.266)
(Lab experiments excluded)
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...or the way government contributes.
Mean effect of $1 increase in govt support
Subsidies (N=128) – 0.099 (0.495)
Expenditures (N=13) – 0.041 (0.317)
(Lab experiments excluded)
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Estimates nested in studies
Random-effects model
(Constant) – 0.281 (0.066)
Between-study SD 0.340
Rho 0.544
No. of studies 35
Observations 190
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There is evidence for moderate crowding-out Finding strongly dependent on research design
Discussion
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Crowding-Out in the Dutch Voluntary Sector
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Giving in the Netherlands Panel Survey 2004 – 2012 (N=2,025)
Donations to 17 big charities Organizational information from Dutch Bureau
on Fundraising (CBF) Matching these data enables testing both
crowding-out and moderating effects
Longitudinal data
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Trends in subsidies and donations (1)
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Trends in subsidies and donations (2)
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Trends in subsidies and donations (3)
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Decreases (increases) in subsidies are not necessarily followed by increases (decreases) in donations
Instead, subsidies and donations often show the same pattern
Discussion
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Estimate crowding-out in regression models Examine individual heterogeneity
–Altruistic values
– Income
–Political engagement
To do
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Giving in the Netherlands Panel Survey (GINPS)
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Deleted: scales on life satisfaction, joy-of-giving, crowding-out, modesty, self-reported altruism
New reciprocity measure More variables on culture Variables on active citizenship
What's new in GINPS14 – households
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Second sample New reciprocity measure Even more variables on culture More variables on relation with charities
What's new in GINPS14 – HNW
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Deleted: Measures of giving attitudes, self-reported altruism, social pressure, awareness of need, contact with country of origin, voting, subjective health
Variables on active citizenship Better measure of zakat and sadaqah
What's new in GINPS14 – immigrants
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Zakat = obligation to give
–49% of muslims pays via mosque–33% pays through other method–18% doesn't pay zakat
Sadaqah = voluntary charitable contribution
–44% of muslims gives via mosque–29% gives through other method–27% doesn't give sadaqah
Zakat and sadaqah
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We're more than happy to share our data User manual at www.giving.nl E-mail us with any questions
GINPS Data Use
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Social innovation of the Third Sector in Europe (ITSSOIN)
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European Commission FP7 project 10 research partners across Europe,
coordinated by U of Heidelberg What Third Sector characteristics drive social
innovation? Theory, quantitative analyses, case studies www.itssoin.eu
ITSSOIN
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That's some stuff we're working on!
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Contact
• Arjen de Wit, [email protected]• Center for Philanthropic Studies, VU University
Amsterdam, www.giving.nl