Solving phosphites issue in organic fruit and horticultural …...2018/03/10 · Alessandra...

Solving phosphites issue in organic

fruit and horticultural crops: research

outcomes and policy strategies

Researcher at

Council for Research in Agriculture and Economics (CREA)

Research Center on Agriculture and Environment

[email protected]

Alessandra Trinchera

Risk assessment and management in the food chain and related key analytical issues“, Modena_October 3rd, 2018

Fosetyl-Al

Potassium phosphite (or

phosphonate)

K phosphite (Na): active substance (369/2013/EU

and 832/2013/EU), allowed in conventional farming.

Not allowed as P fertilizer neither in conventional, nor

in organic farming

Active substance (Reg. CE n.

1107/2009).

Allowed in conventional farming

K+-

Ethyl-

phosphonate

What’s phosphite?


Phosphite in nature

Phosphite uptake: via leaves and via

roots(Morton et al. 2005; Thao e Yamakawa, 2010)

Phosphite: plant biostimulant? (Gomez-

Merino 2015)

Plant: phosphite → phosphate (Varadarajan et al., 2002, Jost et al., 2015)

Soil biota: phosphite → phosphate (Lovatt & Mikkelsen, 2006)

Phosphites were detected in animal

manure, depending on origin, diets,

storage, stabilization process(Toor et al. 2005; Giles et al. 2014)

“…Physiological responses to phosphite may be related to itseffect on sugar metabolism, stimulation of the shikimic acidpathway, or internal hormonal and chemical changes.”…..(Lovatt, 2006)


The BIOFOSF context


OFIS on phosphite residue

0

5

10

15

20

25

2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

5

16 15

21

514%

29%

23%

30%

12%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

N° OFISN° OFIS PHOSFITE

TOTAL OFIS

Origin of contamination?


(G. Mocciaro, 2018)

Phosphite residues in organic horticrop samples

(05.09.2016 BNN, T. Kimmel & K.Arp)


Country No of samples Percentage of samples with

residue

Greece 31 51,6 %

Spain 230 17,8%

Italy 173 9,2%

France 30 6,7%

Germany 96 4,2%

Netherland 20 0%

Belgium 1 0%

Moldavia 1 0%

Austria 4 0%

Poland 1 0%

Portugal 1 0%

Hungary 3 0%

(M. Finotti, 2018)

Phosphite contamination in IT and EU

The phosphite issue

Residues in some IT organic products → Fosetyl–Al

(i.e., ethil-phosphonic acid and/or fosfonic acid,

D.M. 309/2011)


ACCREDIA RT-16Directive for Accreditation Bodies issuing declarations of conformity of

organic products to Reg. EC n. 834/2007

Phosphonic acid >0,01mg/kg in organic products, no detection of

ethylphosphonic acid → now, false positive

→ no sanctions against the operators

The BIOFOSF scope:

RT-16 revision is needed?

Use of PPPs not allowed in organic farmingUse of PPPs not allowed in organic farming

The research objectives

Unconscious use of phosphite or phosetyl-Al by

applying fertilizers and PPPs allowed in organic

farming

Unconscious use of phosphite or phosetyl-Al by

applying fertilizers and PPPs allowed in organic

farming

Natural occurrence of phosphite in organic

fertilizers or biostimulants (animal or vegetable

origin, algae extracts, etc)

Natural occurrence of phosphite in organic

fertilizers or biostimulants (animal or vegetable

origin, algae extracts, etc)

Unknown metabolic processes in plantsUnknown metabolic processes in plants

1

3

4

2

Phosphonic acid residues from:

Il BIOFOSF Board


CREA-AA

CREA-CI

CREA-OFA

MipaaftFederbio

BioTropic

AssofertilizzantiApoFruit

BRIO

Convegno finale BIOFOSF – 8 settembre 2018, SANAFiera (BO)

Organic

Grape Grape Grape PotatoPotatoPotato RocketRocket

Fertilizers and PPP

allowed in OF

(Reg. EC n.889/2009)

Organic

management

Organic

managementIntegrated

management

Integrated

management

Phosphonic acid (phosphite) and ethyl-

phosphonic acid residues in SOIL, PLANT

TISSUES AND MARKETABLE PRODUCTS

Phosphonic acid (phosphite) and ethyl-

phosphonic acid residues in SOIL, PLANT

TISSUES AND MARKETABLE PRODUCTS

Same fertilizers +

K-phosphite or

Fosetyl-Al

CREA-CI CREA-OFA CREA-AA

→ residual effect

on long term

Phosphonic acid (phosphite) and

ethyl-phosphonic acid residues in

SOIL, PLANT TISSUES AND

MARKETABLE PRODUCTS

Risk assessment and management in the food chain and related key analytical issues“, Modena_October 3rd, 2018Analysis of fertilizers and PPP applied in all the trials

CREA - PILOT FIELD TRIALS The BIOFOSF approach

CREA

Federbio

BRIO

APOFRUIT

BIOTROPIC

The BIOFOSF analytical activity

Sostegno CREA innovazione in AB - Azione 10 (PSN) – SANA FIERA, 10 sett 16

Phosphonic acid, ethyl-phosphonic acid and Fosetyl:

- soil- Plant material (leaves, fruits, tubers)- PPP (Fosetyl-Al and phosphite-based)- PPP (Cu based)- organic fertilizers, amendments from animal or plant origin

Sampling method: as reported in RT-16 DirectiveAnalytical method: CVUA EU-RL-SRM QuPPe (Quick Polar Pesticides,LC-MS/MS), Ver. 8.1, Method 1.3 (2015)

Accredited laboratories


Fosetyl-Al MRL: «Sum of fosetyl and phosphonic acid and their salts, expressed

as fosetyl» (Reg 459/2010 / CE, from 29/05/2010.).

- Phosphonic acid LOQ < 0.1 mg/kg (quantification limit in plant tissues)

- Fosetyl LOQ < 0.01 mg/kg (quantification limit in plant tissues)

The Fosetyl degradation


Fosetyl-Al

Dose: 2/3 kg/ha

1000/1500L/ha

Degradation kinetic of Fosetyl-Al on

rocket salad

PHOSPHONIC AC. ETHYL-PHOSPHONIC AC.

(mg/Kg)

FOSETYL-AL

sum as mg/Kg of Fosetyl (mg/Kg)

Fosetyl-Al (mg/kg) = ethyl-phosphonic acid + 1,348 phosphonic acid]


Baratella &

Trinchera, 2018

The field trials


Field trial on potato

Evaluation of phosphite and/or ethyl-phosphonate in

edible plant (tubers) and leaves in potato, by

comparing:

- voluntary application (integrated management) or

- not-voluntary application (organic management) of

phosphite and or ethyl-phosphonate on potato.

Objectives


Applied strategy

Use of PPPs not allowed in organic farming?Use of PPPs not allowed in organic farming?

Unknown metabolic processes in plants?Unknown metabolic processes in plants?

Risk assessment and management in the food chain and related key analytical issues“, Modena_October 3rd,

2018

Results

Soil → NO phosphites

Fertilizers → NO phosphites (poultry manure: 1.8 mg / kg phosphites)

POTATO

- under organic management (NO K-phosphite or Fosetyl-Al addition)

leaves → NO residuals !!!

tubers → NO residuals !!!

- under integrated management

leaves → YES residual

- with K-phosphite: only phosphonic acid

- with fosetyl-Al: phosphonic acid + ethylphosphonic acid

tubers → YES residual

- with K-phosphite: only phosphonic acid

- with fosetyl-Al: at 105 DAP = phosphonic acid + ethylphosphonicacid; at 130 DAP = only phosphonic acid

basipetal translocation from leaves → complex in tubers!

(Parisi, 2018)


2018

Unconscious use of phosphite or phosetyl-Al by applyingfertilizers and PPPs allowed in organic farming?Unconscious use of phosphite or phosetyl-Al by applyingfertilizers and PPPs allowed in organic farming?

Objectives

Applied strategy

Evaluation of phosphite and/or ethyl-phosphonate in

edible plant and leaves in tomato, kiwi and pear in

certified organic farming systems (Federbio)

Analysis of all technical means used in the last two

years (PPP, organic fertilizers, biostimulants, etc.).

The BIOFOSF participated field trials

Tests on tomato did

not show the

presence of

phosphite residues

Tests on pear

have

highlighted the

presence of

phosphite

residues

Tests on kiwi

have highlighted

the presence of

phosphite

residues

→ tree crops highly involved in phosphite residues

BIOFOSF farmers’ actions

(C. Bazzocchi, 2018)FEDERBIO

Research on organic pear trees (1)

Residues of phosphonic acid not understandable, interpreted as

«non conformity»

Organic pear trees under study in Emilia romagna and Friuli Regions

Analytical investigation in 2016 and 2017 on

pear (var. William and Abate):

- soil, leaves, fruits

- tree branches

- Fertilizers, PPP, other potential sources?


(I. Soave, 2018)

Monitoring phosphite

residues

(2015-2018)

Friuli orchard Emilia Romagna orchard

Contamination by phosphonic acid in leaves and fruits:

Friuli orchard > Emilia Romagna orchard

Residues of phosphonic acid:

Pear cv. Abate > Pear cv. William’s

Contamination on long term?


2018


Hypothesis: Potential stocking of

phosphonic acid into woody organs in oldbranches (3 years old) and traslocation intothe younger ones (1 years old ) → long

term effect in fruit trees


Results

Stocking of phosphonic acid in woodyorgans → YES

Translocation from older to youngerbranches → YES

Translocation from branches to leaves → YES

Phosphonic acid residues in marketablefruits → YES


PPP - Bordeaux mixture (20% Cu)containing: 1,5 mg/kg ethyl-phosphonic acid

(Others BMs: 11 and 0,74 mg/kg in other farms)

What source of contamination in Friuli organic orchards?

PPP based on CuO (37,5 g Cu)containing: 0,62 mg/kg of phosphonic acid and 656 mg/kg ofethyl-phosphonic acid



Long term contamination from

Cu-based PPP application

The role of technical

means


Fertilizers and PPPs allowed in OF

PHOSPHONIC ACID32%

PHOSPHONIC AC. + ETHYLPHOSPHONIC AC. 25%

ETHYLPHOSPHONIC ACID 17%

PHOSPHONIC ACID 8%

MINERAL FERTILIZERS

ORGANIC FERTILIZERS

PPPs

Total: n. 63

n.59 (Annex I-II to Reg EC

n. 889/2008)

NON–COMPLIANT PRODUCTS50%

PHOSPHONIC ACID14%

PPP and fertilizers allowed in OF containing NOT decleared

phosphite or ethyl-phosphonate!

Important: Percentages are referred to fertilizers and PPP used by those farmers whose

products were positive to phosphonic acid

(thus, not representative of Italian fertilizers and PPPs market).

Conclusions


The detection of phosphonic acid only (>0,1mg/kg) was dueto:

1) use of technical means not allowed in OF;

2) use of technical means allowed in OF, but irregular for the not decleaed presence of phosphonic acid and/or ethyl-phosphonic acid.

The detection of phosphonic acid only, without contemporary detection of ethyl-phosphonic acid, cannot be considered as

a «false positive»

stocking organs (i.e., woody tissues to leaves and fruits).

When not applied, phosphite was not detected in leaves and

marketable products. It derived from: i) external inputs; ii) traslocation from plant

stocking organs (i.e., woody tissues to leaves and fruits).


The policy strategies


Corrective measures

• RT-16 change proposal → NO «false positive» (under

approval) → in-depth information is required

• Involvement of IT control bodies (ICQRF), Mipaaft Office

DISR V, Ministry of Health, to implement the frauds

repression

• Discussion within RCOP/UE/Biofach-SANA

• Action plans by the stakeholders – (Certification Bodies,

Federchimica, etc.)

• Mipaaft funding for a new research project, focused on

the wine sector, investigating also on ftalimide residues


(G. Mocciaro, 2018)


Link BIOFOSF (SINAB):

goo.gl/6egCed

Thank you!

[email protected]

Solving phosphites issue in organic fruit and horticultural …...2018/03/10 · Alessandra...

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