1. A solvent is a liquid that dissolves a solid, liquid, or gaseous solute, resulting in a solution.

2. The most common solvent in everyday life is water. 3. Most other commonly-used solvents are organic (carbon-containing)

chemicals. These are called organic solvents. 4. Solvents usually have a low boiling point and evaporate easily or can be

removed by distillation, thereby leaving the dissolved substance behind.5. Solvents should therefore not react chemically with the dissolved compounds

— they have to be inert. Solvents can also be used to extract soluble compounds from a mixture, the most common example is the brewing of coffee or tea with hot water.

6. Solvents are usually clear and colorless liquids and many have a characteristic odor.

7. The concentration of a solution is the amount of compound that is dissolved in a certain volume of solvent.

8. The solubility is the maximal amount of compound that is soluble in a certain volume of solvent at a specified temperature

Solution of Salt in Water (regular table salt, regular tap water)

a a suspensionsuspension is a heterogenous mixture in which is a heterogenous mixture in which the particles of at least one component are largerthe particles of at least one component are larger

Common examples

• Mud or muddy water, is where soil, clay, or silt particles are suspended in water.

• Flour suspended in water

• Paint

• Chalk powder suspended in water.

• Dust particles suspended in air.

Flour suspended in water (appears light blue because Flour suspended in water (appears light blue because blue light is scattered off the flour particles to a greater blue light is scattered off the flour particles to a greater

extent than red light)extent than red light)

The The solubilitysolubility of a solute is the of a solute is the maximum quantity of solute that can maximum quantity of solute that can

dissolve in a certain quantity of dissolve in a certain quantity of solvent or quantity of solution at a solvent or quantity of solution at a

specified temperature. specified temperature.   

The main factors that have The main factors that have an effect on dissolving are: an effect on dissolving are:

• The nature of the solute -propertiesThe nature of the solute -properties• The nature of solventThe nature of solvent. –type of solvent. –type of solvent• TemperatureTemperature - the hotter the solvent - the hotter the solvent• Volume of solvent- larger has more Volume of solvent- larger has more

empty spaceempty space• Size of solute -powderSize of solute -powder• Stirring – particles move fasterStirring – particles move faster

Concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance. 1. Concentrated solution- one must add more solute, or reduce the amount of solvent 2. Dilute solution- one must add more solvent, or reduce the amount of solute.3. Saturated solution - additional maximum solute, cannot dissolve any more solute.

Concentration of Solution Concentration of Solution

Organic Solvent Organic Solvent

• Common uses for organic solvents are in Common uses for organic solvents are in dry cleaningdry cleaning (e.g. (e.g. tetrachloroethylenetetrachloroethylene), as ), as paint thinnerspaint thinners (e.g. (e.g. toluenetoluene, , turpentineturpentine), ), as nail polish removers and glue solvents (as nail polish removers and glue solvents (acetoneacetone, , methyl acetatemethyl acetate, , ethyl acetateethyl acetate), in ), in spot removers (e.g. spot removers (e.g. hexanehexane, , petrol etherpetrol ether), ), in detergents (citrus terpenes), in in detergents (citrus terpenes), in perfumes (ethanol), and in chemical perfumes (ethanol), and in chemical syntheses. The use of inorganic solvents is syntheses. The use of inorganic solvents is typically limited to research chemistry typically limited to research chemistry and some technological processes and some technological processes

Acid and Alkali Acid and Alkali

• 2 classes of acids2 classes of acids• Inorganic acids- hydrochloric acid, Inorganic acids- hydrochloric acid,

sulphuric acids and nitric acidssulphuric acids and nitric acids• Organic acids- citric acids (lemon), Organic acids- citric acids (lemon),

formic acids (ant and bees). Malic formic acids (ant and bees). Malic acids (apple), tartaric acids (grape)acids (apple), tartaric acids (grape)

PROPERTIES OF ACIDSPROPERTIES OF ACIDS

BLUE TO RED

BLUE TO RED

CONTAIN HYDROGEN

CONTAIN HYDROGEN

CORROSIVECORROSIVE

pH < 7pH < 7

SOURSOUR

ACIDSACIDS

Properties of alkalisProperties of alkalis

Blue To

red

Blue To

red

corrosivecorrosivesoapysoapy

Ph > 7Ph > 7

BITTERBITTER

ALKALISALKALIS