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Transcript of Solution wings for Aerospace Applications.
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1 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Revolutionary New Adaptive Material
“SolutionCell © ” SolutionCell© is a Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH)
www.SolutionCell.com & www.SolutionCell.net
Brought to you by:
Shawn Paul Boike Solution Vehicles Co &
American Industrial Consultants
From: BOEING, Northrop, Lockheed, FORD, GM & NASA Long Beach, CA. 90803
562.343.5660 / 562.338.9911 (m) https://www.facebook.com/AmericanIndustrialConsultantsGroup
by
Ron Barrett The University of Kansas, Lawrence
Aerospace Engineering Department
and
Cassandra Barrett The University of Minnesota
College of Biological Sciences
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2 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Presentation Dates
• So. California (Feb 24-28 2014):
Mon 2/24
Zodiac Aero
Eaton/Parker
Tue 2/25
Aero/Def
Aero/Def
Wed 2/26
Northrop UAV *San
Diego
San Diego Gen
Atomics??
Thu
2/27
Boeing Seal Bch
Boeing HB
Fri
2/28
Boeing LB
???
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3 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Revolutionary Adaptive Aerostructures, Changing
Flight via Nature's Analogs for Dramatic Fuel Savings
by
Ron Barrett The University of Kansas, Lawrence
Aerospace Engineering Department
and
Cassandra Barrett The University of Minnesota
College of Biological Sciences
1st international Conference and Exhibition on Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, San Antonio, Texas
30 September – 2 October 2013
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4 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Outline
1. Introduction & Motivation
2. Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes
3. Biomimetic FAA-Certifiable Artificial Muscles
4. Selected Aerospace Applications
5. Summary
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5. Summary
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5 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
Motivation: The same as nature
T/O & Landing: Maximize CLmax, Reject Gust Loading
Cruise: Maximize L/D
Minimize Airframe Weight
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6 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Successful Applications of Biomimicking
Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry:
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5. Summary
Piezoelectric, Shape-Memory-Alloys, Electroluminiscent Materials...
Weapon Systems
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7 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5. Summary
Successful Applications of Biomimicking
Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry:
Disappearing UAVs
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8 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Selected Aerospace Morphing Concepts
Planform Morphing Section Morphing
University of Florida
1990’s: NASA’s AAW
1980’s: Mission Adaptive Wing
Lockheed Martin
MissionAdaptiveWing
Gould et al. 1981
Pe
nd
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t a
l. 1
98
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ww
.ne
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08
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5. Summary
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9 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Adaptive Materials & Structures
Piezoelectric Materials Shape Memory Alloys
McMurtry 2004
Air Muscles
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5. Summary
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10 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5. Summary
Conventional Adaptive Materials Current range of actuator materials available
Can they be used in commercial aircraft as a class?
...or in primary structure?
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11 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
An "Ideal" Adaptive Aeromaterial/Aerostructure:
•Material capable of "huge" (>50+%?) strains
•Fully proportional, easily controlled
•Stiff & strong enough to handle "real" loads
•Lighter & faster than conventional aircraft actuation systems
•Less costly & lower drag than conventional aircraft actuation systems
•Certifiable under FAR 23/25, 27/29
What Would an Aircraft Designer want if s/he could
design an adaptive material???
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5. Summary
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12 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Solution? ...Biomimetics
"You should pay attention to what
Mother Nature has done because
she's got a 4.2 billion year lead in
research and development.
-Prof. H.W. Smith, PE, Ph.D.
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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13 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Fast-Response Actuators
in Eukaryotes
•Animal Muscle Cells and Tissues
• Fast-Acting Plant
Cells and Tissues
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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14 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Fast-Response Actuators
in Eukaryotes
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
Animal Muscle Cell & Tissues
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15 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive Video Credit: & © C.M. Barrett
Solution:
Actuators Made from 100% FAA-Certifiable
materials, but arranged like fast-acting plant cells
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16 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
Solution:
FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures
Albizia julibrissin
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17 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
Solution:
FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures
Pulvinus
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18 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
Solution:
FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures
Ground Cells
Phloem
Xylem
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19 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
Solution:
Actuators Made from 100% FAA-Certifiable
Materials, but arranged like fast-acting plant cells
Video Credit: & © C.M. Barrett
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20 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
Solution:
FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures
Fundamental Structural Arrangement:
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21 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Biomimetic Honeycomb
Based on Plant Actuator Cells
• Easily modeled, light, strong
• Made of conventional materials
(aluminum, steel, aramids)
• Already known and accepted by certifying
agencies like the FAA
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22 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Theory, Experiment & Correlation
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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23 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Single-Cell Tension-Compression Test
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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24 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Multi-Cell Compression Test
180mm
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25 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Single-Cell Tension-Compression Test
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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26 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Comparison to Other
Adaptive Materials and Actuators
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
High Pressure
Adaptive Honeycomb
Atmospherically Triggered
Adaptive Honeycombs
Conventional Hydraulic Actuators
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27 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
A New Approach to Flight Control...
Based on Nature:
PAH employs distributed, rather than concentrated actuation...
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28 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Current Aircraft Actuator Design
Philosophy
Distributed airloads
Control surface loads
concentrated at
finite hard points
Loads transferred
through actuators
& tracks
Loads redistributed
into primary
structure
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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29 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Control surface loads
stayed distributed
Distributed control
surface loads passed
thru distributed
actuators
Distributed loads
transferred to primary
strucure
PAH Actuator Design Philosophy
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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30 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Comparison of PAH to Adaptive Materials
and FAA Certified Actuators
High Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb
Conventional
Hydraulics
& Pneumatics
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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31 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Pressure Adaptive Wing Section
Mu
rra
y e
t a
l. 2
00
7
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32 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Pressure-Adaptive Flap in Wind Tunnel (cont.)
40kPa CDP
0kPa CDP
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33 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Wing Section: Controllable Aerocompliance
1.6
1.4
1.3
1.0
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
Angle of Attack, a (deg) -5 0 5 10 15
Lift C
oeff
icie
nt, C
l (~
)
Base Stiffness Cell Differential Pressure Behavior
NCCDP
(kPa)
40
20
0
-20
-40
Net Camber CDP = 40kpa
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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34 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Current Aircraft Technology in Gust Fields
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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35 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Wings: Enhancing Ride Quality, Fatigue
Properties & Flight Safety via Active Aerocompliance
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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36 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
The Real Savings... from Class I Design Forward
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
Structure of a typical FAR-25 V-n Diagram
+1
0
-1
Load
Fac
tor,
n (
g's)
VS1 VA VC VD
Maneuver Limits Gust Limits
Gust Limits
Commercial Aircraft
Structural Weights are
set by these points
Flight Speed, Vflt (kts)
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37 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
+1
0
-1
Load
Fac
tor,
n (
g's)
VS1 VA VC VD
Weight Saving Paradigm Shift:
Compression of Gust Lines to within Maneuver
...just like birds do, via dynamic aerocompliance
Flight Speed, Vflt (kts)
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38 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
Compression of Gust Lines to within Maneuver
...just like birds do, via dynamic aerocompliance
saving... 7 – 23% total aircraft structural weight!
+1
0
-1
Load
Fac
tor,
n (
g's)
VS1 VA VC VD
Weight Saving Paradigm Shift:
Flight Speed, Vflt (kts)
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39 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Reference: Boeing 787 $32B investment in new product RDT&E:
• Just over half of the RDT&E was devoted to new materials & manufacturing
to achieve a ~20% weight reduction WRT conventional materials
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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40 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Implications for Commercial Aircraft
Implications for commercial jets:
• Reduction in Structural Weight 9 - 22%
• Increase in mission integrated L/Dmax 6 - 9%
• Reduction in DOC at constant range 7 - 11%
• Increase in range at constant TOW 12 - 18%
• Airfoil section gust load rejection: up to 380%
• Net airframe gust load rejection up to 87%
• Safe Airframe Life Extension 11 - 14%
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
US Pat. 8,366,057 Issued 13 February 2013
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41 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Acknowledgements
NASA Ames Research Center
Prof. Roelof Vos
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42 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Flap and Winglet System Implications
Implications for commercial jet fleets:
Korean Air:
KRW11.807 trillion 2011 in operating expenses
Retrofit Impacts: ~ +KRW200B
(Net loss in 2011: KRW98B)
New Equipment Impacts:
+KRW850B DOC savings +
+KRW220B Airframe Life Extension +
+KRW660B increased cargo carriage revenue ~ KRW1.7 trillion
European Patent EP 2459442 A2
US Patent 8,366,057 B2 February 2013
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43 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Questions?
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44 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Something about the flight environment itself
could deploy the surfaces...
What if...
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
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45 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH)
Flap Systems
Example for LSA wing
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
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46 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Implications for LSA* based on a 20% increase of clean CLmax:**
• 17% reduction in wing wetted area
• 20% increase in aspect ratio
• 10% increase in L/D
• 8% reduction fuel burn and DOC at constant range
• 1.5% decrement in TOW and purchase price at constant range
• 37% gust rejection loads
*45kts flaps-up stall requirement
**Based on: Roskam “Airplane Design,” part I, II, V, and VIII, and Cessna 162 Skykatcher Data
Potential Application: Pressure Adaptive
Honeycomb (PAH) Flap
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
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47 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Gurney Flap (cont.)
Implications for jets based on a 6% increase of CLmax:
5.8% decrease in wetted area
6% increase in aspect ratio
3% increase in L/Dmax
3.2% reduction in DOC at constant range
3% increase in range at constant TOW
380% section gust load rejection
87% net airframe gust load rejection
*Based on: Roskam “Airplane Design,” part I, II, and V, and Cessna Citation Sovereign
Data 1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
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48 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Implications for Commercial Aircraft
Implications for commercial jets: Retrofit Class I
STC Design
• Increase in CLmaxL/TO 3% 6%
• Reduction in Structural Weight 0% 9 - 22%
• Increase in mission integrated L/Dmax: 2.4% 6 - 9%
• Reduction in DOC at constant range 2.5% 7 - 11%
• Increase in range at constant TOW 2.2% 12 - 18%
• Section gust load rejection: 43% 380%
• Net airframe gust load rejection 21% 87%
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
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49 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Cell Modeling
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50 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Linear-Elastic Modeling Background
Cellular Material Theory (CMT) after Gibson et al. 1988
Considerations:
• Only valid for small thickness-to-length ratio
• Only valid for +/- 20% of strain
• Linear stress-strain relationship
qi
l
t
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51 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Linear-Elastic Modeling Background
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52 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Theoretical Characterization
Global stress-strain relations:
@ constant pressure:
@ constant mass:
with
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53 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Geo-Kinematic Properties
CDP = Cell Differential Pressure
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
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54 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Non-linear Mechanics of PAH Structures
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55 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Effects of Different PAH Boundary Conditions
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56 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Longitudinal Stress-Strain Correlation
p = 55kPa p = 60kPa
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57 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Experimental PAH Stress-Strain Relations
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58 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Four-Cell Tensile Test of Steel PAH
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59 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Bender Experimental Characterization
Validation
Experiment:
Three-point
bend test
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
FEM Modeling:
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60 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Cell Modeling
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61 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Multi-Cell Compression Test
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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62 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Gurney Flaps & Winglets
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
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63 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Fast-Response Actuators in Eukaryotes Molecuar Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
Stimulus Myosin head binds to actin
Myosin head turns as P1 is released
6.7nm
contraction
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64 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Fast-Response Actuators
in Eukaryotes
Mechanical Analogs of Animal Muscle Tissues:
-Shape-Memory-Alloys
-Pneumatic Tubes
-Piezoelectric Polymers
-Adaptive Gels
-Electrostatic Actuators
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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65 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5. Summary
Successful Applications of Biomimicking
Adaptive Materials In the Aerospace Industry:
UAVs & Hovering Missiles
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66 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Standard Auxetic Hybrid
Biomimetic Plant-Cell Based
Honeycomb Actuator
Aft
er:
Oly
mp
io e
t a
l. 2
00
7
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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67 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
Aerocompliance: Key to Birds Wings and PAH
Gust load relieving smoothes flight
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68 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Four-Cell Tensile Test of Steel
Honeycombs
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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69 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Automotive
Solution:
FAA-Certifiable Actuators based on Plant Cell Structures
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70 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
Pressure Adaptive Honeycomb (PAH)
Breakdown for Modeling
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary
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71 The University of Kansas
Adaptive Aerostructures Laboratory
The University of Minnesota College of Biological Sciences
PAH Nonlinear Mechanics
1.Introduction 2.Nat. Actuators 3.Art.Muscles 4.Aerospace 5.Summary