SOLUTIONS

Homogenous mixture of two or more componentContain one or more solutes dissolved in one or more solventsSOLVENT- aqueous but can be oily

- alcoholic

- some other solvents

TYPES OF PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS

1.Oral dosage forms6.

Injections

2.Mouthwashes7.

Ophthalmic preparations

3. Gargles

4. Nasal drops

5.Ear drops

TYPES OF PHARMACEUTICAL SOLUTIONS

EXTERNAL1.Lotions2.Liniments3.Paints

ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

Type of solution wherein it is usually formulated so that the patient received the usual dose of the medicament in a conveniently administered volume.

ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

ADVANTAGE of ORAL over SOLID DOSAGE FORMS

1.Much easier to swallow and readily absorbed in the GI tract.

2.Ease of taking for children and/or elderly patient with chronic conditions.

ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

DISADVANTAGES

1.They are bulky

2.Less microbiologically and chemically stable

3.Unpleasant taste of the drug may not be suitable for administration.

4.Accuracy of dosage is dependent on the patient measuring the dose carefully.

ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

DIFFERENT AVAILABLE FORMS

1.Syrups

2.Elixirs

3.Tinctures

4.Mixtures

5.Oral drops

ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

SYRUP- Type of solutions

that contain sugar- Eg. Paracetamol

syrup (Biogesic) Antibacterial

drugs

SYRUPS

ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

ELIXIRS- clear, flavoured

liquid containing a high proportion of sucrose or a suitable polyhydric alcohol and sometimes ethanol.

ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

TINCTURES- Alcoholic extract

(25-60) of plant or animal material or solution of low volatility

- Solvents: vinegar, glycerol, diethyl ether, propylene glycol

Ex. Tincture of benzoin, cannabis, cantharides, opium

ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

MIXTURES

- A preparation consisting of a liquid holding an insoluble medicinal substance in suspension by means of acacia, sugar or other viscid material.

- Eg. Vitamins, stimulant

ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

Oral drops-administered in

small volume using a suitable measuring device

Eg. vitamins

ORAL DROPS

ORAL DROPS

ORAL DOSAGE FORMS

CONTAINERS

-Plain amber medicine bottle

SPECIAL LABEL

-Expiry date

-”official” –manufactured products which are generally more stable unless diluted

MOUTHWASHES and GARGLES

-Used to relieve/treat sore throats

-Used in the mucous membrane of the oral cavity

-May contain antiseptic, analgesic, weak astringent (M)

- Contain a higher concentration of active ingredient (G)

MOUTHWASHES and GARGLES

MOUTWASHES and GARGLES

CONTAINER

-amber ribbed bottle

-medicine bottle (intended to be swallowed immediately)

- Plain bottles

SPECIAL LABELS

- Direction for diluting the preparation.

NASAL SOLUTIONS

-nasal preparations administered as nose drops/ spray

-Uses: decongestant

local steroids ( allergic rhinitis)

( used only about 4 days to avoid rebound congestion)

Precaution: Accurate dosage is achieved using the metered spray devices.

NASAL SOLUTIONS

EARDROPS

-OTIC or AURAL PREPARATIONS

-Contains one ore more active ingredients which exert a local effect in the ear.

-USES: softening earwax, treating infections, inflammation

EARDROPS

EARDROPS

CONTAINER:

Amber, ribbed, hexagonal glass bottle.

extemporaneously prepared – fitted with dropper

Manufactured- packed in small glass/ plastic container with a dropper.

SPECIAL LABEL:

-Not to share nasal/ear/ drops

-contamination and infection

ENEMAS

-aqueous solutions that are administered rectally

USES: anti-inflammatory, purgative, sedative, diagnostic

ENEMAS

ENEMAS

CONTAINERS:

Extemporaneous – amber fitted glass bottles

Manufactured - packed in disposable polyethene or polyvinyl chloride bags sealed to a rectal nozzle

SPECIAL LABEL:

-how to use the enema

-”for rectal use only” should be used

EYE DROPS/ EYE SOLUTIONS

Are sterile liquid, semi-solid or solid preparations that may contain one or more active pharmaceutical ingredients.Application to the conjunctiva, conjunctival sac or the eyelids.CONTAINERS: plastics made with polyethylene or polypropylene

Fitted with nozzle and thru gentle squeezing, contents delivered in drops.Tamper-evident devicePlastic containers sterilized thru gamma irradation or ethylene oxide.Ointment base- dry heat or thru filtration

EYE DROPS/ EYE SOLUTIONS

EYE DROPS/ EYE SOLUTIONS

ADDITIONAL INGREDIENTS

1.Flavouring agents

2.Sweetening agents

3.Coloring agents

4.Stabilizers

5.Viscosity enhancing agents

FLAVOURING AGENTS

-Flavours added to solution that can make the medicine more acceptable to take (more palatable)

Ex. Juice- Raspberry, spirits (lemon and orange)

Extracts- liquorice

Syrups- Honey

SWEETENING AGENTS

Enhance the viscosity of liquids and gives a pleasant texture in the mnouth.

Eg. Sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol, saccharine, aspartame (magic sugar)

COLORING AGENTS

-Enhance the appearance of preparation or to increase the accessibility to the patient.

Eg. Natural colorants –carotenoids, chlorophylls, saffron,

caramel, cochineal

STABILIZERS

-Antioxidants may be used with ingredients that are liable to degradation.

Eg. Ascorbic acid, sodium sulphite, Citric acid

Sodium metabisulfite

VISCOSITY ENHANCING AGENTS

To increase the viscosity of a liquid.

Also improve palatability and ease of permeability.